Wood Waste Utilization for Energy Generation

This study projects electricity savings, cost-benefit analysis and emission reduction of lighting retrofits in Malaysia residential sector. The cost-benefit is determined as a function of energy savings due to retrofit of more efficient lighting system. The energy savings were calculated based on 25, 50 and 75% of potential retrofits of inefficient lighting in residential sector. The study found that, this strategy save a significant amount of energy and consumers money. However, an effort to create energy efficiency awareness among consumers and subsidies efficient lighting should be identified, because this efficient lighting is quite expensive in Malaysia. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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This thesis promotes the use of sawdust, a sub product generated in the Peruvian timber industry, for the manufacturing of wood pellets. The used methodology was inductive. Field investigation and experiments were done based on the Peruvian and European technical specifications.
The problem is the reduced use of wood waste in the Peruvian timber industry. It was analyzed according to the information collected in places where waste is generated, the data was gotten from state agencies responsible for regulating the timber industry, and technical information of the product and its manufacturing process from the European market.
On the other hand, the hypothesis was confirmed; it means that the project is technically and economically feasible with a net present value of $488.503 and an internal rate of return of 16.41%.

MATA AJARAN PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH HASIL HUTAN (D655704P) Oleh Muliyana Arifudin, S.Hut.,M.WoodSc. LABORATORIUM TEKNOLOGI HASIL HUTAN JURUSAN/PROGRAM STUDI KEHUTANAN FAKULTAS KEHUTANAN UNIVERSITAS PAPUA MANOKWARI 2020 2 KATA PENGANTAR Puji Syukur atas kehadirat ALLAH SWT atas kehendakNyalah penyusunan Modul Praktikum Mata Ajaran Pemanfaatan Limbah Hasil Hutan (PLHH) telah diselesaikan dengan baik. Penyusunan modul praktikum PLHH bertujuan untuk melengkapi bahan dan peuntun penyelenggaraan praktikum, dan juga sekaligus ditujukan untuk peningkatan layanan di Laboratorium Teknologi Hasil Hutan (Lab. THH). Modul ini juga merupakan kelengkapan dalam proses belajar-mengajar MK. PLHH agar mahasiswa peserta mata kuliah dapat memahami secara lebih mudah teori yang diberikan selama dalam kelas. Modul praktikum ini disusun sedetail mungkin yang disesuaikan dengan kondisi dan kelengkapan Lab. THH, sehingga dengan pelaksanaan praktikum akan tetap berjalan sesuai dengan ketersediaan alat dan bahan yang dimiliki oleh Lab. THH. Modul Praktikum MA. PLHH ini terdiri dari 4 judul praktikum dalam pemanfaatan limbah yang mudah untuk diaplikasikan, yaitu: pembuatan pellet kayu sebagai bakan bakar alternative, pembuatan pellet sebagai penyerap alami bagi minyak bekas, pembuatan briket kayu sebagai bahan bakar dan pembuatan papan semen dari limbah kertas.

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of temperature, door opening, thermostat setting position, relative humidity, and loading on energy consumption of a household refrigerator-freezer. Our investigation reveals that temperature has the greatest effect on energy consumption followed by loading. Next greatest effect are due to door opening and thermostat setting position. Relative humidity has minimal effect on energy consumption. With the experimental data, a multiple regression equation has been developed to investigate their combine effect.

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This study presents the effects of different operating variables on energy consumption of refrigerator-freezer that had two phases. The first phase is to investigate the effects of the number of door opening, duration of each door remain open, ambient temperature, cabinet load and thermostat setting position on energy consumption during the open door conditions. The second phase is to investigate the effects of the ambient temperature, cabinet load, thermostat setting position and open surface water pan area inside the cabinet on energy consumption during the closed door conditions. All the experiments were conducted in the environmental controlled chamber. The result shows that there is a great influence of different variables on energy consumption and average consumption is about 3.3 kWh day-1. The effects of number of door opening, ambient temperature and cabinet load are more compared to the others. The open door energy consumption is 40% more compared to the closed door test. It is found that the average of the maximum energy consumption is 27.3% more compared to average consumption and 55.6% more compared to average of the minimum consumption. If the users be serious, a significant amount of energy could be saved with the proper utilization of refrigerator-freezer. © 2008 Asian Network for Scientific Information.

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As of today, the considerable influence of select environmental variables, especially irradiance intensity, must still be accounted for whenever discussing the performance of a solar system. Therefore, an extensive, dependable modeling method is required in investigating the most suitable Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) method under different conditions. Following these requirements, MATLAB-programmed modeling and simulation of photovoltaic systems is presented here, by focusing on the effects of partial shading on the output of the photovoltaic (PV) systems. End results prove the reliability of the proposed model in replicating the aforementioned output characteristics in the prescribed setting. The proposed model is chosen because it can, conveniently, simulate the behavior of different ranges of PV systems from a single PV module through the multidimensional PV structure.

This study projects electricity savings, cost-benefit analysis and emission reduction of lighting retrofits in Malaysia residential sector. The cost-benefit is determined as a function of energy savings due to retrofit of more efficient lighting system. The energy savings were calculated based on 25, 50 and 75% of potential retrofits of inefficient lighting in residential sector. The study found that, this strategy save a significant amount of energy and consumers money. However, an effort to create energy efficiency awareness among consumers and subsidies efficient lighting should be identified, because this efficient lighting is quite expensive in Malaysia. #

This study projects electricity savings, cost-benefit analysis and emission reduction of lighting retrofits in Malaysia residential sector. The cost-benefit is determined as a function of energy savings due to retrofit of more efficient lighting system. The energy savings were calculated based on 25, 50 and 75% of potential retrofits of inefficient lighting in residential sector. The study found that, this strategy save a significant amount of energy and consumers money. However, an effort to create energy efficiency awareness among consumers and subsidies efficient lighting should be identified, because this efficient lighting is quite expensive in Malaysia. #

Wood biomass in Serbia is traditionally used for energy. However, the manner of its use is outdated, and efficiency is very low. Annually over 3.5 million m 3 of wood is cut down for energy needs in Serbia. In order to better exploit all forms of woody biomass, especially the one that is now treated as waste, and in order to fulfil the obligations from the outlined Convention on Climate Change it is necessary to switch to a modern way of production and utilization of woody biomass. Serbia is now at the very beginning of this process. This paper gives an overview and an analysis of the possibilities of utilization of wood waste as a renewable source of energy and the problems that producers in Serbia are facing due to undeveloped markets and excessive funds that are needed to start the production of briquettes and pellets. The ecological and economical advantages of using woody biomass, as well the possible support measures for the use of woody biomass in Serbia are also the topic of this paper. The present situation in this area, the manner of waste management in sawmills and the reasons for the necessity of future development of this industrial production are also briefly described.

Alkaline pretreatment with NaOH was used to improve biogas production from softwood pine. The pretreatments were carried out with 8.0% w/w NaOH solution at two temperatures (0 and 100 °C) for different periods of time (10, 30 and 60 min). By anaerobic digestion of the treated and untreated materials to biogas, significant effects of the pretreatments on the yield of methane were clearly observed. The best improvement was achieved by the treatment at 100 °C for 10 min, which resulted in 181.2% improvement in the methane production yield. The treatment at 0 °C was also effective, in which 60 min treatment resulted in 118.6% improvement in the methane yield compared to the untreated wood. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) was used to analyze the changes in chemical structure and physical characteristics of lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose of the treated wood, which indicated a reduction of crystallinity of cellulose due to the pretreatment. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopic images revealed that disruption of the recalcitrant structure of the pine wood could be responsible for the improvement of methane yield.

Today, electricity is an indispensable key for civilization and development. The trend of electricity consumption is rather escalating. Electricity generation principally depends upon fossil fuels. In one hand, the stocks of these fuels have been confirmed to be critically limited. On the other hand, in process of electricity generation by means of these fuels, a number of poisonous by-products adversely affect the conservation of natural eco-system. Further, electricity driven appliances use emanate anti-environmental gases that also affect human health and climate. Therefore, estimation of energy consumption for operating household appliances, savings of energy under policy intervention, and emission of poisonous gases in a fast developing country deserve academic attention. This paper focuses on estimation of energy consumption, energy savings, reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases for use of household appliances in Malaysia between 1999 and 2015. In the upstream side of electricity generation, the study estimates the amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) resulting from burning of fossil fuels. In downstream side, it considers the energy savings and reduction of CHGs. The results show that significant amount of energy can be saved and thus huge volume of toxic emissions can be controlled. The findings can be useful to policy makers as well as household appliances users. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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This study describes the exploitation of wood waste (Pinus spp.) in the form of sawdust and shavings generated during the production of furniture and artisanal items in a community in the state of Michoacán, western Mexico. A process is described to densifying this raw material, to produce solid-type biofuel briquettes that can be used to satisfy the need to generate low-power heat for residential sectors. Briquette production involved six stages: (a) gathering samples of sawdust and shavings from artisanal workshops in the community; (b) proximal characterization of the samples; (c) elaborating the briquettes; (d) physicochemical characterization of the briquettes; (e) evaluation of the physical-thermal combustion of the briquettes; and (f) an economic evaluation of briquette production to determine viability. Finally, we performed a comparative analysis of the energy, economic, and environmental indicators of the briquettes produced and conventional pine and oak firewood (Pinus sp...

This study carried out the field survey from house to house to garner the information of consumer behavior. In this study the energy consumption 104 refrigerators have been monitored as well. The energy consumption of 104 refrigerators is clustered and segmented to classify the refrigerators of same characteristic in the same group. The capacity of the refrigerator, frequency of door opening and position of refrigerator either near heat source or away from the heat source is considered for clustering and segmentation analysis. The clustering and segmentation in this survey reveal the effect of these factors on the energy performance of the refrigerator. © 2008 Asian Network for Scientific Information.

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The ownership of household electrical appliances especially refrigerator-freezer has increased rapidly in Malaysia. Almost every household in this country has a refrigerator-freezer. To reduce energy consumptiom in this sector the refrigerator is one of the top priorities of the energy efficiency program for household appliances. Malaysian authority is considering implementing minimum energy efficiency standards for refrigerator-freezer sometime in the coming year. This paper attempts to analyze cost-benefit of implementing minimum energy efficiency standards for household refrigerator-freezers in Malaysia. The calculations were made based on growth of ownership data for refrigerators in Malaysian households. The number of refrigerator-freezer has increased from 175,842 units in 1970 to 4,196,486 in 2000 and it will be about 11,293,043 in the year of 2020. Meanwhile it has accounted for about 26.3% of electricity consumption in a single household. Therefore, efficiency improvement of this appliance will give a significant impact in the future of electricity consumption in this country. Furthermore, it has been found that implementing an energy efficiency standard for household refrigerator-freezers is economically justified. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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The inconvenience with the generation of wood waste has become an increasing problem among companies of the forestry sector. For that reason, the study aimed to obtain and disseminate the data on the generation and disposal of timber waste of the wooden-housing manufacturers, located in São Paulo State, aiming to assist them on the potential for reuse of their wood waste. For this evaluation, it was applied a questionnaire directed to the owners or their representatives, in order to obtain the volume, characteristics and final destination of the wood waste produced exclusively for a single-storey housing unit of 100 m 2. It was discovered that most of these house manufacturers have no control or quantification of their residues, and many even have an accurate separation process aiming their reuse. Then, a real opportunity of processing of these wooden wastes in manufactured goods is lost. Thereat, it was discussed the current situation of these timber companies, indicating some ideas for improving their wood waste management. A simple selective collection realized in these industries and on respective building sites could help to mitigate this evident environmental liability. This collection system could be based on the separation of waste into colored dumpsters or containers for three destinations: solid wood, treated wood and wood-based panels. Public incentives will help this sector to achieve its sustainable development with cleaner productions.

Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA) is a popular wood preservative applied to wood products to prevent environmental decay during outdoor use and hence has been predominant in the disposal sector in recent years. Estimates suggest that some CCA- treated wood waste in Florida is burned to produce energy. Incineration results in volatilization of metals during combustion and an accumulation and subsequent leaching of metals in the ash. This poses health and environmental concerns. Past studies have shown that many mineral sorbents are effective in controlling heavy metal volatilization in air phase during incineration. The objective of this study was to evaluate the viability of thermal processes in existing facilities as an option for the management of CCA wood waste in the state of Florida.

Three tasks were carried out to assess the use of existing wood-fired capable facilities as a viable option for the management of CCA wood waste. In the first task, an inventory of existing wood-fired capable facilities and their pollution control devices was compiled. This inventory included two categories: facilities using wood as their fuel and others (such as cement kilns, waste to energy (WTE) plants, coal fired boilers etc.) that can possibly be converted to burn wood. In Florida, amongst the facilities belonging to these categories, the maximum capacities corresponded to wood-based facilities, followed by WTE facilities and coal-fired plants with cement kiln boilers representing the smallest available capacity. While wood boilers also use a variety of carbonaceous fuels, cement kilns and coal fired plants primarily run on coal and use some secondary fuels as well. WTE facilities used municipal solid waste (MSW) for combustion. A variety of air pollution control devices are found in each facility depending on the types of air emissions at that facility. In terms of the maximum heat input rate/ heat capacity of the combustion boilers, coal fired power plants had the highest median heat capacity followed by cement kilns, wood boilers and WTE facilities.

In the second task, a literature survey was conducted on available pollution control technologies and equipment for controlling arsenic emission and leaching resulting from the incineration process. From the survey results, co-incineration appears to be the most promising technology amongst the existing techniques in the short term. Long term options for disposal of CCA treated wood by thermal processes need to be evaluated. Coupling co-incineration with sorbent injection in feed and gas stream can result in the dual benefit of controlling submicron particulate emissions as well as forming non-toxic, non leachable ash which can be disposed of easily. An evaluation of the existing options suggests that the use of a combination of air pollution control devices, e.g., using a wet scrubber combined with an ESP or a baghouse seems to be the best available technique to control arsenic emissions. Injection of mineral sorbents in the flue gas followed by capture of particulates using a baghouse or an ESP has been successful
in controlling arsenic emissions in coal combustion and can be applied to wood waste too. Amongst the various techniques available for sampling of arsenic in ambient air, impregnated filters appear to have the highest particulate and vapor capture efficiency.

In the third task, potential mineral materials that can prevent arsenic leaching from incineration products were screened in laboratory studies. Experiments were conducted to evaluate various sorbent materials for their capability in reducing ash leachability as well as to characterize the crystalline speciation of the reaction products. Experiments were carried out using metal spikes with quantities equivalent to 3.68 pounds per cubic feet (pcf) of CCA-treated wood (treated with CCA type C chemical). The spike-sorbent samples were heated at 700 oC, 900 oC and 1100 oC for 30 minutes. A portion of the residual was leached using the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis of the residue was conducted to determine the crystalline speciation of the products. Amongst the various sorbents tested in the given temperature range, the alkaline earth sorbents (cement, calcium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide) and ferric oxide (at 1100 oC) showed the greatest promise in reducing the leaching of arsenic to significantly lower values than the TC limit of arsenic from the incinerator ash. Regarding chromium, the alumino-silicate group (alumina and silica at all temperatures, and kaolin at higher temperatures), ferric oxide and magnesium hydroxide (at 1100 oC) leached less than the TC limit of chromium from the ash. For copper, all sorbents displayed low leaching values. Volatilization of metals was also reduced due to the metal-sorbent binding, up to 60% in some cases, depending on the type of sorbent used and the system temperature. Speciation characterization results reveal the formation of several metal-metal and metal-mineral compounds (e.g. insoluble Ca3(AsO4)2 and highly soluble CaCrO4). The formation of these compounds may have resulted in different leaching behavior of each metal-sorbent pair under different combustion conditions.
Potential practical scale applications of sorbent technology for thermal conversion of CCA treated wood have been proposed based on these results. At high temperatures (>1000 oC), most of the arsenic is found in the gas phase while chromium and copper remain in the feed. Hence, a strategy to control the leaching of metals can possibly be developed based on these studies. A single sorbent or a combination of sorbents can be used to effectively control the leaching of CCA metals, e.g., using cement in the flue gas to capture arsenic and any alumino-silicate sorbent or ferric oxide in the feed to capture chromium and copper. Another possible alternative could be using ferric oxide or magnesium hydroxide at high temperatures (~1100 oC) to capture all three CCA metal simultaneously, both in feed and gas phase. Based on this strategy, cement kilns, coal combustion plants, MSW incinerators and steel mills may be potentially viable options for disposal of CCA-treated wood by co-incineration.

Refrigerator-freezers energy consumption is greatly affected by room temperature, door opening and thermostat setting position. Two frost free household refrigerator freezers of the same capacity were tested in the laboratory to determine the sensitivity of their energy consumption to various usage conditions. The experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of single variables, such as temperature, thermostat setting positions and door opening, and their combined effect on energy consumption. Our investigation reveals that room temperature has the higher effect on energy consumption, followed by door opening. Thermostat setting position has the lower effect on energy consumption. More detailed tests were performed under different room temperature, thermostat setting position and door opening conditions. With the experimental results, a first order mathematical model has been developed to investigate their combined effect on energy consumption. The test results are discussed and presented. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

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The timber production chain in Brazil still suffers with several difficulties related to the waste management. Most sectors within this timber chain never account or classify their waste. It is a chronic problem present in all of Brazilian States, whereas the local Governments never stimulated industrial clusters with assertive policies to mitigate this problem. Through this latent demand, the present paper aims to develop a research focused on a survey about the wood waste generated by the manufacturers of wooden housing in the Brazilian State of Santa Catarina. This work contained a survey formed by three important questions to evaluate the waste management by these timber industries specific for construction. In the end of this data mining, it was verified that these industries do not reuse their wood waste, as well as these companies do not evaluate or classify these generated wastes, according to the size, class or volume. This survey showed that these timber industries do not have any plans to reduce this environmental liability, and also the local Government urgently needs to create newer public policies to stimulate these industries. Furthermore, despite of the proliferation of human managed forests, the industries still use native woods in most of these wooden houses.

As a result of rapid economic growth in the past, the usage of residential electrical appliances for the last two decades has increased rapidly in Malaysia. Like other developing countries with hot and humid climates, she has been experiencing dramatic growth in the number of air conditioners from 13,251 units in 1970 to 253,399 in 1991, and it will be about 1,511,276 in the year 2020. In order to reduce energy consumption in the residential sector, the Department of Electricity and Gas Supply considers implementing energy labels for household electrical appliances, including room air conditioners, sometime in the coming year. The purpose of the energy labels is to provide consumers a guideline to compare the energy efficiency of the appliances. This paper attempts to calculate the potential electricity savings by implementing energy labels for room air conditioners in this country. The potential electricity savings is predicted based on three scenarios, namely, minimum expected, nominal and maximum expected. The study found that in the energy savings view point, introducing energy labels for this appliance is very beneficial in this country.

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of temperature, door opening, thermostat setting position, relative humidity, and loading on energy consumption of a household refrigerator-freezer. Our investigation reveals that temperature has the greatest effect on energy consumption followed by loading. Next greatest effect are due to door opening and thermostat setting position. Relative humidity has minimal effect on energy consumption. With the experimental data, a multiple regression equation has been developed to investigate their combine effect.

ISO 8187, ISO 8561, and ISO 7371 are the relevant test standards for household refrigerating appliances. This paper presents the possibility of introducing ISO household refrigerator-freezer test standards in Malaysia. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of room temperature, door opening, thermostat setting position, relative humidity, and loading on energy consumption of a household refrigerator-freezer. With the experimental data, a multiple regression equation is developed to investigate their combined effect. Finally, energy consumption according to the regression equation with optimum setting conditions is compared with ISO standard test conditions. Our comparison reveals that ISO refrigerator-freezer test standards are applicable with respect to Malaysian climatic conditions and usage patterns. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Brazil has experienced a crescent seek for housing alternatives in relation to masonry, and the wooden houses have demonstrated as a very rational and sustainable possibility. However, the production of building parts and components can present environmental liabilities, both if the timber companies which compose this chain do not have efficient plans for the management of their generated waste and if these companies do not present technologically advanced production lines. These wood-based wastes from the civil construction activities are found in the pure and natural modes or through the chemical modification of wood. Both residual examples can pollute and result in irreversible environmental problems if assertive actions are not applied for their control and discard. Nevertheless, this study aims to discuss the problem about the topic of wooden waste from civil construction, as well as share proposals to help in the mitigation of this Brazilian current question.

ISO 8187, ISO 8561, and ISO 7371 are the relevant test standards for household refrigerating appliances. This paper presents the possibility of introducing ISO household refrigerator-freezer test standards in Malaysia. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of room temperature, door opening, thermostat setting position, relative humidity, and loading on energy consumption of a household refrigerator-freezer. With the experimental data, a multiple regression equation is developed to investigate their combined effect. Finally, energy consumption according to the regression equation with optimum setting conditions is compared with ISO standard test conditions. Our comparison reveals that ISO refrigerator-freezer test standards are applicable with respect to Malaysian climatic conditions and usage patterns. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544201000287

This study describes the exploitation of wood waste (Pinus spp.) in the form of sawdust and shavings generated during the production of furniture and artisanal items in a community in the state of Michoacán, western Mexico. A process is described to densifying this raw material, to produce solid-type biofuel briquettes that can be used to satisfy the need to generate low-power heat for residential sectors. Briquette production involved six stages: (a) gathering samples of sawdust and shavings from artisanal workshops in the community; (b) proximal characterization of the samples; (c) elaborating the briquettes; (d) physicochemical characterization of the briquettes; (e) evaluation of the physical-thermal combustion of the briquettes; and (f) an economic evaluation of briquette production to determine viability. Finally, we performed a comparative analysis of the energy, economic, and environmental indicators of the briquettes produced and conventional pine and oak firewood (Pinus spp., Quercus spp.) in the study community. The results show the viability of using biomass residues to make briquettes, which are efficient, economic and easy to make and use.

Improvement of biogas, enzymatic hydrolysis, and ethanol production from different pine tree wastes, that is, needle leaves, branches, cones, and bark, were investigated using an alkali pretreatment. The pretreatment was performed with 8.0% w/w NaOH solution either at 0 °C for 60 min or 100 °C for 10 min. Different parts of the tree had dissimilar composition and properties, and effectiveness of the pretreatments was significantly different for each part. Among the untreated parts, the highest amount of biomethane production was obtained from needle leaves, which was 213 mL/(g·VS). The high temperature pretreatment was more effective on enzymatic hydrolysis, especially on needle leaves in which the yield was improved from 25.5 to 85%. Similar to enzymatic hydrolysis, ethanol yields from the wastes were improved more by the pretreatment at high temperature. Structural analyses indicated that crystallinity reduction and lignin removal were the main reasons for the observed improvements.

Refrigerator-freezers energy consumption is greatly affected by room temperature, door opening and thermostat setting position. Two frost free household refrigerator freezers of the same capacity were tested in the laboratory to determine the sensitivity of their energy consumption to various usage conditions. The experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of single variables, such as temperature, thermostat setting positions and door opening, and their combined effect on energy consumption. Our investigation reveals that room temperature has the higher effect on energy consumption, followed by door opening. Thermostat setting position has the lower effect on energy consumption. More detailed tests were performed under different room temperature, thermostat setting position and door opening conditions. With the experimental results, a first order mathematical model has been developed to investigate their combined effect on energy consumption. The test results are discussed and presented. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0196890401000693/1-s2.0-S0196890401000693-main.pdf?_tid=74d0bd20-1d34-11e4-b21f-00000aacb362&acdnat=1407307366_d2e1398d1456ab8447efca773a3ba445 
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890401000693

As a result of rapid economic growth in the past, the usage of residential electrical appliances for the last two decades has increased rapidly in Malaysia. Like other developing countries with hot and humid climates, she has been experiencing dramatic growth in the number of air conditioners from 13,251 units in 1970 to 253,399 in 1991, and it will be about 1,511,276 in the year 2020. In order to reduce energy consumption in the residential sector, the Department of Electricity and Gas Supply considers implementing energy labels for household electrical appliances, including room air conditioners, sometime in the coming year. The purpose of the energy labels is to provide consumers a guideline to compare the energy efficiency of the appliances. This paper attempts to calculate the potential electricity savings by implementing energy labels for room air conditioners in this country. The potential electricity savings is predicted based on three scenarios, namely, minimum expected, nominal and maximum expected. The study found that in the energy savings view point, introducing energy labels for this appliance is very beneficial in this country. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890401001601 
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In Malaysia, air conditioning (AC) systems are considered as the major energy consumers in office buildings with almost 57% share. During the past decade, cold thermal energy storage (CTES) systems have been widely used for their significant economic benefits. However, there were always doubts about their energy saving possibilities. The main objective of the present work is to develop a computer model to determine the potential energy savings of implementing CTES systems in Malaysia. A case study building has been selected to determine the energy consumption pattern of an office building. In the first step the building baseline model was developed and validated with the recorded data from the fieldwork. Once the simulation results reach an acceptable accuracy, different CTES system configuration was added to the model to predict their energy consumption pattern. It was found that the overall energy used by the full load storage strategy is considerably more than the conventional system. However, by applying the load leveling storage strategy, and considering its benefits to reduce the air handling unit size and reducing the pumping power, the overall energy usage was almost 4% lower than the non-storage system. Although utilizing CTES systems cannot reduce the total energy consumption considerably, but it has several outstanding benefits such as cost saving, bringing balance in the grid system, reducing the overall fuel consumption in the power plants and consequently reducing to total carbon footprint. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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The paper is particularly concerned with developing a proposed energy guide label for household refrigerator-freezers through consumer research. Survey work conducted throughout Malaysia to develop a comprehensive energy guide label. A simple labeling design with different features and colors was also performed using the labeling concept of other countries (such as Australia, Thailand, and from the EU). There are many steps to implement a labeling program for a particular energy consuming appliance, such as consumer/stakeholder involvement, design, policy makers' involvement and so on. So, this is a vast area of work. This paper mainly focuses on consumer research in designing or shaping a comprehensive label. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421503002829

The usage of residential electrical appliances for the last two decades has increased rapidly in Malaysia together with the increasing income per capita. Like other developing countries with hot and humid climates, Malaysia has been experiencing dramatic growth in the number of use of air conditioners, and the usage will be higher in the future. In order to reduce energy consumption in the residential sector, the Department of Electricity and Gas Supply considers implementing energy labels for room air conditioners sometime in the coming year. This study attempts to calculate the economical and environmental impact of implementing this program in Malaysia. The study found the savings has exceeded the investment cost and the program has reduced the emissions caused by burning fossil fuel.

Due to the rapid economic growth in the past, the usage of electrical products for the last three decades has increased rapidly in Malaysia. To reduce energy consumption, Malaysian Energy Commission has implemented energy labels for electrical appliances. The purpose of the energy labels is to provide the consumers a guideline to compare the size, features, price and efficiency of the product. Research on consumer understanding and use of the label has been limited. This paper discusses the important aspects in consumers purchasing decision and consumers view on energy labels in Malaysia. The study includes the investigation of familiarity, awareness and understanding of the proposed energy labeling by Malaysian respondents. The study found that 65% of respondent were not familiar with the label, however 78% of respondents were understand the label and 79% of respondents are aware about the labels. The undesirable finding was that the efficiency of the product ranked sixth by the respondents in purchasing electrical products. © Sila Science.
http://eprints.um.edu.my/6702/

About 19% of the total electricity production is consumed in the residential sector and this fraction is expected to grow in future. Air conditioners, refrigerators, washing machines and other appliances are major energy users in this sector. In this paper, the energy consumption of 50 real-houses domestic clothes washers have been monitored to give an overview of the usage pattern of this appliance in Malaysian households. A questionnaire was designed to get relevant information regarding the usage of this appliance in the actual environment as well. This information is paramount in shaping or implementing a program that would get more support from users. Finally, energy savings, bill savings and CO2 reductions associated with energy savings have been calculated and presented in this paper for using horizontal axis machines rather than vertical axis using actual monitored data.

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1023697X.2006.10668036#.Uxg0tM69gtE

Three high density biomass stoves (an angular-fed high density briquette stoves with single and double spouts and clay lined charcoal stove) were developed and tested at the metal fabrication workshop of Agricultural & Bio-Environmental Engineering, Federal College of Agriculture, Ishiagu. Their performances were compared conducting water boiling test. The results show that briquette burns more rapidly in the uplift stove than the angular-fed stoves with slow flame propagation but longer combustion time due to the dense nature of the briquette. The specific fuel consumption rate is (0.07kg/hr) for single spout, (0.18kg/hr) for double spout, 0.05 kg/hr for updraft stove and the highest (1.18kg/hr) for charcoal stove. This figure higher in updraft stove than the single spout stove and nearly double the value for double spout which implies that the more the fuel supply, the higher the specific fuel consumption and the better the stove performance.

The usage of residential electrical appliances for the last two decades has increased rapidly in Malaysia together with the increasing income per capita. Like other developing countries with hot and humid climates, Malaysia has been experiencing dramatic growth in the number of use of air conditioners, and the usage will be higher in the future. In order to reduce energy consumption in the residential sector, the Department of Electricity and Gas Supply considers implementing energy labels for room air conditioners sometime in the coming year. This study attempts to calculate the economical and environmental impact of implementing this program in Malaysia. The study found the savings has exceeded the investment cost and the program has reduced the emissions caused by burning fossil fuel.

This review evaluates a diverse portfolio of technologies that produce hydrogen from renewable energy sources. A number of literature surveys and efficient hydrogen formation pathways are compared. The continuous improvement in hydrogen production pathways is of crucial importance in the making of hydrogen from sustainable energy sources. Evaluation of the economics in producing hydrogen from natural gas (NG), coal, biomass, atoms, sunlight and wind shows that the key to commercialization of hydrogen energy depends on feedstock cost, raw material availability, capital costs of equipment and how long the technology has been established. Estimates reveal that the hydrogen production cost (HPC) from coal is expected to be 0.36 to 1.83 US/kg, whereas for NG it is 2.48 to 3.17 US/kg. Depending on the type and cost of raw material employed, the HPC from biomass is expected to be in range of 1.44 to 2.83 US/kg, while the HPC from wind is expected to be 5.50 US/kg depending on the size of wind turbines and type of electrolyzers used. Compared to the HPC from coal and NG, the HPC from solar energy is much more higher (by more than 3 orders of magnitude). Considering the capital cost, energy consumption and operating costs, a HPC of 8 US/kg would be expected for the electrolysis of water. Nevertheless, if the cost of electricity is low, then it would be possible to produce hydrogen from solar and water electrolysis at a cheaper rate. This result implies that hydrogen production from coal, biomass and NG resources will be great enough to meet hydrogen demands in the near future. Of all of the current technologies employed for the yield of hydrogen from fuels, steam methane reforming (SMR) seems to be the most practical and established technology. By the SMR pathway, HPC from NG is expected to be 3.50 US/kg and 1.25 US/kg for small and large plant sizes, respectively, while the HPC from NG is estimated to have a cost of 6 US/GJ. However, production technologies including thermochemical pathways such as biomass gasification, pyrolysis, and supercritical water gasification (SCWG) and biological pathways such as photosynthesis, fermentation, and biological water gas shift reactions (BWGS) are also discussed. © 2014 American Chemical Society.

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/ef5007808

The usage of residential electrical appliances for the last two decades has increased rapidly in Malaysia together with the increasing income per capita. Like other developing countries with hot and humid climates, Malaysia has been experiencing dramatic growth in the number of use of air conditioners, and the usage will be higher in the future. In order to reduce energy consumption in the residential sector, the Department of Electricity and Gas Supply considers implementing energy labels for room air conditioners sometime in the coming year. This study attempts to calculate the economical and environmental impact of implementing this program in Malaysia. The study found the savings has exceeded the investment cost and the program has reduced the emissions caused by burning fossil fuel. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0196890401001881/1-s2.0-S0196890401001881-main.pdf?_tid=2d9da0d0-1d34-11e4-be89-00000aacb360&acdnat=1407307246_0102cff797b81399cdb3f11b3db930d9 
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890401001881

Air conditioners are one of the major energy-consuming appliances in the Malaysian domestic sector. According to a load survey, air conditioners account for around 8.3% of the total residential electricity consumption in Malaysia. To reduce the energy consumption in this sector, Malaysia Energy Center is considering implementing minimum energy efficiency standards for room air conditioners sometime in the coming year. The first step towards adopting energy efficiency standards is to create a test procedure for rating and testing this appliance. An energy test procedure is the technical foundation for alt energy efficiency standards, energy labels, and other related programs. As room air conditioners are a climate-dependent appliance, the climatic condition for a particular country or region is an important determinant in developing the test conditions. Therefore, before setting the test conditions, the requirements for a specific country and region must be clarified. This article is an analysis of the applicability of ISO 5151 nonducted air conditioner test conditions, based on the climatic conditions in Malaysia. International adoption of ISO 5151 by several countries is also discussed. There is a trend towards international harmonization of appliance test standards; this work can be considered as support to that end.

http://eprints.um.edu.my/6918/

Energy is fundamental to the quality of life in the earth. Meeting the growing demand for energy sustainably is one of the major challenges of the 21st century. Indonesia is a developing country and the world's fourth most populous nation. Total annual energy consumption increased from 300,147 GWh in 1980, 625,500 GWh in 1990, 1,123,928 in 2000 and to 1,490,892 in 2009 at an average annual increase of 2.9%. Presently, fossil-fuel-based energies are the major sources of energy in Indonesia. During the last 12 years, Indonesia has recorded the most severe reduction in fossil fuel supplies in the entire Asia-Pacific region. This reduction has stimulated promoting the usage of renewable energy resources capable of simultaneously balancing economic and social development with environmental protection. Biodiesel is an alternative and environmentally friendly fuel that will participate in increasing renewable energy supply. Jatropha curcas is one of biodiesel resources that offer immediate and sustained greenhouse gas advantages over other biodiesel resources. Globally, J. curcas has created an interest for researchers because it is non-edible oil, does not create a food versus fuel conflict and can be used to produce biodiesel with same or better performance results when testing in diesel engines. The present study is concerned with the prospect of biodiesel produced from J. curcas in Indonesia. The first part gives a summary and overview of energy resources and consumption in the country, second part discusses the potential of biodiesel as a powerful renewable energy resource and third part investigates the potential of J. curcas as a feedstock for biodiesel in Indonesia. The final part discusses the development of biodiesel market in Indonesia. The paper found out that the production of biodiesel from J. curcas offers many social, economical and environmental benefits for the country and can play a great role to solve the problem of energy crisis in Indonesia. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1364032111002462/1-s2.0-S1364032111002462-main.pdf?_tid=d044716e-a9c7-11e3-9672-00000aacb361&acdnat=1394616321_7fa0b9b495e81950c280dcf7fed9706a