Ransom

CORRESPONDENCE wished to make in our Editorial is that the hypothetical risks of anesthetic neurotoxicity should not dictate our choice of regional versus general anesthesia. There is no evidence of the superiority of one approach over the other in terms of clinically relevant outcome. Therefore, the skills and expertise of the anesthesiologists and surgeons should be the main factors behind this strategic decision. In academic centers where teaching is a priority, the duration of even straightforward surgical procedures may often exceed the duration of a single spinal block. Given the importance of adequate analgesia during the entire procedure, general anesthesia, often in combination with a regional blockade, may have obvious advantages in these situations. As Drs. Williams and Sartorelli also point out, up to 20% of children with spinal anesthesia may need additional sedation even in experienced hands. While this situation can be easily handled by experienced pediatric anesthesiologists, failure of spinal anesthesia and the subsequent change in management plan may be more dangerous in less experienced hands. Again, it is the anesthesiologist and not the anesthetic that makes the difference. Competing Interests Dr. Vutskits is an Editor of Anesthesiology. He served as consultant for Primex (Zug, Switzerland) and Regeneron (Tarrytown, New York). Dr. Culley is an Executive Editor of Anesthesiology. She serves as a Director and Secretary for the American Board of Anesthesiology, Chair of the Academic Anesthesiology Committee for the American Society of Anesthesiology, ex officio Member of the Anesthesiology Review Committee for the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and as a member of the 3C Committee for American Board of Medical Specialities.

This conference paper addresses several issues impacting trade and commerce in the western Islamic lands during the fifth/eleventh and sixth/twelfth centuries,  including the dilemmas posed by the circulation of multiple currencies in a single region, the nature of commercial relations with Sicily following the completion of the Norman conquest in 484/1091, the Muslim response to Pisan piracy along the North African coast, the characteristics of trade agreements with Christian powers, and the treatment of non-Muslim merchants residing in Ifrīqīya in the final decades of the sixth/twelfth century.  Evidence supplied by Islamic legal responsa, fatawa, and state correspondence, diwan al-rasa'il, will form the basis for the discussion of each of these topics.

COVID-19 pandemic obliged thousands of companies pertaining to all economic sectors to undergo the transformation from on-board work to working from home. Along such rush, the probability for companies being hacked incremented many folds. According to VMware cybersecurity strategist Tom Kellermann, quoted in Menn (2020), “There is a digitally historic event occurring in the background of this pandemic, and that is there is a cybercrime pandemic that is occurring” (para 5). In fact, Software and security company VMware Carbon Black declared during April, “that ransomware attacks it monitored jumped 148% in March from the previous month, as governments worldwide curbed movement to slow the spread of the novel corona virus” (Para 4). On the other hand, Anft (2020) reported that “more than 500 educational institutions, including colleges and K-12 schools, faced ransom attacks in 2019” (para 2). This paper uses a descriptive qualitative approach to shed light on the aforementioned subjec...

Between the 19th and 20th centuries" (online) Antonis Hadjikyriacou (Panteion University) "The Mediterranean Dimension of the Cypriot Olive Economy" Lefteris Perrotis (University of Ioannina) "Oil Cultivation and Mills in the Area of Sitia at the End of the 19th Century" Session 4: 16 30-18 00 Antonio Monte (National Research Council-Institute of Cultural Heritage Sciences (CNR-ISPC)) "Olive Oil Production in Puglia (Italy): from "Lampante" to "Fino". Oil Mills and Presses, Production Process and Technological Evolution of Machines (18th-20th centuries)" (online) Yücel Terzibaşoğlu (Boğaziçi University) "Olive Cultivation in Western Anatolia in the 19th Century: Social and Spatial Organisation of Production"

Kidnapping is a serious crime and has potential for transforming into other felonious offenses, such as physical violence, financial victimisation, and murder. This paper did not focus only on the consequences of kidnapping but also examined its predisposing factors in Nigeria. Thus, the objectives of the study are: to examine the nexus between terrorism and kidnapping; to investigate the mutual reinforcement between corruption and kidnapping; to find out if kidnapping and poverty are correlated; and to examine the consequences of the problem. Using secondary qualitative data, the study found out that kidnapping has been taking place in Nigeria due to the activities of insurgent groups in the Niger Delta region, but it increased with the emergence of "Boko Haram" terrorism in the Northeastern Nigeria; corruption is not strongly related to kidnapping, but they have indirect connection whereby youth political thugs served corrupt political leaders and turned out to become kidnappers, sometimes for ransom from political opponents; poverty is correlated with kidnapping in Nigeria; and there are multiple

Southeast Asia, especially Indonesia, is a region where there are many cases of attacks by armed pirate groups. One of the points is in the Sulu Sea which is included in the territorial waters of the Philippines. The waters of the Sulu Sea are directly adjacent to several areas of Indonesia, namely Kalimantan and Sulawesi, so it is not surprising that terrorist groups from the Philippines carry out acts of piracy/jacking of ships originating from Indonesia. The Abu Sayyaf group, which started its criminal activities in the 1990s, hijacked slow-vehicle loaded ships and took hostage crew members who passed through the area. This paper will be prepared using a qualitative descriptive method. This paper will focus more on explaining and providing an overview of the forms of defense strategy carried out by Indonesia in dealing with the problem of transnational crimes by the Abu Sayyaf group. This research data was obtained based on literature review sourced from previous research in the ...

Kidnapping is a long-standing global phenomenon, which is not unique to any continent or country. However, it has taken on a new dimension in the 21st century with the development of kidnapping for ransom. Kidnapping for ransom is now a lucrative business in many nations of the world, and has grown particularly worrisome in Nigeria, due to the country's weak security system. It is in this regard that this article examines the impact of kidnapping for ransom on Nigeria's image. The study explores the evolution of kidnapping in Nigeria, causes of kidnapping, effects of kidnapping on victims and its impact on Nigeria's image. The study, which is qualitative in nature, discovers that Nigeria-a country that has long struggled with maintaining a positive image has allowed kidnapping to linger for too long. The paper posits that Nigeria has become insecure for both locals and foreigners and this has consequently affected foreign direct investment, tourism and migration. The paper thus argues that if kidnapping for ransom is not adequately tackled, it will hinder the growth of the economy arising from the consequence of hampered image of the country in the comity of nations. It therefore concludes that there is a need for the government to take proactive measures rather than reactive ones towards this menace.

Among the many well-known proclamations made by Henry James about the form of the novel in his essay "The Art of Fiction" (1884) is his insistence that "the story and the novel, the idea and the form, are the needle and thread, and I never heard of a guild of tailors who recommended the use of the thread without the needle or the needle without the thread" (MS 588). James, as Theodor Adorno would argue nearly a century later in Aesthetic Theory (1970), maintained that the form and content of a work of art could not be separated from one another (see 143-49). James's insistence has not stopped readers from stressing one over the other, casting him first as the Master and later as an astute "critical social theorist" (Rowe 7). These shifts in emphasis, however, explain why his work has successfully weathered so many discursive upheavals within literary studies. We are always returning to James's writing: no matter how closely we read it, we never read it closely enough. James scholarship is enabled by a process of perpetual "oversight," a reading practice animated by the antinomy between content and form and one that Jacques Rancière describes as "the necessary inclusion of 'non-seeing' in 'seeing'" and vice versa (Flesh 135). I will return to the larger significance of Rancière's notion of oversight and his theory of revolutionary aesthetics later, but I want to stress that the critical attention paid to James means that studies of his work serve as an instructive barometer for registering the state of U.S. literary scholarship on the nineteenth century and the discipline more generally: as the field goes, so goes James. Literary critics are once again confronting the question of whether to privilege form over content or form over context, weighing the merits of a range of reading practices, including New Formalism, distant reading, and surface reading. 1 It makes sense then to turn to James's writing as a milieu within which to revisit a series of questions about the role and value of the literary work that James and his contemporaries also puzzled over at the turn of the last century.

Introduction: The healthcare industry has begun seeing a new hazard develop against them-the threat of cyberattack. Beginning in 2016, healthcare organizations in the United States have been targeted for malware attacks, a specific type of cyberattack. During malware incidents hackers can lock users out of their own network to gain access to information or to hold the organization for ransom. With the increase in medical technology and the need for access to this information to provide critical care, this type of incident has the potential to put patient lives and safety at risk. Methods: A content analysis was conducted to assess the trend of attacks on healthcare organizations. U.S. Healthcare IT News and Becker's Hospital Review were used to collect all publicly reported malware attacks against U.S. healthcare organizations between 2016 and 2017. A logic diagram was also developed to illustrate how hackers gain access to a healthcare network using malware. Results: There were 49 cases of malware attacks against U.S. HCOs identified. The attacks occurred across 27 states, and they took place during 18 out of 24 months. Six of the organizations reported paying ransom, whereas 43 organizations did not pay or did not report payment to the press. Impacts of these attacks range from network downtime to patient and staff records being breached. Discussion: Malware attacks have the potential to impact care delivery as well as the healthcare facility itself. Even though this study identified 49 malware attacks, we know this number is significantly higher based on data from HIMSS and the FBI. A reporting loophole exists in that hospitals are only required to report attacks in the case of breached protected health or financial data. For HCOs to fully understand the risk cyberthreats pose, it is important for attacks to become public information and for lessons learned to be shared. Future research reviewing identified attacks could help identify best practices for the healthcare industry to better prepare for cyberattacks.

This paper explains how principal-agent theory (PAT) can be used as an analytical tool to understand the traveller-Transport for NSW (TfNSW) relationship and minimise the agency problem in the relationship by examining traveller preferences for mode choices. The paper emphasises latent variables (LVs) and traditional objective attributes (TOAs) together during the choice process within the agency relationship, as a method by which the utility of the principal (traveller) can be maximised and evaluated using a discrete choice experiment, i.e. random parameter logit (RPL) model. The probability of car use is significantly higher than public transport, which indicates that an agency problem exists in the relationship and incorporating traveller preferences in the transport projects may minimise this problem.

The incessant incidences of kidnapping in Nigeria have grown into a severe National threat to its society and is ravaging the country’s socioeconomic wellbeing. The study aims to explore the national security and socioeconomic implications of this menace. The study applied the functionalism theoretical assumptions and employed Qualitative Document Analysis (QDA) based on the previous studies review conducted on kidnapping such as current literature, media reports, and newspaper to figure out the gap and come up with new findings on the causes of this menace. The study found that the government's reluctance to address such challenges is the force igniting heinous crimes in the country. It is due to the negligence of the Nigerian government to address the root-causes of the phenomenon such as; youth unemployment, quick-money syndrome, hard-drug influence, and others. The study suggests some measures such as public awareness programs, a synergic approach between the security forces...

Ransomware remains an alarming threat in the 21 st century. It has evolved from being a simple scare tactic into a complex malware capable of evasion. Formerly, end-users were targeted via mass infection campaigns. Nevertheless, in recent years, the attackers have focused on targeted attacks since the latter are profitable and can induce severe damage. A vast number of detection mechanisms have been proposed in the literature. We provide a systematic review of ransomware countermeasures starting from its deployment on the victim machine until the ransom payment via cryptocurrency. We define four stages of this malware attack: Delivery, Deployment, Destruction, and Dealing. Then, we assign the corresponding countermeasures for each phase of the attack and cluster them by the techniques used. Finally, we propose a roadmap for researchers to fill the gaps found in the literature in ransomware's battle. CCS Concepts: • Security and privacy → Malware and its mitigation;

Ransomware remains an alarming threat in the 21st century. It has evolved from being a simple scare tactic into a complex malware capable of evasion. Formerly, end-users were targeted via mass infection campaigns. Nevertheless, in recent years, the attackers have focused on targeted attacks, since the latter are profitable and can induce severe damage. A vast number of detection mechanisms have been proposed in the literature. We provide a systematic review of ransomware countermeasures starting from its deployment on the victim machine until the ransom payment via cryptocurrency. We define four stages of this malware attack: Delivery, Deployment, Destruction, and Dealing. Then, we assign the corresponding countermeasures for each phase of the attack and cluster them by the techniques used. Finally, we propose a roadmap for researchers to fill the gaps found in the literature in ransomware’s battle.

Ransomware has developed into one of the most dangerous cyber threats. It is developed for the purpose of encrypting the data, and the owner is to pay the specified amount of money for the decoder. From simple rudimentary to developed sort with advanced encryption methods and modern distribution techniques, this research article is a complete historical journey of ransomware. Some of the specific aspects of ransomware development include the process of how the attackers act, starting from the traditional approach of spraying the malware to another strategic approach of singling out industries and organizations for attacks.The article also analyzes how the world came to know about ransomware-as-aservice (RaaS). The analysts have attributed the docket to the fact that it has also made it easy for inexperienced and unskilled hackers to embrace the commodity space by merely launching ransomware attacks. Current ransomware strategies that hackers employ include double extortion, where they steal information and threaten to publish the stolen data publicly, besides demanding a ransom for the encrypted information. The use of coins in the payment of ransom is examined with regard to their anonymity and the emergence of targeting of key infrastructure and other giant entities.Tactics that can allow for minimizing the attacks' impact are equally crucial in the fight against ransomware. Some of the extensive strategies highlighted in this article are basic cyber hygiene measures, backup and restore methodologies, and endpoint detection and prevention measures. Implementing frequent training exercises to sensitize users to the risks of ransomware attacks is underlined, as is the need to have a clearly outlined incident response procedure in case of infections to enable the speedy handling of the attacks.This paper argues that an ability to comprehend the complexity of today's ransomware, along with multiple layers of a defense system, will help organizations improve their readiness against this adaptive and continuous threat. This paper contains an analysis of the current state of ransomware and measures that need to be taken to curb the threat posed by this cyber threat; thus, it can serve as a valuable resource to cybersecurity experts.

The incessant incidences of kidnapping in Nigeria have grown into a severe National threat to its society and is ravaging the country’s socioeconomic wellbeing. The study aims to explore the national security and socioeconomic implications of this menace. The study applied the functionalism theoretical assumptions and employed Qualitative Document Analysis (QDA) based on the previous studies review conducted on kidnapping such as current literature, media reports, and newspaper to figure out the gap and come up with new findings on the causes of this menace. The study found that the government's reluctance to address such challenges is the force igniting heinous crimes in the country. It is due to the negligence of the Nigerian government to address the root-causes of the phenomenon such as; youth unemployment, quick-money syndrome, hard-drug influence, and others. The study suggests some measures such as public awareness programs, a synergic approach between the security forces...

Kidnapping is a serious crime and has potential for transforming into other felonious offenses, such as physical violence, financial victimisation, and murder. This paper did not focus only on the consequences of kidnapping but also examined its predisposing factors in Nigeria. Thus, the objectives of the study are: to examine the nexus between terrorism and kidnapping; to investigate the mutual reinforcement between corruption and kidnapping; to find out if kidnapping and poverty are correlated; and to examine the consequences of the problem. Using secondary qualitative data, the study found out that kidnapping has been taking place in Nigeria due to the activities of insurgent groups in the Niger Delta region, but it increased with the emergence of "Boko Haram" terrorism in the Northeastern Nigeria; corruption is not strongly related to kidnapping, but they have indirect connection whereby youth political thugs served corrupt political leaders and turned out to become kidnappers, sometimes for ransom from political opponents; poverty is correlated with kidnapping in Nigeria; and there are multiple

The study examined the effects of banditry activities on forest ecosystems and the host communities in the northeastern region of Benue State, Nigeria. It aims to identify the effects of banditry activities on forest ecosystems for effective prevention. Three forest reserves (Ikyo-Nyian, Ukamberagya, and Gundu-Chaha from Katsina Ala, Logo, and Ukum local government areas respectively) were purposively selected for the study. A total of 385 respondents from forest-dependent communities adjacent to these forests were sampled based on the Cochran sampling method. Descriptive statistics, a Likert scale, and Spearman correlation were used to analyze the data. Majority of the respondents (57.92%) were male farmers who are mostly young and agile. About fifty-six percent (55.84%) of the respondents significantly (p = 4.56) perceived that bandits use forest estates as major hideout areas. Bandits clash with security agencies in the forest, as significantly (p = 3.84) perceived by most of the respondents (78.18%). Their activities result in biodiversity destruction, degradation, and disturbance. This significantly (p = 4.28), affects the extraction, distribution, and consumption of forest resources and livelihood activities, thereby affecting other ecological, social, and economic activities. The correlation test showed a significant (p = 0.05) positive correlation (between 0.738 and 0.949) between forest ecosystems as banditry hideouts and all the identified ecological and socioeconomic implications in the area. There is a need to equip and deploy active security agencies in affected areas for effective prevention, coupled with the provision of more basic infrastructure and amenities, to restore normalcy in the area.

Jintan hitam (Nigella sativa L.) merupakan salah satu tanaman yang tumbuh subur di wilayah tropis. Tanaman ini termasuk famili Ranunculaceae, yang merupakan tanaman berbiji. Jintan hitam juga tergolong tanaman gulma yang tumbuh semusim dengan tinggi 20-50 cm. Jintan hitam merupakan tanaman yang berpotensi sebagai imunostimulan karena mampu meningkatkan sistem kekebalan tubuh. Jintan hitam mengandung zat aktif tymmoquinone yang mempunyai kemampuan sebagai antioksidan, antiinfeksi, antitumor dan antiinflamasi sehingga dapat mengoptimalkan kinerja dari organ pencernaan unggas. Jintan hitam berpotensi untuk dijadikan pakan suplementasi unggas karena kandungan protein kasar yang tinggi. Kandungan nutrisi jintan hitam adalah sebagi berikut: energi metabolis (EM) 41480 kkal/kg, protein kasar (PK) 23,38 %, lemak kasar (LK) 40,89 %, serat kasar (SK) 12,49 %, kalsium (Ca) 1,94 % dan fosfor (P) 0,75 %. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada tanggal 12 Desember 2017 sampai 15 Januari 2018 di peternak...

Although conceptually not new, ransomware recently regained attraction in the cybersecurity community: notorious attacks in fact have caused serious damage, proving their disruptive effect. This is likely just the beginning of a new era. According to a recent intelligence report by Cybersecurity Ventures, the total cost due to ransomware attacks is predicted to exceed $ billion in. How can this disruptive threat can be contained? Current anti-ransomware solutions are effective only against existing threats, and the worst is yet to come. Cyber criminals will design and deploy more sophisticated strategies, overcoming current defenses and, as it commonly happens in security, defenders and attackers will embrace a competition that will never end. In this arm race, anticipating how current ransomware will evolve may help at least being prepared for some future damage. In this paper, we describe existing techniques to mitigate ransomware and we discuss their limitations. Discussing how current ransomware could become even more disruptive and elusive is crucial to conceive more solid defense and systems that can mitigate zero-day ransomware, yielding higher security levels for information systems, including critical infrastructures such as intelligent transportation networks and health institutions.

Cybercrimes in various forms are on the raise daily; these crimes pose a potential threat to our moral society as well as economy and nation building at large. They are namely: social engineering, malvertising, ransom ware, Spamming, Botnets, fake bank alert messages (SMS) /unsolicited SMS requesting you to provide bank details as Bank Verification Number (BVN), fraud, identity theft, piracy, pornography, hacking, fraudulent e-mail related SMS, forgery such as fake documents as Certificate etc. Thus, Cybercrime is gradually becoming a threat to our moral society at large. Hence, the increase number of cybercrime rate is an open field of ongoing research studies. Therefore, we have proposed a new approach that emphases on the prominent cybercrimes carried out around the world, and presents a precise study in Nigeria within some secondary school students. The study revealed a new approach to fighting Cybercrimes in order to combat cybercriminals. Keywords: Cybercrime, Botnets, Malvert...

Ransomware (malware that threatens to lock or publish victims' assets unless a ransom is paid) has become a serious security threat, targeting individual users, companies and even governments, causing significant damage, disruption and cost. Instances of ransomware have also been observed stealing private data and blackmailing their victims. Worryingly, the prevalence of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and the massive amount of personal data that they collect have opened up another avenue of attack. The main aim of this paper is to determine whether privacy invasion based ransomware would be a viable vector for attackers to use on IoT devices. The secondary aim is to identify countermeasures that can be implemented to prevent such attacks from being used. To accomplish these aims, we examined how private data accessible via IoT devices could be obtained, processed and managed by a ransomware attacker. We identified a number of data sources on IoT devices that can be used to access private data, such as audio and video feeds. We then investigated methods to interpret such data in order to blackmail the device's owner. We then produced proof of concept malware for multiple IoT devices, including an external "collator" that manages the valuable data collected, demonstrating that an attack could be performed at scale. This research shows that attackers can use the functionality of an infected device to invade the privacy of the device's owner, as part of a ransomware attack. We have demonstrated that, given suitable infrastructure, attackers would be able to ransom users for values higher than the cost of the compromised device, as well as heavily damage the trust in the device itself, which would cause further negative impact on the device manufacturer. Finally, we highlight the need for proactive measures to deter this style of attack by applying the suggested countermeasures.

This essay analyses Nancy Cunard's contribution to the struggle for racial justice in England and her work with the black communities in Liverpool and London (whose histories and experiences differ radically from their counterparts in the United States) in the 1940s. It chronicles for the first time her campaign to safeguard the African collections in the Liverpool Museum and her specific contribution to the archive of black British history. This includes not only the monumental the Negro Anthology (1934) but also the tract, The White Man's Duty (1943) arguing for an end to British imperialism and for race relations legislation. Cunard is situated within a history of the Communist left in Britain and the United States. Her insistence on the primacy of race differentiates her from other white left activists in her day for whom issues of gender and race were or secondary importance compared to those of class (Cunard, 1944). Using unpublished archive material from the Harry Ransom Center in Austin, Texas I show that Cunard's work constitutes one segment in the rich and varied mosaic of black cultural activity in the 1930s and 1940s and discuss how Cunard knew and worked alongside some of the key figures in the black British politics of her day including Una Marson, Learie Constantine, John Carter, Harold Moody, Rudolph Dunbar and Paul Robeson. A prolific writer, publisher and political activist, Cunard presented a white readership with documentation which prompted them to question their own prejudice and rendered problematic the imaging of black people as fixed embodiments of a Eurocentric sense of reality. Cunard's work in the 1930s and 1940s predates the sailing of the Empire Windrush and the accelerated immigration to Britain from the Commonwealth after the Nationality Act of 1948. It adds to our knowledge of earlier black history, narratives, settlements, and anti-racist struggles.

The technology has indeed resolved so fast, that what it used to be a Sci-Fi movies in yester years, is a conventional reality today. Lot of ordinary accessories' have turned to be smart, especially now we are at the peak of an era of wearable technology and internet of things (IoT). The ongoing growth of innovation within the information and communication technology (ICT) sector is massive, practically the smart mobiles revolution which has shown a large scale adoption that it became an essential part of the daily human interactions. However, cybercriminals have found new grounds to explore potential abuse and misuse, where they have merged and resurrected legacy threats to be implemented on modern tech. This article is methodically illustrating a specific kind of cyber threat known as a ransomware which not only attacks cooperate computers and networks, but it has set the path to newer technology trends such as IoT and smart mobile devices. This paper will also highlight the evaluation of the malware known as ransomware and how it has become a global threat, Additionally to recommend on how to stay protected against such threat.

The panel focuses on the slave redemption operations at the borders of the Ottoman Empire, drawing from Ottoman and Italian texts. While details of these operations are present in archival texts, they have not been extensively researched. The panel will present data on operations in Istanbul, Crimea, and North Africa. Participants, whose primary research focus is slavery, will examine the redemption system in these concentrated regions. The chair of the panel will be Suraiya Faroqhi. The first presentation, titled 'Nexus of Religious Dependency and Kefâret as Catalysts for Slave Liberation in the Early Modern Crimean Khanate,' delves into the complex dynamics of slave manumission. It explores both the religiously motivated voluntary acts and the compulsory practices within Islamic societies, specifically focusing on the eighteenth-century Crimean Khanate. The second presentation, titled 'Dealing with Infidels: Instructions on How to Conduct a Ransom Mission (16th-19th centuries),' will analyze archival evidence of the actual instructions given to redeemers from Sicily and Venice for conducting ransoms in Tunis and Constantinople. The third presentation, titled 'A Sicilian Redemption: An Example of an Ego-Document among the Ottoman Safe-conducts Preserved in the State Archives of Palermo,' involves a paleographical analysis of the documents from the State Archives of Palermo referred to as 'Arciconfraternita della Redenzione dei Cattivi.' This analysis focuses on the lexicon used to convey specific concepts, comparing the lexical tradition of the Christian Mediterranean States and religious institutions with that of the Ottoman Empire. The last presentation, titled 'Forbidden Redemption: The Secret Ransom Operations for War Captives in Istanbul During the War of Cyprus,' will focus on the transformation of idiosyncratic ransom operations in the Ottoman capital.

The War of Cyprus stands as a distinctive chapter in Mediterranean Slavery, showcasing its reasons, processes, and outcomes. Before, during, and after this conflict, the impact extended beyond the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire to encompass societies within the region. The longstanding practices of ransom underwent change, witnessing the emergence of new influential figures.
During the campaign, Nicosia alone witnessed the capture or disappearance of twenty thousand Cypriots. According to imperial decree, the sale or liberation of war captives was forbidden until the establishment of the new order, except for select individuals freed as a gesture of goodwill. Throughout this period, extensive efforts were made in Cyprus and Constantinople to rescue Cypriot captives. Constantinople notably harbored a significant number of these captives, leading the Venetian bailo to clandestinely broker their rescue. However, following the Battle of Lepanto, the capture of Ottoman soldiers by Christian forces added complexity to the situation. Subsequently, as peace negotiations prolonged, these covert operations began to unravel under Ottoman authorities' scrutiny.
Conducting such operations within the capital, especially in peacetime, proved neither necessary nor profitable. An economy of ransom thrived away from the capital, free from taxation. Despite the risks, the bailo engaged in these endeavors both to safeguard the Republic’s subjects and in response to encouragement from the Christian world. From May 1571 to March 1572, amid ongoing warfare, a total of 81 liberation certificates were issued for Latin Europeans in the Galata court. The transparency of these operations owes to Sharia records and the Ottoman Imperial Court Records, which readily tracked these activities. The paper's focus lies in examining the evolution of distinct ransom operations within the Ottoman capital, drawing from records within the Ottoman Archives and supporting documentation preserved in Italian Archives.

El secuestro, en aguas territoriales somalíes, del pesquero español Alakrana plantea, para el Estado español, el dilema de una embarazosa elección: someterse al chantaje de unos terroristas o, por el contrario, plantear una acción de rescate armado. La reciente reforma del artículo 23 de la Ley Orgánica del Poder Judicial limita afortunadamente la jurisdicción universal. De este modo, sólo se podrán perseguir delitos en el exterior cuando haya una conexión relevante del crimen con nuestro país, o, sus responsables estén en nuestro territorio. La reforma es acertada y se acaba, por fin, el suplirse, por nuestra Administración de justicia, la jurisdicción de los tribunales internacionales. Ahora éstos serían los encargados de perseguir los delitos de genocidio en Guatemala y en el Tíbet, los asesinatos en Gaza, o las torturas en Guantánamo, entre otros. Pero, no habría duda de que los actos de piratería en la costa somalí-y en particular, el secuestro del pesquero español-entrarían dentro del radio de acción de nuestra jurisdicción patria. Liberar a los dos piratas encarcelados en suelo español sólo prosperaría dejándose en papel mojado esa ley orgánica, o si Somalia-pese a no contar con convenio de extradición con España-o un tribunal internacional abriesen un proceso sobre los mismos delitos (detención ilegal de la nao y su tripulación). Lo deseable sería encontrar una salida digna liberándose al Alakrana y a su marinería, saliendo, desde luego, ambos indemnes, pero, todo ello, sin obviarse un castigo ejemplar para sus secuestradores. Aunque este equilibrado desenlace final se me antoja un tanto utópico. El Derecho Penal en determinados casos sobra.

The main thrust of this study was to investigate the problem of kidnapping and its consequences on Nigerians in general and Uyo dwellers in particular. To achieve this objective, the study elicited data through questionnaire from 260 randomly selected respondents comprising of policemen/women from various departments at the state police headquarters, Ikot Akpan Abia, Uyo, in Akwa Ibom State, lawyers from the state judiciary headquarters as well as clergymen and members of the public in the aforementioned study area. Chi-square analytical tool was used to analyze elicited data at 0.05 level of significance. The result from the test of hypothesis one shows that there is a significant relationship between the recurring rates of kidnapping and the people's culture. Test of hypothesis two shows that there is no correlation between kidnapping and the disposition of government. Test of hypothesis three shows that kidnapping is significantly dependent on the provisions of the Nigerian constitution; while result from hypothesis four shows that there is no significant relationship between kidnapping and political activities. Findings from the study shows that, the prevalence of kidnapping in Nigeria is as a result of laxity in the law implementation process to prosecute offenders. Consequent upon this findings it is suggested that the issue of ransom payment by victim's families/relatives to kidnappers should be seriously condemned. Government also should endeavour to create employment for the teaming population of youths as this will assist to check the proliferation of the kidnapping.

Originating and striking from anywhere, cyberattacks have become ever more sophisticated in our modern society and users are forced to adopt increasingly good and vigilant practices to protect from them. Among these, ransomware remains a major cyber-attack whose major threat to end users (disrupted operations, restricted files, scrambled sensitive data, financial demands, etc.) does not particularly lie in number but in severity. In this study we explore the possibility of real-time detection of ransomware source through a linguistic analysis that examines machine translation relative to the Levenshtein Distance and may thereby provide important indications as to attacker’s language of origin. Specifically, the aim of our research is to advance a metric to assist in determining whether an external ransom text is an indicator of either a humanor a machine-generated cyber-attack. Our proposed method works its argument on a set of Eastern European languages but is applicable to a large...

The incessant incidences of kidnapping in Nigeria have grown into a severe National threat to its society and is ravaging the country’s socioeconomic wellbeing. The study aims to explore the national security and socioeconomic implications of this menace. The study applied the functionalism theoretical assumptions and employed Qualitative Document Analysis (QDA) based on the previous studies review conducted on kidnapping such as current literature, media reports, and newspaper to figure out the gap and come up with new findings on the causes of this menace. The study found that the government's reluctance to address such challenges is the force igniting heinous crimes in the country. It is due to the negligence of the Nigerian government to address the root-causes of the phenomenon such as; youth unemployment, quick-money syndrome, hard-drug influence, and others. The study suggests some measures such as public awareness programs, a synergic approach between the security forces...

Nigeria is a complex society with a rapid growing population of roughly 200 million people. The country has around 500 different languages and 250 distinct ethnic groups. Thus, uniting these complex groups into one unified political entity since the amalgamation of the country in 1914 proved difficult. Comparatively, Nigeria is one of the secured and peaceful nations in the West African sub-region; however, contemporarily, this endowed nation suddenly plunged into waves of kidnapping and other heinous crimes such as armed robbery and banditry. The phenomenon has escalated and led to numerous lives lost, which also crippled socio-economic activities. Generally, as enshrined in chapter 2, section 14(2b) of the 1999 Constitution of Nigeria, the security of lives and property is one of the primary responsibility of the state. This study aims to identify the causes of kidnapping in Nigeria and offer some strategic solution to the problem. The study adopted a Qualitative method and also a...

Only secured and conducive environment void of robbery, kidnapping, fake currency and all forms of insurgencies will foster production and distribution of goods, investment and saving that enhance national economic growth and development. This is a mirage in a country generally believed and tagged the giant of African; Nigeria. Crime, in whatever name or nomenclature, has a significant negative impact on the welfare and economy prosperities of our society. The urge to get rich promotes Crime like armed robbery, kidnapping for ransom and production of counterfeit banknotes to mention but a few. Innocent people have suffered psychological distress, fear, anger, depression, physical harm, financial loss and in most cases untimely death during the operations by these hoodlums. Banks, Cash-In-Transit Vehicle, and ATM points are often robbed by gangs in search for paper currency. Kidnappers as well demand for paper currency as ransom while some other gangs are involved in the production of counterfeit banknotes so as to enrich themselves no minding the negative effect on the nation's economy. The banknotes collected during the operations by the hoodlums are taken to banks. Yet, the banks will not detect or recognize any of these notes which attest to the fact that our system lacks check and balance. The system is very porous without a recourse to this era of technology when machine is trained to do virtually everything for our convenience. Currency as an entity has a unique identification number. The identification number is an alphanumeric currency issuance of about 10 digits comprises two (2) capital letters and eight (8) numbers usually positioned at a strategic location on either front or back of the 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 naira notes. It is a reliable and intelligent system developed to track banknotes unique identifiers numbers-serial numbers, in order to control financial related crimes.

The subject of the research is to determine the influence of pandemic COVID-19 on cyber-security of the Serbian companies. The aim is to stress the importance of cyber-security risk management in today's business world and permanent learning and investing in cyber-security risk prevention and detection controls. Two online researches conducted in the second quartile of 2020 (with almost 70% response rate) by using Zoom Pulling Feature had the following conclusions: the pandemic of COVID-19 has had influence on cyber-security of Serbian companies in terms of increased number of employees that had access to the corporate network from home, introduced risk management measures for mitigation of potential cyber-attacks and intensity of cyber-attacks on the company's system.

A client of a security services firm has received an email from the dark web demanding a ransom or it will start selling data it has stolen from the client. The client as asked for the firm’s assistance in paying the ransom. How should the company proceed? It was late on a Friday afternoon. The ReliaQuest Security Operations Center was busy as usual, but nothing was out of the ordinary. ReliaQuest Chief Technology Officer, Joe Partlow, was in his office working on a new technology innovation when his cell phone rang. It was the Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) for ABC Company, one of ReliaQuest’s clients–a company with millions of customers across the United States. ABC Company’s CISO had a crisis on his hands. He had just gotten word from his public relations staff that a journalist had called asking for a comment about a supposed leak of millions of customer records containing personally identifiable information (PTT) that could potentially be used to steal identities. Ap...

Penelitian ini untuk menentukan aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) dan berat organ hati pada ayam broiler, setelah disuplementasi jintan hitam giling (Nigella sativa). Materi yang digunakan adalah DOC ayam broiler unsex strain CP 707 sebanyak 100 ekor, menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan 5 perlakuan dan 4 kali ulangan. Tiap ulangan terdiri atas 4 unit percobaan yaitu kontrol, antibiotik dan tanpa jintan hitam giling, dengan suplementasi 2%/kg, 4%/kg dan 6%/kg. Kerja enzim hati dan berat organ hati diukur setelah 30 hari. Penambahan jintan hitam giling pada ayam broiler tidak signifikan pengaruhnya pada enzim hati (AST dan ALT) dan relatif signifikan pada berat organ hati. Disimpulkan bahwa penambahan jintan hitam giling sebagai pakan tambahan tidak menunjukkan dampak negatif terhadap enzim hati seperti AST dan ALT, dan berat organ hati dengan penambahan jintan hitam giling sebagai pakan tambahan yang digunakan pada level 2-6%/kg pada ayam broiler.

Rural America in a Globalizing World is the fourth decennial volume of the Rural Sociological Society's Rural Studies Series. The volume is separated into five parts, thematically organized around the socialstructural conditions produced through globalization and neoliberal policies affecting rural life. Each part delivers a critical analysis of rural experiences, while providing suggestions for applying future research, interdisciplinary collaboration, and policy development to mitigate social problems and bolster change. Alessandro Bonanno introduces the first part, setting the table for the reader with a historical account of the changing structure of agriculture over the last half of the twentieth century. Bonnano credits the upheaval of American agriculture to the economization of politics and the neoliberal mantra of "what is good for the market, is good for the people" (11). Chapter 1 builds upon the theme of neoliberalization by reviewing the industrialization of agriculture, highlighting vertical and horizontal concentrations of agrifood businesses. Douglas H. Constance and colleagues detail how this model favors transnational corporations, while reducing the market power of producers. The industrialization of agriculture has impacted farm production and size, as noted by Eric B. Jensen in chapter 2, whereby midsized farms are increasingly displaced by both large commodity producers and the rising small farm niche sector. Some producers in this disappearing middle have responded to adversity. Amy Guptill and Rick Welsh, in chapter 4, find that small and midsized farms tap into value chains to remain viable despite overarching norms of industrialization. Similarly, others are participating in agrifood movements to stay competitive and garner consumer support (see Claire Hinrichs and John Eshlemen in chapter 8). However, agrifood movements come with caveats, as the authors point out. The fracturing nature of multiple goals requires a framework in which multiple perspectives and strategies for challenging neoliberal agendas may align.

With kidnaping rates rising, the disruptive forces of kidnaping threaten the stability and success of corporate investment projects and put stress on appropriate corporate governance response methodologies. While kidnaping targets vary considerably among countries where it frequently occurs, most often the goal of kidnapers is money from ransom payments. Financial consequences of a kidnap ransom payment can be severe for companies, and psychological damage can be lasting to employees and their families. Given the increasingly global nature of business and increasing expansion into less politically and legally stable emerging markets, kidnap, ransom, and extortion pose a problem for management of corporations wishing to take advantage of emerging market opportunities. Kidnap and Ransom (K&R) Insurance is a risk control technique used by about 75% of Fortune 500 companies, nongovernmental organizations, and an increasing percentage of small to medium sized companies. It is a bundled p...

With kidnaping rates rising, the disruptive forces of kidnaping threaten the stability and success of corporate investment projects and put stress on appropriate corporate governance response methodologies. While kidnaping targets vary considerably among countries where it frequently occurs, most often the goal of kidnapers is money from ransom payments. Financial consequences of a kidnap ransom payment can be severe for companies, and psychological damage can be lasting to employees and their families. Given the increasingly global nature of business and increasing expansion into less politically and legally stable emerging markets, kidnap, ransom, and extortion pose a problem for management of corporations wishing to take advantage of emerging market opportunities. Kidnap and Ransom (K&R) Insurance is a risk control technique used by about 75% of Fortune 500 companies, nongovernmental organizations, and an increasing percentage of small to medium sized companies. It is a bundled p...

This essay analyses Nancy Cunard's contribution to the struggle for racial justice in England and her work with the black communities in Liverpool and London (whose histories and experiences differ radically from their counterparts in the United States) in the 1940s. It chronicles for the first time her campaign to safeguard the African collections in the Liverpool Museum and her specific contribution to the archive of black British history. This includes not only the monumental the Negro Anthology (1934) but also the tract, The White Man's Duty (1943) arguing for an end to British imperialism and for race relations legislation. Cunard is situated within a history of the Communist left in Britain and the United States. Her insistence on the primacy of race differentiates her from other white left activists in her day for whom issues of gender and race were or secondary importance compared to those of class (Cunard, 1944). Using unpublished archive material from the Harry Ransom Center in Austin, Texas I show that Cunard's work constitutes one segment in the rich and varied mosaic of black cultural activity in the 1930s and 1940s and discuss how Cunard knew and worked alongside some of the key figures in the black British politics of her day including Una Marson, Learie Constantine, John Carter, Harold Moody, Rudolph Dunbar and Paul Robeson. A prolific writer, publisher and political activist, Cunard presented a white readership with documentation which prompted them to question their own prejudice and rendered problematic the imaging of black people as fixed embodiments of a Eurocentric sense of reality. Cunard's work in the 1930s and 1940s predates the sailing of the Empire Windrush and the accelerated immigration to Britain from the Commonwealth after the Nationality Act of 1948. It adds to our knowledge of earlier black history, narratives, settlements, and anti-racist struggles.

ICT has become a force that has changed many aspects of the way we live and every aspect of human endeavour. Therefore, its integration into the classroom will significantly improve the educational experience. Keeping in view, the present study was intended to explore the ICT usage of students on the basis of thief gender. 100 students were selected for the purpose of analysis. The required data was selected by using ransom sampling technique. The results of the study reveal that their seems significant difference between male and female students. Male students were seen with high level of ICT users as compared female students.

for this neglect may be reticence to reduce deity entirely to human cognition (see the epilogue). Despite these concerns, Smith offers a novel and informed approach to the study of the conceptualization of deity in Where the Gods Are, and we need more of it. The book engages a number of important issues related to the study of ancient conceptualizations of the God of Israel, and Smith forwards a compelling theory regarding the relationship of the deity's representation to its ritual, material, and political embeddedness. Future inquiry into that relationship will hopefully be catalyzed by this book. The engagement with spatiality and the cognitive sciences also represents a significant step forward among popular books in promoting a more multidisciplinary approach to biblical studies.

Ransomware (malware that threatens to lock or publish victims' assets unless a ransom is paid) has become a serious security threat, targeting individual users, companies and even governments, causing significant damage, disruption and cost. Instances of ransomware have also been observed stealing private data and blackmailing their victims. Worryingly, the prevalence of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and the massive amount of personal data that they collect have opened up another avenue of attack. The main aim of this paper is to determine whether privacy invasion based ransomware would be a viable vector for attackers to use on IoT devices. The secondary aim is to identify countermeasures that can be implemented to prevent such attacks from being used. To accomplish these aims, we examined how private data accessible via IoT devices could be obtained, processed and managed by a ransomware attacker. We identified a number of data sources on IoT devices that can be used to access private data, such as audio and video feeds. We then investigated methods to interpret such data in order to blackmail the device's owner. We then produced proof of concept malware for multiple IoT devices, including an external "collator" that manages the valuable data collected, demonstrating that an attack could be performed at scale. This research shows that attackers can use the functionality of an infected device to invade the privacy of the device's owner, as part of a ransomware attack. We have demonstrated that, given suitable infrastructure, attackers would be able to ransom users for values higher than the cost of the compromised device, as well as heavily damage the trust in the device itself, which would cause further negative impact on the device manufacturer. Finally, we highlight the need for proactive measures to deter this style of attack by applying the suggested countermeasures.

Kidnapping is a serious crime and has potential for transforming into other felonious offenses, such as physical violence, financial victimisation, and murder. This paper did not focus only on the consequences of kidnapping but also examined its predisposing factors in Nigeria. Thus, the objectives of the study are: to examine the nexus between terrorism and kidnapping; to investigate the mutual reinforcement between corruption and kidnapping; to find out if kidnapping and poverty are correlated; and to examine the consequences of the problem. Using secondary qualitative data, the study found out that kidnapping has been taking place in Nigeria due to the activities of insurgent groups in the Niger Delta region, but it increased with the emergence of "Boko Haram" terrorism in the Northeastern Nigeria; corruption is not strongly related to kidnapping, but they have indirect connection whereby youth political thugs served corrupt political leaders and turned out to become kidnappers, sometimes for ransom from political opponents; poverty is correlated with kidnapping in Nigeria; and there are multiple

El-Esmâu’l-Husnâ, terim olarak “Allah’a âit en guzel isimler” anlamina gelmektedir. Kur’ân’da yaygin bir sekilde zikredilen bu isimler, ayni zamanda Yuce Allah’in sifatlari icin kullanilir olmustur. Kur’ân’daki el-Esmâu’l-Husnâ, insanlara Allah’i tanitmak ve insanlarla insanlarin iliskilerini en mukemmel seviyeye cikarmak amaci tasimaktadir. Bu isimler; âyetlerin, surelerin baglamlariyla ve ayni zamanda birbirleriyle de munâsebet icinde olup en cok, âyetlerin sonlarindaki cumlelerde zikredilmektedir. Bu tur cumleler, âyetleri tekid etmekte ve onlari ozetlemektedir. Boylece bu isimlerin, Kur’ân’da rastgele serpistirilmemis olduklari anlasilmaktadir

This paper analyzes the changing effects of the Central American migration in the first decade of the 21st century. It argues that after 9/11, security conditions at the border gradually became tighter. Despite this, immigrants continued to enter the US in massive numbers, because the Central American postwar period became marked by attacks, robberies, and kidnappings for ransom, regardless of social status. Thus, illegal immigrants kept crossing the Mexico and US borders, despite the fact that safety conditions for passage through Mexico became harrower, until repressive measures against them were implemented in the US with the launching of the Postville Raid in 2008. The article proceeds to analyze three key components that marked the 2000s for Central American immigrants: 1) "the crossing" of the 3,000-mile long journey from the isthmus to the US border; 2) military service in the Middle East for those with legal resident status; and, 3) the daily risk of living without legal papers in the US in an increasingly hostile environment. Ultimately the paper places these experiences within what Aníbal Quijano has called the "coloniality of power" deployed to move thinking beyond Western and Eurocentric conceptualizations, to provide a new way of dealing critically with the Central American-American diasporic experience.