Pulp and Paper Industry

h i g h l i g h t s " Hydrogen peroxide and lime based oxidative pretreatment of wood waste. " Response surface methodology was used to optimize the process parameters. " Optimum conditions of 150°C, 1% H 2 O 2 , and 45 min were predicted and validated. " 59% (w/w) cellulose content was retained in the solid fraction. " Reducing sugars yield from pretreated material was up to 263.49 mg g À1 dry biomass.

employs the market model to investigate the generation of abnormal returns and their direction. Despite significant literature suggesting otherwise, results indicate a negative impact on competitors during the event window. Statistically significant negative sentiments start well prior to the announcement date (4 trading days) and continue up to 3 trading days post the announcement also keeping with the semi-strong market efficiency hypothesis. The paper also monitors the impact of the announcement on the firms involved in the acquisition and finds existence of opposing effects with the acquirer registering negative abnormal returns.

Laccases have received much attention from researchers in last decades due to their ability to oxidise both phenolic and non-phenolic lignin related compounds as well as highly recalcitrant environmental pollutants, which makes them very useful for their application to several biotechnological processes. Such applications include the detoxification of industrial effluents, mostly from the paper and pulp, textile and petrochemical industries, use as a tool for medical diagnostics and as a bioremediation agent to clean up herbicides, pesticides and certain explosives in soil. Laccases are also used as cleaning agents for certain water purification systems, as catalysts for the manufacture of anti-cancer drugs and even as ingredients in cosmetics. In addition, their capacity to remove xenobiotic substances and produce polymeric products makes them a useful tool for bioremediation purposes. This paper reviews the applications of laccases within different industrial fields as well as their potential extension to the nanobiotechnology area.

The basic characteristics and physical properties of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) fibers cultivated in the region of Penang, Malaysia were analyzed. For fundamental analysis, which includes nano-scale viewing for identification of kenaf cell wall ultra structure, fibers were viewed under transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Light microscopy (LM) was used to observe the physical characteristics, anatomy, and lignin distribution. Anatomical study was further carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Kenaf plants had a maximum height of 2.50 m, with a mean basal diameter of 1.74 cm. The wood (core) is the most abundant tissue with proportions up to 78% in cross-section area and up to 68.5% in weight. The mean dry density of stems was found to be 0.29 g/cm 3 , while that of core was 0.21 g/cm 3 along the stems. A combination of LM and image analysis techniques was used to measure cell wall thickness and fiber length of the bast and core fibers. The fiber length of the bast was found to be longest (3637 m) as compared to the core (1100 m). Vessel members average 284 m in length and 72 m in diameter. The chemical composition was determined according to Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI) methods. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used to determine the functional groups present in the kenaf fiber samples.

Electro-coagulation (EC) is becoming a popular proc ess to be used for industrial wastewater treatment. In the present study, a laboratory scale electro-coagu lation (EC) process was utilized to treat the texti le wastewater in order to bring the quality up to the wastewater reu se standards and also to compare the electro-coagul ation process with the conventional coagulation treatment. Effect of various operating parameters such as operating time and voltage on COD removal efficiency was evaluated to achieve the maximum possible treatment efficiency.

In this paper, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology is applied to Portuguese printing and writing paper in order to compare the environmental impact of the use of two kinds of fuels (heavy fuel oil and natural gas) in the pulp and paper production processes. The results of inventory analysis and impact assessment show that the pulp and paper production processes play an important role in almost all of the analysed parameters, which do not always result in an important contribution to the corresponding impact categories. The substitution of heavy fuel oil by natural gas in the pulp and paper production processes seems to be environmentally positive. 

Wang, Lawrence K. and  Wang, Mu-Hao Sung  (2022). Titanium dioxide recovery, filler retention and white water treatment using flotation and membrane filtration..  In: "Evolutionary Progress in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM)", Wang, Lawrence K. and Tsao, Hung-ping (editors).  Volume 4, Number 7, July 2022; pp.72. Lenox Institute Press, MA, USA. STEAM-VOL4-NUM7-JULY2022. ISBN 978-0-9890870-3-2. https://doi.org/10.17613/ba38-6k60............ABSTRACT:  Historical and recent developments by research scientists around the world are reviewed and introduced. Topics reviewed include: the characteristics and application of titanium dioxide and various potential fillers; filler retention; techniques and chemicals for enhancing filler retention; and various Saveall processes (such as DAF, DAFF, DAF-DAFF, Spray Filter, Foamer, ozone-oxygen flotation, VSEP, etc.) for white water treatment and resources recovery.  This publication is one of several memoirs written by and for the Lenox Institute of Water Technology (LIWT) in memory of Lenox President/Professor Milos Krofta, and Lenox Professors William A. Selke, Donald B. Aulenbach and Nazih K. Shammas.  ............KEYWORDS:  Memoir, Milos Krofta, Lenox Professors, Lenox Institute of Water Technology  (LIWT), Krofta Engineering Corporation (KEC), Pulp, Paper, Titanium Dioxide, Filler, Filler Retention, White Water, Effluent Treatment, Water Reuse, Secondary Fiber, Saveall  Process, Dissolved Air Flotation, DAF, Dissolved Air Flotation & Filtration, DAFF,  Two-Stage DAF-DAFF Process System, Vibratory Shear Enhanced Process, VSEP, Membrane Filtration..

Lipophilic wood extractives commonly referred to as pitch, cause significant problems for the pulp and paper industries. The reduction of these extractives is an important aspect that concerns industries around the world. In the present work the change in the amount and chemical composition of lipophilic extractives from Eucalyptus spp. stored for 20, 40, 60, 100, 140 and 180 days after harvesting was investigated. The results showed a decrease in extractives content with storage time, with the most significant decrease occurring 60 days after harvesting. In addition, fatty acids and sterols were the main classes of compounds responsible for the significant decrease in extractive content. Data were analyzed by principal component analysis. PC1 explains approximately 99% of the total variance, and b-sitosterol was the major compound responsible for the differentiation. These studies demonstrate that in terms of economical aspects, quality of the pulp and paper and minimization of pitch formation, the best period of wood storage is 60 days.

This article examines the nature of Soviet consumption and technological development through the history of milk and milk packaging between the 1950s and 1970s. Based on published and archival materials, the paper focuses on the role that milk played in Soviet nutrition and the role that packaging played in Soviet consumption. The article also examines the modernization of technology for making packaging as well as technology transfer from the West. It concludes that, as in many Western countries , both the Soviet state and Soviet specialists saw it as important to increase the consumption of milk after the war, but the meaning of milk changed. Milk, a basic staple for nutrition, became a matter of science and specialists sought to explain its positive effects. In addition, due to the development of the paper and chemical industries , new forms of milk packaging, more practical in their uses, were introduced in the West. Soviet leaders and specialists saw the new packaging as a desirable feature of modernity, but were unsuccessful in launching domestic technologies for manufacturing such packaging. While experimenting with domestic technology, Soviet producers also received foreign equipment for making milk packaging. Nevertheless, the capacity of such foreign equipment was not enough to satisfy growing demand and the consumption of "modern packaging" remained lower than in the West until the introduction of capitalism and, with it, foreign companies into the Russian market in the 1990s.

This study assesses a modified anaerobic granular bed baffled reactor (GRABBR) which was assessed for wastewater treatment at high organic loading rates (chemical oxygen demand > 1100 mg/l) under varying temperatures. For the two mesophilic temperatures tested (37 ˚C and 25 ˚C) under steady state conditions, the removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) was 80 to 90 %. At lower organic loadings, the reactor operated as a completely mixed system with most of the treatment occurring in the first two compartments. The GRABBR also showed very high solids retention with low effluent suspended solids concentration for all organic and hydraulic conditions. Applications of GRABBR as a single unit, two-phase treatment system could be an economical option reducing the cost to achieve similar treatment goals of high strength wastewaters. The findings of this research suggest that the application of GRABBR is suitable for treatment of multiple pollutants pre...

This paper uses three different approaches for measuring the tightness of competition in the global pulp and paper markets. First, we evaluate the market shares of the world's largest pulp and paper companies. Second, we estimate the price elasticities of the export demand for pulp and paper. Third, we test the Law of One Price. All three approaches suggest that the pulp and paper markets are competitive in the sense that a single firm, no matter how large, cannot increase the price of its products without losing market shares and experiencing a fall in total revenues.

Eleven million tonnes of waste are produced yearly by the European pulp and paper industry, of which 70% originates from the production of deinked recycled paper. Wastes are very diverse in composition and consist of rejects, different types of sludges and ashes in mills having on-site incineration treatment. The production of pulp and paper from virgin pulp generates less waste but the waste has similar properties to waste from the production of deinked pulp, although with less inorganics. Due to legislation and increased taxes, landfills are quickly being eliminated as a final destination for wastes in Europe, and incineration with energy recovery is becoming the main waste recovery method. Other options such as pyrolysis, gasification, land spreading, composting and reuse as building material are being applied, although research is still needed for optimization of the processes. Due to the large volumes of waste generated, the high moisture content of the waste and the changing waste composition as a result of process conditions, recovery methods are usually expensive and their environmental impact is still uncertain. For this reason, it is necessary to continue research on different applications of wastes, while taking into account the environmental and economic factors of these waste treatments.

This article is the first of the series of works dedicated to the examination methods and history of Russian paper stamps. This essay explores the early stage of the Russian paper marking studies. The reason that has made us prepare a special publication on the history of a stamp as production label or an identification mark on paper is the following. The thing is that many archeographers and paleographers believe that Sokrat Aleksandrovich Klepikov (1895–1978) “introduced” blind stamps on paper to the researchers in 1952 for the first time, and then started cataloguing them in the reference books related to the studies of paper of historical documents. However, this essay shows the invalidity of that historiographic “legend.” In the coming essays the author will focus on the historiography of the Russian paper stamp studies, beginning from the early works by S. A. Klepikov and up to now, and also present the methodological basics of the expert examination of blind stamps on historical documents.

Water is critical to paper production and increasing competition from other users has reduced water availability to paper mills in recent years. The study was conducted at a large-scale integrated pulp and paper industry. The study conducted at laboratory for recycling of effluents was aimed at reducing water foot print of the paper mill. Paper machine section effluent was identified for treatment and reuse based on the flow and characteristics. Chemical aided clarification and simple membrane filtration systems were used for water recovery. Closing the water loop through suitable treatment for reuse of wastewater in the paper mills provides an assured and continuous source of water. Pollutant reductions at the rate of 87.5%, 75% and 89% were obtained on SS, COD and turbidity, respectively. Operational and capital costs were delineated for selection of treatment option and enhanced water recovery. Feasibility of micro/ultra filtration combination was assessed to reduce costs for water recovery. This combination removed up to 93% and 91.7% of SS and COD from the effluents. The treatment options assessed for water recovery reduced freshwater consumption by about 40% and the excess treated water was stored in ponds for process use during the lean season.

El sentido de la investigación aquí desarrollada es aportar información sólida y diversa para el debate sobre la instalación de las plantas de celulosa en nuestro país, y las transformaciones que estas han generado en las localidades de Fray Bentos y Conchillas.
  Desde la Casa Bertolt Brecht defendemos la construcción de una sociedad cada vez más democrática y justa; por ello creemos fundamental construir conocimiento colectivamente, expresado en un lenguaje accesible, que alimente el sentido crítico de las personas y brinde nuevas herramientas para comprender la realidad y definir el rumbo de nuestro porvenir.
  Frente al escenario de instalación de la tercer planta industrial de producción de celulosa en el país (UPM2), entendemos que es sumamente relevante tener en cuenta qué sucedió en todos estos años transcurridos desde la instalación de la primer planta en Fray Bentos (UPM, Ex-Botnia) y la segunda en Conchillas (Montes del Plata). Para ello, se realizó durante todo el 2019 una investigación en profundidad que rescata las perspectivas y experiencias de diversos interlocutores de ambos lugares, así como el punto de vista de un abanico de entrevistados calificados de distintas áreas como salud, comunicación, política partidaria, laboral, comercial, ambiental, social y cultural.

The influence of soda ratio on pulp properties was used as a guideline for calcn. of the min. dose of chems. for producing bleached pulps for writing and printing papers. Pulps obtained by the shortcycle pressure method were compared with those from a pressureless method. The short method produced pulps of higher screened yield, better opacity, brightness stability, and higher bulk more efficiently than the pressureles method. The strength characteristics were approx. the same for the 2 methods. In-creasing the pulping chem. ratio to >9% NaOH did not increase the delignification rate although bleachability was improved by ≤13% NaOH.

In this study, 10CE, 40CE and Eka NP-PL-ATC kompozil retention chemicals were used that raw material waste paper obtained with maximum efficiency from 100, 110,120, 135 gr/m2 fluting and 320, 330, 340, 360 gr/m2 gray cardboard were produced and their effects on the physical properties of the paper were examined.
As a result, using retention chemicals of 10CE, 40CE and Eka NP-PL-ATC kompozil that increase gradually in equal amounts and optimum retention amounts of other chemicals 3% to 10% of Eka NP-PL-ATC kompozil chemical was shown to work more efficiently.
As a result of, the efficiency of retention of the paper produced by the use of Eka NP-PL-ATC kompozil chemical was found to be higher. At the same time, as parallel to the increase in the amount of retention, white water was cleaned and pollution was decreased in the discharge water. In addition to fluting paper CMT, CCT, burst values were increased and gray cardboard paper breaking of width and length, burst values were increased.

The pulp and paper industry processes huge quantities of lignocellulosic biomass every year. The technology for pulp manufacture is highly diverse, and numerous opportunities exist for the application of microbial enzymes. Historically, enzymes have found some uses in the paper industry, but these have been mainly confined to areas such as modifications of raw starch. However, a wide range of applications in the pulp and paper industry have now been identified. The use of enzymes in the pulp and paper industry has grown rapidly since the mid 1980s. While many applications of enzymes in the pulp and paper industry are still in the research and development stage, several applications have found their way into the mills in an unprecedented short period of time. Currently the most important application of enzymes is in the prebleaching of kraft pulp. Xylanase enzymes have been found to be most effective for that purpose. Xylanase prebleaching technology is now in use at several mills worldwide. This technology has been successfully transferred to full industrial scale in just a few years. The enzymatic pitch control method using lipase was put into practice in a largescale paper-making process as a routine operation in the early 1990s and was the first case in the world in which an enzyme was successfully applied in the actual papermaking process. Improvement of pulp drainage with enzymes is practiced routinely at mill scale. Enzymatic deinking has also been successfully applied during mill trials and can be expected to expand in application as increasing amounts of newsprint must be deinked and recycled. The University of Georgia has recently opened a pilot plant for deinking of recycled paper. Pulp bleaching with a laccase mediator system has reached pilot plant stage and is expected to be commercialized soon. Enzymatic debarking, enzymatic beating, and reduction of vessel picking with enzymes are still in the R&D stage but hold great promise for reducing energy. Other enzymatic applications, i.e., removal of shives and slime, retting of flax fibers, and selective removal of xylan, are also expected to have a profound impact on the future technology of the pulp and paper-making process.

Take a moment and look around you. You will see that there are a lot of things made out of paper. Paper is used for various purposes in our everyday lives, but these papers destroy the environment, the problem came from us as humans are the only creature who cuts the trees, made paper, and then wrote "SAVE TREES" on it. Do you know that one ton of sheets destruct 17 trees, deforest eight cubic feet and consume 26.281 Liter of fresh water and 4077 kilowatts per hour?!  To prevent this misbehave, we made system depends on agricultural residues (rice straw and bagasse) in its paper production with the recovery process to reuse water, chemicals and energy. The quality of this solution is reflected in achieving our design requirements which are: efficiency, cost, availability, safety, area efficient, reliability, eco-friendly and testability. In order to achieve these design requirements, we constructed a prototype to show our idea. We made a container with mixer to reflect the function of a digester. Later on we tested the efficiency and the environmental impact, then got positive result as we produced pulp with efficiency increased to 78.4% and made the recovery process with total efficiency increased to 92.85%. Finally, we conclude that our solution is successful and it can solve paper industry problems which affect other grand challenges in Egypt. As our solution provides pulp without destroying the forests, with no risky by-product to the environment, has low cost, low energy consumption and efficient area.

Nowadays, the increasing amount of wastes is a concerning reality and the environmental aspects has become a major priority. Following this worry, the purpose of this study was to investigate the using of pulp and paper industry wastes in various concrete mixes containing various contents of the waste to reduce environmental effects of these wastes disposal. The discussion includes pulp and paper industry waste management which have recently received considerable attention and considers grit, dregs, ash, and fiber. The concrete mixes prepared with adequate amount of these wastes, cement, aggregate and water compared in terms of some tests especially strength with the conventional concrete. At the end, the advantages and disadvantages of the use of pulp and paper industry wastes in concrete formulations as an alternative to landfill disposal were discussed. The research on use of pulp and paper industry wastes can be further carried out in concrete manufacturing as a new recycled material.

The pulp and paper industry accounts for over 12% of total manufacturing energy use in the U.S. (U.S. EIA 1997a), contributing 9% to total manufacturing carbon dioxide emissions. In the last twenty-five years primary energy intensity in the pulp and paper industry has declined by an average of 1% per year. However, opportunities still exist to reduce energy use and

In this review the state of the art of lignocellulose bioconversion by solid substrate fermentation (SSF) is presented. The most important lignocellulolytic fungi and their properties are described, and their application in novel solid state bioreactors with on-line process control is discussed. The most important bioconversion products, biofuels, enzymes, animal feeds, biofertilizers, biopesticides, biopromoters, secondary metabolites, and the economy of their production by SSF is discussed. The use of SSF in the pulp and paper industry and in integrated crop management is illustrated.

The forest-based industry has a crucial role in global sustainable development because of its unique raw material basis and increasing internationalisation. Using institutional organisation theory as a background this paper analyses corporate responsibility ...

Eleven million tonnes of waste are produced yearly by the European pulp and paper industry, of which 70% originates from the production of deinked recycled paper. Wastes are very diverse in composition and consist of rejects, different types of sludges and ashes in mills having on-site incineration treatment. The production of pulp and paper from virgin pulp generates less waste but the waste has similar properties to waste from the production of deinked pulp, although with less inorganics. Due to legislation and increased taxes, landfills are quickly being eliminated as a final destination for wastes in Europe, and incineration with energy recovery is becoming the main waste recovery method. Other options such as pyrolysis, gasification, land spreading, composting and reuse as building material are being applied, although research is still needed for optimization of the processes. Due to the large volumes of waste generated, the high moisture content of the waste and the changing waste composition as a result of process conditions, recovery methods are usually expensive and their environmental impact is still uncertain. For this reason, it is necessary to continue research on different applications of wastes, while taking into account the environmental and economical factors of these waste treatments.

The aim of the study was to determine the effects of the physical properties of some papers on the offset printing quality. For this purpose, the physical properties of 230 and 350 gsm American Bristol cardboard, 115 gsm Matt and Gloss Coated Paper, 70 and 80 gsm I. high grade paper, 48 and 54 gsm II. medium grade paper, 70 and 80 gsm III. low grade paper which are commonly used in offset printing were experimentally examined in accordance with relevant standards. The papers were printed with offset printing techniques and qualities of the printings were measured via the print control strips. Then, the obtained results were assessed in accordance with ISO 12647-2 quality standard. The results indicated that the increased grammage, bulkiness, thickness, and air permeability led to improvements in dot gain, print contrasts, and trapping values, but caused reduced print density. The tensile, burst and tear strengths have no significant effects on printing qualities.

Anaerobic digestion is gaining wider acceptance in the present scenario over aerobic treatment due to production of biogas, which can be further used for meeting a part of energy demand. On the basis of primary and secondary data, the energy potential by the anaerobic digestion of the effluent from some of the polluting industries has been estimated in this paper. The pulp and paper industry has been found to have the maximum potential among others of the order of 1131 GWh e /a followed by distillery with a contribution of 830 GWh e /a to a total potential of 2963 GWh e /a equivalent electric energy. A total potential of 565 MW plant installation with anaerobic digestion technology has been estimated. The paper also describes the nature of wastewater generated by each sector, status of technologies for that sector in India and policy measures, which should be adopted for their large-scale adoption.

Wang, Lawrence K. and  Wang, Mu-Hao Sung  (2022). Wastewater treatment and resources recovery in paper and pulp industry using high rate dissolved air flotation.  In: "Evolutionary Progress in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM)", Wang, Lawrence K. and Tsao, Hung-ping (editors).  Volume 4, Number 7C, July 2022; pp.87. Lenox Institute Press, MA, USA. STEAM-VOL4-NUM7C-JULY2022. ISBN 978-0-9890870-3-2. https://doi.org/10.17613/zq0g-t311..........ABSTRACT:  The Lenox Institute of Water Technology (LIWT) and Krofta Engineering Corporation (KEC) have many significant accomplishments in the field of environmental engineering.  Their most important academic and engineering contributions are development of  a humanitarian flotation institute, LIWT, and a series of circular flotation process equipment based on their unique "zero velocity concept". Of all process equipment developed by LIWT-KEC, Spracell dissolved air flotation (DAF) clarifier is the best, and has had 1000+ installations around the world. The goals of LIWT-KEC are: developing highly efficient and low cost process equipment and sustainable technologies,  protecting human and environmental benefits,  and  promoting world peace. The senior author of this publication was the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) Senior Advisor responsible for introduction of Spracell DAF technology along with other US technologies to the developing countries. Spracell DAF  has many advantages in comparison with conventional equivalent technologies: (a) it has very low retention time, about 3 minutes; (b) it has a high specific clarification capacity (4-5 GPM/sqft) and very small surface area requirement; (c) its purchase cost is lower than any other system of comparable performance; (d) its installation cost is low; (e)  it maintains its value because its relocation can be easily accomplished; (f) its space requirements are minimal because of its low headroom; (g) it can be erected above ground level to save land space; (h) it is easy to clean because the DAF tank is completely open, and its bottom is self-cleaning during operation; (i) its clarification efficiency is high: DAF effluent TSS is in the range of  20 to 30 mg/L and its thickened sludge consistency is 2 to 3%, thus no further sludge thickening is needed; (j) small Supracell DAF  is delivered fully prefabricated; larger units are delivered in parts which flange together; and (k) no heavy foundation or support structure is needed as the total load factor when filed with water weights less than 150 lb/sqft.  Supracell DAF can be applied to paper and pulp industry for whitewater clarification, secondary fiber recovery, titanium dioxide recovery, WWTP secondary clarification, lagoon algae separation and sludge concentration. This paper introduces DAF history, applications, process equipment, components, flow diagrams, operations, advantages,  advances, and case histories.  This publication is one of memoirs written to document the accomplishments of LIWT-KEC in memory of Dr. Milos Krofta and all deceased Lenox professors.

Adsorbable organic halides (AOX) are generated in the pulp and paper industry during the bleaching process. These compounds are formed as a result of reaction between residual lignin from wood fibres and chlorine/chlorine compounds used for bleaching. Many of these compounds are recalcitrant and have long half-life periods. Some of them show a tendency to bioaccumulate while some are proven carcinogens and mutagens. Hence, it is necessary to remove or degrade these compounds from wastewater.

Paper with improved strength properties was achieved on sufficiently carboxymethylating bleached Kraft paper wood pulp in aqueous medium. The optical properties became inferior due to pulp carboxymethylation; only, the brightness showed improvements at low degrees of substitution. However, partial transformation of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose into the free acid form resulted in a considerable improvement of both the strength and optical properties of paper. The work extended to carboxymethylation of acetylated pulps. carboxymethylation of acetylated pulps, recovered the strength properties of paper which deteriorates due to pulp acetylation. The strength of paper even exceeded that made from unmodified pulp and that of carboxymethylated pulp. This abnormal increase in strength properties is attributed to an electrostatic attraction arising in-between the positively and negatively charged acetyl and carboxymethyl groups respectively, which was also responsible for the accompanying decrease in opacity, whiteness, and brightness of paper due to carboxymethylation of acetylated pulp.

Large quantities of wastewater treatment plant (WTP) residuals and boiler ash are generated as by-prod- ucts from the U.S. pulp and paper industry. These by-products have the potential to enhance forest growth and long-term site productivity when land-applied and are generally environmentally benign. Land application may be a particularly valuable tool for replenishing nutrients and organic matter removed from whole-tree harvesting or other intensive forest management practices and could also be used to rejuvenate marginal sites that are naturally infertile or degraded from past land use practices or other anthropogenic factors. Despite the demonstrated and potential benefits of for- est land application, 50-70% of mill by-products con- tinue to be disposed of in landfills at considerable cost while only 10-12% are land applied. Factors that im- pede companies from initiating land application pro- grams include logistic challenges, particularly when a variety of landowners, contract...

Dikarenakan fakta bahwa ozon merupakan bleaching chemical yang sangat kompetitif, beberapa pabrik pulp memilih ozon dalam proses bleaching. Generasi ditempat yang dapat dipercaya dari beberapa ton ozone per hari dikombinasikan dengan sistem bleaching yang efisien adalah alasan mengapa ozon menjadi teknologi yang ditetapkan. Kertas ini menunjukan bagian dari seni dalam penggunaan ozon untuk pulp bleaching dan pengembangan terakhir yang mempertunjukan bahwa ozone memang bleaching chemical di masa depan.

Laccases have received much attention from researchers in last decades due to their ability to oxidise both phenolic and nonphenolic lignin related compounds as well as highly recalcitrant environmental pollutants, which makes them very useful for their application to several biotechnological processes. Such applications include the detoxification of industrial effluents, mostly from the paper and pulp, textile and petrochemical industries, use as a tool for medical diagnostics and as a bioremediation agent to clean up herbicides, pesticides and certain explosives in soil. Laccases are also used as cleaning agents for certain water purification systems, as catalysts for the manufacture of anti-cancer drugs and even as ingredients in cosmetics. In addition, their capacity to remove xenobiotic substances and produce polymeric products makes them a useful tool for bioremediation purposes. This paper reviews the applications of laccases within different industrial fields as well as their potential extension to the nanobiotechnology area.

Background, aim, and scope Pulp and paper production is one of the most important Portuguese economic activities. Mostly based on eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus), nearly 70% of the pulp produced is exported, mainly to the European Union. The aim of this paper is to compare the environmental impacts of the production of Portuguese printing and writing paper based on eucalyptus with those from the production of paper from industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa). Materials and methods We have used a life cycle assessment approach to compare both types of paper. The functional unit used was a ton of white printing and writing paper. Data was mostly derived from the Portuguese literature for eucalyptus and from scientific literature for hemp. The impact categories/indicators taken into account were global warming, photochemical oxidant formation (summer smog), acidification, eutrophication, and direct land use. Results and discussion Industrial hemp presents higher environmental impacts than eucalyptus paper in all environmental categories analyzed. The main differences are in the crop and the pulp production stages. This is because hemp makes use of higher number of mechanical operations and larger amounts of fertilizer in the former and larger amounts of chemical additives in the latter. Conclusions There is scope for improving industrial hemp paper production. We present some suggestions on how to reduce some of the environmental impacts identified for hemp, so that the pulp and paper industry can continue its progress towards a more environmentally friendly paper production. Recommendations and perspectives New studies could be based on the alternatives presented throughout the paper for improving hemp paper. Further studies should incorporate analyses on water consumption, soil erosion, soil nutrient depletion, and impacts on biodiversity.