Sawdust

This study examined the use of the locally available building materials such as sawdust and palm kernel shell as possible substitutes for fine and coarse aggregate in concrete. The physical properties such as specific gravity, Bulk density, Absorption test and sieve analysis test of these local materials were examined. The materials were batched by volume for the production of concrete and slump test were done on concrete to compare and control the water content. Four sets of concrete were casted (cement: sawdust: granite, cement: sand: granite, cement: sand; palm kernel shell and cement: sawdust: palm kernel shell) into cubes of size 150 x 150 x 150 using a mix ratio 1:2: 4 and 1:3:6.The concrete cubes were cured by sprinkling method for different time duration (7, 14, 21, and 28 days). The compressive strength tests were carried on the concrete. Compressive strength result for 1:2:4 and 1:3:6 concrete mixes show an overall reduction in compressive strength in all the mixes containing sawdust and palm kernel shell as compared to normal concrete mix (cement: sand: gravel). Also, there was a progressive reduction in compressive strength with age. Absorption test carried out showed that the rate of water absorbed by sawdust and palm kernel shells are higher compared to sand and gravel respectively. This indicates that the water absorption capacity in both sawdust and palm kernel shells would need to be modified in order to improve its compressive strength and durability. The quality of concrete with palmkernel shells can be improved by breaking into smaller sizes before using the palmkernel shell to produce a well graded sample of various sizes which in turn will help in proper interlock of the particles in concrete mass.

Agro-and forest-industrial wastes are abundant and low cost sources of carbohydrates and phenolic compounds, which can be converted into biofuels, biomaterials, and high added-value compounds by different pathways in small and large biorefineries. The development of technologies based on hydrothermal treatments could improve the utilization of lignocellulosic wastes through the separation of its components (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and extractives) in sequential processes. The adopted technologies for the separation and conversion of these lignocellulosic wastes into synthesis intermediates or products of high added value represent an important part of the total production cost. Low liquid to solid ratios and mild temperatures in the pre-treatment are interesting ways of reducing energy costs, subsequently economizing both steam and electricity. This work focuses on the advantages of using low liquid to solid ratios in the hydrothermal treatment of different agro-and forest-industrial wastes, paying particular attention to the performance of separation, purification, and conversion of hemicelluloses. Relevance of Agro-and Forest-Industrial Waste Biorefineries are analogous to petroleum refineries, which produce multiple fuels and products from petroleum, but instead use biomass as raw materials. Biorefinery technology is an alternative to the petroleum-based industry for energy, chemical, and material production from unconventional raw material. Given its renewable nature and low associated pollution, lignocellulosic biomass can be regarded as an important and sustainable source of carbohydrate (cellulose and hemicelluloses) fuel, cellulosic pulp, biomaterials, and a variety of chemicals. Lignocellulosic residues generated by the agro-industry are available in large quantities at low cost. The chemical, thermochemical, and biological conversions of this waste into its main components allow the production of chemical intermediates for the manufacture of various products. The use of forest and agricultural lignocellulosic residues as raw materials to generate high value added products is important because of their renewable nature and high availability (Area and Vallejos 2012).

The aim of this paper is to study the effect of sawdust content on the engineering properties of clayey-silt soil. Soil from the district of Büyükçekmece in Istanbul city have been used. Its engineering properties were indicated. The dry soil passing sieves No.40 were mixed with the sawdust, with the amount 1, 2, 3 and 5 % from dry weight of soil, then, samples engineering properties were indicated. The study concluded that the addition of sawdust up to 5% decreased the liquid limits and the plasticity index by 14.9% and 17.6% respectively, and also decreased the plastic limits by 13.15%. Effect of sawdust usage on undrained shear strength of the soil were investigated by unconfined compression test and UU triaxial test. The undrained strength were increased by 41.437% with increasing 3 % but, the undrained strength decreased with 5% of sawdust. Also the results obtained from unconfined compression test and UU triaxial test were compared and looked at compatibility of the results. TALAŞ KULLANIMININ KİLLİ SİLT ZEMİNİN KAYMA MUKAVEMETİ DAVRANIŞI ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ ÖZ Bu çalışma ile killi bir silt zeminin mühendislik özelliklerinin iyileştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Büyükçekmece İlçesinden elde edilen Zemin çalışmada kullanılmıştır. Zeminin ilk durumdaki mühendislik özellikleri laboratuar deneyleri ile belirlenmiştir. 40 nolu elekten elenmiş kuru zemin %1, 2, 3 ve 5 oranlarında talaş ile karıştırılarak kompaksiyon deneyi yapılmış ve talaş katkısının zeminin mühendislik özelliklerine olan etkileri deneysel olarak araştırılmıştır. Bu çalışma sonucunda % 5 talaş katkısı ile likit limit, plastic limit ve plastisite indisinde sırasıyla %14.9, % 13.15 ve % 17.6 oranlarında düşüşler görülmüştür. Ancak bu düşüşlerin zeminin sınıfına bir etkisinin olmadığı belirlenmiştir. % 1 ile % 5 arasında değişen oranlarda talaş katkısnın zeminin drenajsız kayma dayanımı üzerine etkileri Serbest basınç deneyi ve üç eskenli basınç deneyi ile araştırılmıştır. Deneyler sonucunda %3 oranında karıştırılan talaş katkısının zeminin drenajsız kayma dayanımını %41.4 oranında arttırdığı ancak % 5 oranında ise drenajsız kayma dayanımı değerinin artış trendinin sona erdiği belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca serbest basınç deneyi ile elde edilen sonuçlar ile UU üç eksenli basınç deneyi ile elde edilen karşılaştırılmış ve sonuçlar arasındaki uyum incelenmiştir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Drenajsız kayma dayanımı, talaş, üç eksenli basınç deneyi, serbest basınç deneyi.

This thesis promotes the use of sawdust, a sub product generated in the Peruvian timber industry, for the manufacturing of wood pellets. The used methodology was inductive. Field investigation and experiments were done based on the Peruvian and European technical specifications.
The problem is the reduced use of wood waste in the Peruvian timber industry. It was analyzed according to the information collected in places where waste is generated, the data was gotten from state agencies responsible for regulating the timber industry, and technical information of the product and its manufacturing process from the European market.
On the other hand, the hypothesis was confirmed; it means that the project is technically and economically feasible with a net present value of $488.503 and an internal rate of return of 16.41%.

Activated carbon was produced from sawdust by using steam activation in a high temperature muffle furnace. Fast pyrolysis process was carried out prior in fluidized a bed furnace to produce char before activation process. Experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of various process parameters such as particle size, pyrolysis temperature and activation time on the quality of the activated carbon. In addition, the batch adsorption studies were done by using methylene blue. The experimental data were analyzed by the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms and Langmuir isotherms shows satisfactory fit to the experiment of data. The rate of adsorption shows that the pseudo-second-order rate fitted the adsorption kinetics better than the pseudo-first-order rate equation. The best quality activated carbon was obtained with particle size of 0.5mm at pyrolysis temperature 500 o C and activated with steam at 800 o C for 2 hours. The maximum adsorption capacity of carbon produced from sawdust was found to be 370.37 mg/g for the methylene blue dye. In addition, the maximum BET surface area obtained was 1091.5m 2 /g. The surface morphology of the best performing activated carbon was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The characteristic of the prepared activated carbon was compared with the other researchers and commercial activated carbon. The results indicated that the sawdust carbon could be employed as a low cost alternative to produce commercial activated carbon.

The Tea Waste and sawdust is a widely useful adsorbent for heavy metals. The aim of this work was optimization of usage of Tea Waste and sawdust as heavy metal adsorbent. It was exanimated influence of Tea Waste and sawdust quantity on adsorption capacity and efficiency adsorption processes. Activated carbon are used as a good adsorbent but its cost is very high so we used Tea waste and sawdust as a low cost adsorbent. For better adsorption efficiency it was recommended to apply larger amounts of sawdust, if it is not cause problems with delaying of used adsorbents. Smaller amounts of adsorbent were better utilized in two or three stage adsorption processes. Tea Waste collected in tea stall and restaurants its Insoluble cell wall of tea leaves are made up of cellulose and hemicelluloses, lignin, condensed tannins and structural protein. The result shows maximum removal efficiency of copper ion by tea waste is higher than sawdust adsorbent. Thus experiment result showed that maximum removal of Cu2+ ion by tea waste and sawdust is 90% and 88%.

The environment is being polluted by humans & in doing so, not only air & water but land is also being contaminated. The major contaminant of soil is oil. These contaminations largely affect the geotechnical properties of soil, specially physical & chemical. Taking into consideration the structural safety of structures of such location it is necessary to consider the change in the geotechnical properties due to such contaminations. In this paper the changes in the geotechnical properties like plastic limit, liquid limit, specific gravity, optimum moisture content, maximum dry density, cohesion, angle of internal friction, and California bearing ratio of black cotton soil with 5%, 10% and 15% castor oil as contaminant is represented. After that the effect of sawdust as stabilizer on black cotton soil contaminated with 10% castor oil is observed.

In view of the ever increasing costs and the negative environmental impacts of petroleum-based fuels and enormous amount of sawdust generated yearly in southwestern Nigeria. This study was undertaken to assess the suitability of sawdust of different wood species as source of energy by determining their chemical properties via proximate analysis. The results showed that the moisture contents (%MC) of the sawdust samples ranged between 7.92-15.96% with Entada gigas and Piptadeniasrum africanum giving the least and maximum, respectively; the ash contents (%Ash) ranged between 0.08% and 5.09% with Triplochoton scleroxylon being the least and Adansonia digitata giving the maximum; the volatile matter contents (%VM) ranged from 9.58% for Entada gigas to 18.44% for Vitellaria paradoxa; and the fixed carbon contents ranged between 77.51% and 93.59% with Funtumia elastic and Triplochiton scleroxylon having the least and maximum, respectively. The chemical properties showed that the sawdust of the different wood species would be suitable as source of energy for energy generation in thermal plants, comparing with those of Nigerian coal species.

The purpose of this work is to obtain optimal preparation conditions for activated carbons prepared from rattan sawdust (RSAC) for removal of disperse dye from aqueous solution. The RSAC was prepared by chemical activation with phosphoric acid using response surface methodology (RSM). RSM based on a three-variable central composite design was used to determine the effect of activation temperature (400–600 • C), activation time (1–3 h) and H 3 PO 4 :precursor (wt%) impregnation ratio (3:1–6:1) on C.I. Disperse Orange 30 (DO30) percentage removal and activated carbon yield were investigated. Based on the central composite design, quadratic model was developed to correlate the preparation variables to the two responses. The most influential factor on each experimental design responses was identified from the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimum conditions for preparation of RSAC, which were based on response surface and contour plots, were found as follows: temperature of 470 • C, activation time of 2 h and 14 min and chemical impregnation ratio of 4.45.

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the potential of Pinus sylvestris sawdust, in a continuous flow removal of lead (II) ions from synthetic and industrial aqueous effluents. The kinetic parameters obtained in a batch process were used to scale-up the process on a minicolumn and to choose the breakthrough model. The column experimental data concerning the volumes treated were correlated using the bed depth service time model. These experimental data closely fitted the bed depth service time model at 10% of the breakthrough curve.

Recycling  of  sawdust  to  biomethane  using  bacterial  consortia  were  investigated.  The  Molecular identification of the bacterial and archaeal isolates based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the  dominant  bacterial  species  were  the  Bacillus  and  Pseudomonas species while Methanosarcina and Methanobrevibacter were the dominant archaeal group. Four bacterial consortia (1, 2, 3 and 4) were formulated by combining the isolates in different ratios. One batch of the organic slurry was
biologically-pre-treated  with 1.0% broth culture of Phanarochaete chrysosporium for easy  hydrolysis of β-glycosidic and ether-ester bonds of lignocellulose while the other batch was not treated. The results  obtained  on  methane  production  from  1,600  ml  of  organic  slurry  containing  200  grams  of pre-treated  and  untreated  substrate  each  shows  that  consortium  4  containing  more  of  the Methanogens had  the highest methane-producing potential followed by consortia  3, 2 and the least
consortium  1  at  different  digestion  temperatures.  The  graphical  plot  of  methane  yield  against different  digestion  temperatures  using  the  consortia  showed  that  the  optimum  temperature  was 55oC with highest methane yield of 11.80 cm
/g VS and 7.38 cm3/g VS  produced by consortium 4 for pre-treated  and untreated substrate  respectively while the maximum temperature was 65oC with a decline  in  methane  production.  One-way  analysis  of  variance  of  the  results  obtained  from  biogas yield shows that methane production was significantly  (p ≤ 0)  dependent on the microbial consortia,nature of substrates and digestion temperature.

Waste tire HZSM-5 and MgO Additive effect A B S T R A C T Catalytic fast co-pyrolysis (co-CFP) of bamboo sawdust and waste tire over HZSM-5 and MgO was conducted using a tandem pyrolysis and upgrading system which consists of a bubbling fluidized bed and a fixed bed reactor. HZSM-5 mixed and sequential with MgO modes were studied to explore the additive effect for the promotion of aromatic hydrocarbons. Experimental results indicated that co-CFP of bamboo sawdust with waste tire over pure HZSM-5 increased the yields of pyrolysis oil and char, while the gas yield decreased with the increasing of waste tire percentage in the feedstock blends. The product distribution of pyrolysis oil obtained from co-CFP of bamboo sawdust and waste tire over pure HZSM-5 was dominated by aromatic hydrocarbons, and the relative concentration increased from 26.71 to 71.50% as the waste tire percentage elevated from 0 to 60 wt%. Co-CFP of bamboo sawdust and waste tire using HZSM-5 mixed with MgO mode produced a higher yield of pyrolysis oil than the sequential mode when HZSM-5/MgO mass ratio was raised from 1:4 to 1:1. However, the sequential mode was proved to be more effective in the promotion of aromatic hydrocarbons than the mixed mode at a higher HZSM-5 proportion. A positive additive effect for alkylbenzenes was found when the sequential mode was used at varying HZSM-5/MgO mass ratios. Regarding the olefins, C10 olefins were main products, and limonene selectivity increased at first and then decreased with the highest selectivity of 38.87% occurring at HZSM-5/MgO of 2:3 in the mixed mode case. The additive effect of HZSM-5 and MgO indicated that both the mixed and sequential modes inhibited the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with the most significant additive effect obtained at HZSM-5/MgO mass ratio of 1:1 using the mixed mode.

In view of the ever increasing costs and the negative environmental impacts of petroleum-based fuels and enormous amount of sawdust generated yearly in southwestern Nigeria. This study was undertaken to assess the suitability of sawdust of different wood species as source of energy by determining their chemical properties via proximate analysis. The results showed that the moisture contents (%MC) of the sawdust samples ranged between 7.92-15.96% with Entada gigas and Piptadeniasrum africanum giving the least and maximum, respectively; the ash contents (%Ash) ranged between 0.08% and 5.09% with Triplochoton scleroxylon being the least and Adansonia digitata giving the maximum; the volatile matter contents (%VM) ranged from 9.58% for Entada gigas to 18.44% for Vitellaria paradoxa; and the fixed carbon contents ranged between 77.51% and 93.59% with Funtumia elastic and Triplochiton scleroxylon having the least and maximum, respectively. The chemical properties showed that the sawdust of the different wood species would be suitable as source of energy for energy generation in thermal plants, comparing with those of Nigerian coal species.

Hydroponic technology has many benefits that it is highly productive and conserves water and land most especially if natural resources are scarce. Normally, plants grow inside a greenhouse that controls temperature, light, water and nutrition. The study was conducted to evaluate the performance of different growing substrates on lettuce under a non-circulating hydroponics system. It was conducted at Cagayan State University-Piat Campus from September to October 2019. The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications was used to test the following treatments: T1-Rockwool, T2-Coco peat, T3-Carbonized Rice Hull (CRH) and T4-Sawdust. Results show that plants under coco coir (T2)-obtained the tallest and longest roots while the most number of leaves and heaviest fresh biomass was registered in rock wool (T1). In terms of water pH, the result revealed no significant differences among treatment means. In the absence of rock wool, the coco coir can be used as an alternative as growing substrates for a non-circulating hydroponics system since they did not differ significantly.

Biorefinery technology is a current alternative to petroleum based industry to produce energy, chemicals and materials. The use of forest and agricultural lignocellulosic residues as raw materials to generate value-added products has become a topic of great interestdue to their renewability and availability. Pine sawdust is a promising candidate as raw material for biorefinery. This waste, which comes from the primary industrialization of wood, is available in large quantities, at low cost, and is currently open-airburned. The aim of this study was to obtain cellulose nanofiber (CNF) from pine sawdust. Delignification methods were applied to pulp until a kappa number lower than 1was achieved. CNF was produced by the combination of chemical (TEMPO-oxidation) pretreatment and mechanical destructuration in a homogenizer. Once CNF was produced at different oxidation degrees, the degree of polymerization, cationic demand, carboxyl rate, and the yield of fibrillation were determined with the purpose of assessing the effect of the oxidation degree on the final properties thereof.Finally, the suitability of using the obtained CNF as paper strength additive was studied through the assessment of the mechanical properties increase of paper.

Activated carbon was produced from sawdust by using steam activation in a high temperature muffle furnace. Fast pyrolysis process was carried out prior in fluidized a bed furnace to produce char before activation process. Experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of various process parameters such as particle size, pyrolysis temperature and activation time on the quality of the activated carbon. In addition, the batch adsorption studies were done by using methylene blue. The experimental data were analyzed by the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms and Langmuir isotherms shows satisfactory fit to the experiment of data. The rate of adsorption shows that the pseudo-second-order rate fitted the adsorption kinetics better than the pseudo-first-order rate equation. The best quality activated carbon was obtained with particle size of 0.5mm at pyrolysis temperature 500 o C and activated with steam at 800 o C for 2 hours. The maximum adsorption capacity of carbon produced from sawdust was found to be 370.37 mg/g for the methylene blue dye. In addition, the maximum BET surface area obtained was 1091.5m 2 /g. The surface morphology of the best performing activated carbon was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The characteristic of the prepared activated carbon was compared with the other researchers and commercial activated carbon. The results indicated that the sawdust carbon could be employed as a low cost alternative to produce commercial activated carbon.

Agyagtégla-gyártási vizsgálati anyagmintákat kísérleti égetésnek vetettünk alá a szerves pórusképző adalékanyagok viselkedésének tanulmányozása céljából. Fűrészport, napraforgómaghéjat és rizskorpát adagoltunk a nyers agyaghoz, és azt 900°C-on kiégettük. A nyers-és az égetett anyagok ásványi összetételét RTG por-diffrakciós (XRPD) eljárással határoztuk meg. A nyersa nyagok termikus viselkedését derivatográffal (DTA) vizsgáltuk. Optikai mikroszkóppal (OM) és pásztázó elektronmikroszkóppal (SEM) tanulmányoztuk a kiégetett anyagok mikroszerkezetét. Az OM és a SEM kimutatta a növényi eredetű anyagok mikroszerkezetét megőrző maradványok jelenlétét. A jelen tanulmány fő célja a szerves adalékanyagok maradványainak morfológiai jellemzése, és azok kialakulási folyamatainak a felderítése. Ferenc Kristály Graduated in 2005 with Master of Science equivalent geologist diploma, at the Babes-Bolyai University (Cluj Napoca, Romania); diploma thesis "Characterization of mineralogy and microstructure of C111 type silica porcelain". In 2005, admission in the PhD program at Dr. Gömze A. László 1973-ban szerzett gépészmérnöki oklevelet a Moszkvai Építőmérnöki Egyetemen. Szilikátvegyész oklevelét 1979-ben kapta a Mengyelejev Kémia-technológiák Egye temen. 1985-ben a műszaki tudományok kandidátusa -kitüntetéssel. Szakmai pályafutását az Épületkerámia-ipari Vállalatnál kezdte, ahol részt vett a Kerámia Téglagyár, a Padlólap II. és az új Őrbottyán II. Téglagyár tervezésében. 1977-ben már a KEVITERV Egyedi Gépek és Létesítmények tervező osztályát irányította. Még ebben az évben tanársegéd lett Szaladnya Professzor mellett a Miskolci Egyetemen. Ugyanitt 1999-től a Kerámia-és Szilikátmérnöki Tanszék vezetője. Több szabadalom és találmány szerzője. Hazai és külföldi publikációjának száma meghaladja a 200-at.

Abstract: Sawdust, an urban solid waste becoming a nuisance in towns and cities of the under-developed countries, was treated with various chemical substances, and supplemented with molasses with a view to improving its potential nutritional value as ruminant feed. The proximate and mineral compositions of the sawdust receiving various chemical treatments (urea + molasses; wood-ash + molasses and caustic soda + molasses) were determined in the laboratory and compared with raw (un-treated) sawdust and molasses-treated wheat offal. It was revealed that the potential nutritional value of raw sawdust to livestock can be modified via the treatment methods followed in the study. Calcium, Phosphorus, Sodium, Potassium, Zinc and Magnesium contents were better in the treated than the untreated sawdust. Similarly, crude protein, ether extracts and dry matter contents were enhanced through the various treatments of the raw sawdust. It was, thus, established that the potential nutritional quali...

In this research study the performance of pre-wetted sawdust as a source of internal curing for concrete was investigated. Primarily sawdust was used to reduce self-weight of concrete, however it was recognized that dry porous sawdust could absorb sufficient amount of water that could be an effective mean of internal curing. Pre-wetted sawdust was used to partially replace the sand and specimens were covered in polythene bags. Different trials were performed on sawdust lightweight concrete with internal and external curing and tested for compressive strength. Compressive strength results were compared with normal density concrete to draw conclusions.

The growth of plastic waste increases every year in almost all countries in the world, including Indonesia. One of the most potential ways of utilizing plastic waste is in the field of building construction. Plastic, and other agriculture waste such as sawdust and rice husk, had been investigated in some previous researches to be used in the innovation of building materials. This research aims to find the composition of plastic waste which was combined with sawdust and rice husk to become an alternative brick material as thermal insulation for the building. This research used two methods; the first was to produce some samples from plastic waste materials with sawdust or rice husk and the second was to measure the thermal characteristics on those sample materials. Sampling was conducted by using variations of the composition of the mixture which was then tested for its ability to absorb heat during the day and night. Measurement results showed that the percentage of 70% plastic waste increased the conductivity of the materials, both during the day and night. A recommendation of plastic waste and rice husk or sawdust composition was to use a ratio of 40:60 or 60:40 which would reduce the outdoor air temperature of 0.8 to 0.9°C at daytime. Rice husk as the supporting materials would increase the porosity of the materials and absorb the outdoor air temperature. But this porosity would reduce the ability to store the outdoor air temperature.

The accumulation of solid waste and consumption of fossil fuels are two phenomenons which already have a major destructive effect on the environment. The lack of alternative solid waste management procedures and shortage of the development of renewable energy resources should be addressed in order to sustain environmental quality. Sawdust is a major waste product along the Lagos lagoon with cellulose one of the predominant structural components of sawdust. The bio-conversion of waste cellulose, a glucose biopolymer into glucose a fermentable sugar has been performed with cellulase from Aspergillus Niger. Delignified and non-delignified sawdust from five different trees along the Lagos Lagoon have been saccharified with A. niger cellulase. The saccharification of these sawdust materials have been performed at different incubation temperatures of 30°C, 40°C, 50°C and 60°C. Optimum saccharification of nondelignified and delignified cellulose from the various trees along the Lagos Lagoon were optimum saccharified at different temperatures resulting in different sugar concentrations produced. A temperature of 40°C was optimum for maximum degradation of non-delignified cellulose from all the trees producing sugar at concentration between 3.0-4.3mg.ml-1. Optimum saccharification of delignified cellulose from all the trees was obtained at a temperature of 50°C resulting in a sugar concentration of 5.9-8.4mg.ml-1 .

In the present study, the use of low-cost timber industry waste adsorbent normal sawdust of Gmelina arborea (NSGA) and alkali modified sawdust of Gmelina arborea (MSGA) have been reported as an alternative to the existing expensive methods of removing dyes from aqueous solution. Total six dyes viz., Malachite Green, Congo Red, Crystal Violet, Methylene Blue, Bromophenol Blue and Methyl Orange were removed from aqueous solution using NSGA and MSGA. Alkali and heat treatments were used to modify the sawdust to alter its adsorptive capacity. The NSGA removed 95.22 % crystal violet from the aqueous which was maximum removal by NSGA. The MSGA removed 91.6% malachite green which was highest among the six dyes used in the screening. The results indicated that most of the dyes were removed within 20-40 minutes. The efficacy of dye adsorption was improved in case of bromophenol blue, Congo red, methylene blue and malachite green after alkali and heat treatment to sawdust of Gmelina arborea. The result indicates that after optimization alkali modified Gmelina arborea sawdust can be used for the adsorptive removal of dyes from wastewater.

The aim of this study was to optimize the hydrothermal treatment conditions to obtain different products in the extraction of hemicelluloses from eucalyptus sawdust originated from carpenters and sawmills. The raw material was sawdust from 12-50 year-old Eucalyptus rostrata, grandis and saligna. A 2 3 Factorial Design was initially applied to verify the influence of treatment time (30, 45 and 60 min), temperature (120, 150 and 180°C) and liquid/solid ratio (5, 10, 15). This last variable was not significant. A Central Composite Face-Centered Design was used for the optimizations, varying time (20, 30 and 40 min) and temperature (170, 180 and 190°C). Temperature was the most influential factor. Extractives could be removed in the first step at 120ºC for 20 min. The highest extraction of hemicelluloses (mainly as sugars) took place at 20 min and 190°C, whereas the maximum extraction of carbohydrates as oligomers was obtained at 40 minutes and about 170ºC.

In this research study the performance of pre-wetted sawdust as a source of internal curing for concrete was investigated. Primarily sawdust was used to reduce self-weight of concrete, however it was recognized that dry porous sawdust could absorb sufficient amount of water that could be an effective mean of internal curing. Pre-wetted sawdust was used to partially replace the sand and specimens were covered in polythene bags. Different trials were performed on sawdust lightweight concrete with internal and external curing and tested for compressive strength. Compressive strength results were compared with normal density concrete to draw conclusions.

The need for biomass as an alternative source for energy purposes points toward oil palm fruit residues (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) as an attractive solution. Oil palm industry residue, such as oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) composites and mesocarp fiber (PMF), have a high gross calorific value and could help countries meet their energy demands. However, information concerning physical, mechanical, and energy characteristics of agro-pellets made from mixtures of oil palm residue with pine sawdust, is not available. In this research, oil palm residues were mixed at ratios of 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80, and 0:100 with pine sawdust, and were chemically analyzed. Agro-pellets from mixtures were tested on their physical and mechanical properties, and the relationship of these properties with the chemical composition of oil palm residue mixtures was determined. Normality distribution tests of the variables were performed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Normal variables were analyzed through one-way ANOVA tests. When differences were found, they were validated using the Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) test and were considered statistically significant at p ≤ 0.05. Data not normally distributed were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test. Bulk density, particle density, and gross calorific value of agro-pellets (from mixing 80:20 oil palm residues with pine sawdust) were statistically higher (p < 0.05) to agro-pellets of 100% oil palm residues. Adding pine sawdust to oil palm residues increases some mechanical agro-pellet properties. Addition of pine sawdust to oil palm residues acts to increase some mechanical properties of agro-pellets.

During this experiment, the effects of cow manure and cow manure + sawdust vermicompost replacement instead of peat in the growth media were investigated on the growth of ornamental foliage plants Aglaonema (Chinese evergreen), Dracaena marginata and Spathiphyllum wallisii. To produce vermicompost, cow manure and cow manure + sawdust (volume ratio 80 to 20) was added to Eisenia fetida earthworm medium. After preparation of vermicomposts for preparation of growth media, volumetric values of 25, 50, 75, and 100% vermicompost of cow manure and cow manure + sawdust replaced peat in the control (peat + perlite with a volume ratio of 2 to 1). After preparing the growth media, rooted cuttings were planted in them. Measured factors were nitrogen, potassium, calcium and magnesium in leaves and growth medium, height, diameter, fresh weight of stems and leaves, dry weight of stems and leaves and fresh and dry weight of plant roots. The results showed that increasing the levels of two types of vermicompost in peat replacement increased nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium of the leaves in Aglaonema, Dracaena marginata and Spathiphyllumwallisii. With increasing two types of vermicompost in the growth medium, water holding capacity increased compared to peat and 100% vermicompost had the highest water holding capacity. Application of 25% of each vermicompost increased the height, diameter, fresh weight and dry weight of branches and leaves in plants compared to the control. Due to the problems caused by the accumulation of sawdust in the environment and the high cost of peat in the ornamental plant industry, the use of 25% cow manure + sawdust vermicompost is a more economical recommendation.

Energy is a key requirement for socio-economic development. However, the utilization of energy must not be at the expense of the environment and the future. One way of reducing dependence on biomassas a source of energy is to promote the use of briquettes by homes and industries. This study examined the feasibility of establishing and managing a briquette manufacturing plant at the Sokoban Wood Village, a leading wood industrial estate in Kumasi, Ghana. Using qualitative approach, a total of fifteen woodworkers and one technical officer were interviewed on the feasibility of such a project, availability of sawdust, and the ideal management structure for the project. Data were analysed by capturing the key themes and modes in responses, highlighting issues of contrasts and similarities, and supported by direct quotes. The results indicate that the setting up of plants to overturn sawdust into briquettes is highly feasible and would receive support and cooperation from saw millers and...

Co-composting is an effective and environment friendly method of solid waste management to make valuable organic soil amendment which helps to maintain soil fertility in a sustainable way. An experiment was conducted to make co-compost using cattle manure (CM) and sawdust (SD) in different ratios (w/w) for the correct mixing proportion of raw materials to investigate the nutrient status of co-compost, and to evaluate the potential value of co-compost after incorporation into soil to form a nutrient rich growth media for Abelmoschus esculentus L. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments and three replications comprising of only SD, only CM, sawdust-cattle manure mixture in the ratio of 1:1 (SD: CM=1:1), 1:2 (SD: CM= 1:2) and 2:1 (SD: CM= 2:1) by weight. Compost samples were collected for nutrient analysis after 75 days of composting. The highest value of total N, P and S were obtained in CM compost. Organic carbon (OC) and C:N ratio were found higher in SD compost. Higher growth and yield of okra were recorded under SD:CM= 1:2 treatment. On the basis of the experimental results, combined application of SD and CM at 1:2 ratio was the right mixing proportion. So, the organic fertilizer mixed with SD and CM at 1:2 ratio would be an efficient soil amendment that would improve soil quality, promote plant growth and increase yield.

Abstract: A feeding trial, using Goat, (Capra prisca) as test animal was designed to evaluate the value of chemically treated sawdust (an urban solid waste) in a 50 % replacement (1:1 ratio) with wheat offal. The aim was to recycle this waste by converting it to animal feedstuff, thereby preventing environmental pollution which it has constituted. The results showed a significant effect (P&lt;0.05) of the rations on Average Daily Weight Gains,

The present study is focused on the effects of the shape and size of Fagus orientalis wood flour on physical and mechanical properties of HDPE based wood plastic composites (WPC). Variables included two mesh sizes (20 and 60), as well as five different contents of ground shavings (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) mixed with sawdust; totally 10 treatments. HDPT content was 40% in all formulations. Panels were compression molded and physical and mechanical tests were carried out in accordance with ASTM D2240 standard specifications. Results showed that mesh size can only significantly affect the hardness in the studied wood-plastic composites. On the other hand, increasing the proportion of the ground shavings possessing higher aspect ratio (l/d) increased both flexural strength and hardness. This increasing effect however was not observed for ground shavings beyond 50%. It was also concluded that while the addition of ground shavings up to 50% could improve the mechanical properties, higher proportions would reduce some of the properties, particularly the impact strength. In was concluded that the panel made of 50% wood flour combined with 50% ground shavings exhibited overall suitable properties for most applications.

The need for biomass as an alternative source for energy purposes points toward oil palm fruit residues (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) as an attractive solution. Oil palm industry residue, such as oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) composites and mesocarp fiber (PMF), have a high gross calorific value and could help countries meet their energy demands. However, information concerning physical, mechanical, and energy characteristics of agro-pellets made from mixtures of oil palm residue with pine sawdust, is not available. In this research, oil palm residues were mixed at ratios of 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80, and 0:100 with pine sawdust, and were chemically analyzed. Agro-pellets from mixtures were tested on their physical and mechanical properties, and the relationship of these properties with the chemical composition of oil palm residue mixtures was determined. Normality distribution tests of the variables were performed using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Normal variables were anal...

The need for biomass as an alternative source for energy purposes points toward oil palm fruit residues (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) as an attractive solution. Oil palm industry residue, such as oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) composites and mesocarp fiber (PMF), have a high gross calorific value and could help countries meet their energy demands. However, information concerning physical, mechanical, and energy characteristics of agro-pellets made from mixtures of oil palm residue with pine sawdust, is not available. In this research, oil palm residues were mixed at ratios of 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80, and 0:100 with pine sawdust, and were chemically analyzed. Agro-pellets from mixtures were tested on their physical and mechanical properties, and the relationship of these properties with the chemical composition of oil palm residue mixtures was determined. Normality distribution tests of the variables were performed using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Normal variables were anal...

This study works toward the quantity, type, volume, and composition of wood waste that have been produced by three wood sortiment-based sellers in West Manokwari sub-district of Manokwari. Descriptive method through survey technique and interview based on designed questionnaires were carried out in order to generate data which are emanating from three small-scales of wood sortiment-based producers namely Farrel Jaya, Hati Murni 2 dan Hati Murni 1. The result revealed three types of round-wood raw material for producing sortiment such as Merbau (Intsia sp.), Matoa (Pometia sp.) and mixed wood. Wood wastes that were generated consisting of wood slab, sawdust, and wood chip. From the production of beam and board of 30 m 3 , it has been generated waste as much as 46.73 %/m³ with an average of wood slab, sawdust, and wood chip were 7.47 %/m³, 6,80 %/ m³, 32,47 %/m³ consecutively. There was no further use of waste from wood sortiment production, instead of burning.