Public Health Science

The burden of HIV/AIDS high in sub-Saharan countries which constitutes two third of globe and is worst in Ethiopia. Therefore identifying determinants of consistent condom use in HIV patients who are on ART had paramount importance in the prevention and control of the diseases. A little is known about the practice of condom use among HIV positive patients. The aimed of this study was to assess knowledge, attitude and practice towards condom utilization among people living with HIV/AIDS enrolled on ART in Mokoni town. An institutional based cross sectional study was conducted among ART users in Mokoni health center from June-august 2013. Data on the study variables was gathered using semistructured questionnaire. After the subject was asked for their volunteer participation, then we collected data using interview. Descriptive statistics was used to determine the frequency and percentage of different variables. Data was presented in the form of tables and graphs. From the total study participants 177(56.73%) were females. Among 312 participants 35(11.22%) of them had knowledge about people on ARV can't transmit the HIV virus to un infected partners ,277(88.73%) knew even people taking ARV can transmit HIV to un infected partner .From the total 312 respondents 136(43.59%) had attitudes about people on ARV tend to engage in risky sexual practice ,176(56.41%) didn't believe people on ARV tend to engage in risky sexual practice. among the total respondents 121(38.78%) agreed that because of availability of ARV people could again engage in un protected sex, 64(20.51) agreed that it was safe to engage in unprotected sex with a person taking ARV. From 165 who were currently use Patterns of condom use among 165 who are using condom currently and 116(70.30%) were consistently used a condom. The majority of patients ART enrolled always use a condom during sexual intercourse. Significant numbers of the respondents were well confident about using condoms and attended session demonstrating about using condoms. Free and explicit discussion on safe sex and enhanced positive attitudes toward condom use should be encouraged.

Following fast increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes among Iranians, diabetes self-care activities are important. This cross-sectional study was carried out to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding diabetes among 100 Iranian type 2 diabetics (61 female, 39 male) aged between 37 to 66 years, attending the out-patient Diabetes Clinic at Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz, Iran. A face-to-face interview was done and a validated knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) questionnaire was used to determine knowledge, attitude and practices of diabetes patients. The mean duration of diabetes among patients was 4.05 ± 1.4 years. Fifty three percent of patients had good glycemic control (HbA1c level (=<7%)). The results showed that attitude related to diabetes was acceptable in the majority; while knowledge and self-care practices were insufficient. The overall mean (± SD) score of the knowledge, attitude and practice of patients based on KAP questionnaire was in medium level (17.37± 2.23) in which total maximum possible score was 29. KAP score was low for 9 % of patients. There was significant association between low level of education (primary) or not having formal education with poor KAP score about diabetes compare to higher level of education [illiterate: OR=2.6, 95% CI= (0.23-30.80), primary: OR=0.23, 95% CI= (0.43-1.27), P<0.05]. While there was no significant association between the KAP scores and HbA1c level. As the consequence of low awareness of diabetes among patients affects their ability of self-care management and lead to negative impact on outcome of diabetes. Patients need to be educated on how to prevent diabetes complications. Health care providers should promote self-care activities in the process of diabetes education.

Introduction: Gender based violence (GBV) is a common reproductive health problem especially in developing countries. It commonly occurs among women and young girls than men, and it has several sexual and reproductive health complications like STIs including HIV/AIDS, unwanted pregnancy, abortion and other complications. So, this research is done to assess the prevalence of GBV and associated factors among Menkorer high school female students in Debre Markos town, Ethiopia. Methodology: Institutional based cross sectional study was conducted among 140 female high school students of Debre Markos town. All randomly selected regular female students were included in the study. Self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. For data entry EpiData version 3.1 and for analysis SPSS version 22 software were used. Descriptive analysis was done to describe the frequency and percentage of dependent and independent variables. To identify possible factors associated with the dependent variable, bivariate and multivariate analysis were done. 95% confidence interval (CI) and p-value less than 5% were used to determine the association. Result: The prevalence of Gender based violence (physical or/and sexual violence) during the current academic year was 72 (57.3%), while life time prevalence of GBV was 67.7%. The prevalence of life time physical violence and physical violence during the current academic year was 82 (66.1%) and 68 (54.8%) respectively. Thirty (24.2%) have experience life time sexual violence. Factors associated with gender based violence were educational performance of good and above (AOR=0.09, 95%CI 0.009-0.88), and never drinking alcohol (AOR=0.38, 95%CI 0.15-0.93). Conclusion and Recommendation: This study found that gender based violence is still a common problem among high school female students. The prevalence of current and life time physical and sexual violence among female students was high. So, school and community based services like awareness creation for both male and female students on GBV and laws related with GBV should be strengthened.

Introduction: Menstrual hygiene management has not received adequate attention in the reproductive health sectors in developing countries. In Africa the practice of menstrual hygiene management is still poor and the issue is under estimated. Due to poor menstrual hygiene management the adolescent girls are exposed for reproductive tract infection, school absenteeism and increase school dropout rate. Objectives: To assess the practice of menstrual hygiene and associated factors among female Mehalmeda high school students in Amhara regional state, Ethiopia. Methods: Institution based cross sectional study design conducted from April 01 to 30/2013 using multistage sampling technique. Four hundred ninety two study participants were selected and structured pretested questionnaire was used to collect information from the participants. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 16 Crude odds ratio (COR) and Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) was used to identify the association with p value <0.05 as significant. Result: Majority of the participants (90.9%) practiced good menstrual hygiene and had high level of menstrual hygiene knowledge. After bivariate analysis, the significant factors of menstrual hygiene were entered in to the multivariate model. It revealed that good menstrual hygiene was practiced among those participants who had high level of knowledge about menstrual hygiene (OR 5.78: 95% CI,, teachers as source of information (OR 7.64: 95% CI, 2.16-27.03) and access for water (OR 6.5: 95% CI, 2.08-20.32) and urban place of residence (OR 2.38: 95% CI, 1.137, 3.05). Conclusion: Majority of the participants had high level of menstrual hygiene knowledge practiced good menstrual hygiene. Different factors affect the practice of menstrual hygiene such as source of information, access of water and knowledge about menstrual hygiene.

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is recommended the first six months after birth as one of cost effective interventions in saving children's lives. Objective: To determine the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding and describe the common foods introduced to infants before 6months. Design: A prospective cohort study. Setting: Poor community of Moshi urban, Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania. Subjects: Women in their third trimester and were followed to 18 months after delivery. A questionnaire was used to collect information on maternal socio-demographics, delivery status and infant feeding practices at each visit. Maternal HIV status was checked at enrolment. Results: Out of 2231 women, with a live birth, 70% (1535) came back at least once after delivery and information on infant feeding were collected. 94% of the women were living below the poverty line. The prevalence of EBF at 1, 3 and up to 6 months was 48.8%, 22.0% and 0.2% respectively. Two percent of the infants were given semi-solids at 1 month, 35% at 3 months and 95% at 5 months. Water and cow's milk were the most common liquids introduced to infants by one month, while porridge, cow's milk and mtori were commonly introduced at 3 months. Conclusions: EBF up to 6 month is very rare in Kilimanjaro. There is an urgent need to strengthen community and health facility based EBF interventions so as to reach the 90% recommended coverage by the WHO. This will help in improving child survival and in attaining the Millennium Development Goal 4.

Wellbeing is the ultimate goal for everyone, not only for adolescence. Present study explored the relationships between gratitude and forgiveness with happiness among college student. A total of 81 undergarduate psychology students were recruited in this study from a private university in Jogjakarta. 29.6% (24) of the sample were males and 70.4% (57) were females. Regression analysis was used to predict the relationship between all variables. Regression analysis predict relationship between gratitude and forgiveness with happiness, explaining 28.9% of the variance (Adjusted R 2 = 0.289).Gratitude give the biggest contribution to happiness (= .536 p= .000), but forgiveness has no significance relationship to happiness (= .078, p= .414). This result means that gratitude is an important factor contributes to happiness among undergraduate student in this sample.

Introduction: In the absence of medical or obstetrical complications, pregnant women are encouraged to continue and maintain active lifestyles during their pregnancies. Benefits of exercise during pregnancy include; prevention of excessive gestational weight gain, gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, undergoing a caesarean section and reduced low back pain. The aim of the study was to obtain information on exercise practice among women attending antenatal care at the University Teaching Hospital (UTH) in Lusaka, Zambia and establish whether, educational level, number of pregnancies and cultural background had an influence on exercise practice during pregnancy. Methods: We collected data using a self-administered questionnaire in a cross sectional, exploratory study and summarized data using descriptive statistics. The chi-square test was used to test association between variables and the significance level was set at 5%. Results: Three hundred women participated in the survey. The majority of the respondents 74% (n=222) exhibited inadequate levels of knowledge on exercise and the type of ideal exercises. Exercise practice in relation to the educational levels was insignificant. However, cultural background had a significant association to the women's exercise practice (p-value 0.025). In addition, the number of pregnancies was positively associated to the women's exercise practice (p-value 0.01) during pregnancy. Conclusions: Pregnant women practice general physical activities of daily living such as walking and household chores during pregnancy. They do not know the specific antenatal exercises. Consequently, they are not able to practice the ideal exercise during pregnancy. This highlights the need for Physiotherapy personnel to be actively involved during antenatal to educate pregnant women on the ideal exercise activities.

The United States (U.S.) currently ranks number one in the world in both the quantity of privately owned guns and the rate of private gun ownership. These privately owned firearms, which include rifles, shotguns and handguns, are predominantly owned by middle-aged, 35-54, white men, but the gaps have been steadily closing over the years, especially depending on the type of firearm, in all areas including gender, age, race, education level, political affiliation and geographic location. Gun violence is a leading cause of injury death in the U.S. In examining gun violence and potentially reducing its incidence, this article reviews gun ownership, access and utilization in the U.S., outcomes of gun violence, and the impact of community involvement in reducing gun violence. Specific areas of focus include the current state of background checks, with a focus on mental illness, and the role of medical professionals in guiding gun policy development. Gun violence continues to negatively impact the safety of individuals, families and communities. This article will emphasize the importance of social mobilization in enacting meaningful changes in gun policy and the development of relationships among healthcare professionals, social workers, and community members so as to further reduce and/or prevent gun violence.

Research evidence indicates that the household environment has significant implications for the health of the members of the household. The objective of this study was to assess selected sanitation and hygiene practices in relation to the prevalence of childhood diarrhoea in households with children under-five years from the Ghanaian setting. A systematic random sampling approach was used to select 378 households from two communities each in the urban and peri-urban areas of the Atwima Nwabiagya District of Ghana respectively. Structured questionnaires and observation schedules were used to collect quantitative data from mothers and analyzed using chi-square and odds ratios (OR). The study showed that private latrine possession was low (10%) and sanitation facilities used by households were largely unimproved (90%). Children who lived in households which had water closets (WCs) in their dwellings recorded the lowest diarrhoea prevalence rate (11.1%) whereas the highest rate was recorded in households where the WCs were located outside the dwelling. Childhood diarrhoea was most prevalent (36%) for children whose mothers reported that they did not wash their hands with water and soap after defecation. It is proposed that adequate sanitation and hygiene education be given to mothers of children under-five years in the district and further research carried into socio-demographic and behavioral determinants of childhood diarrhoea.

Aside from the role of family and peer groups, social media is also one of the major agents of sexual socialization in adolescents. Since it is relatively easy to connect to the internet these days, these people now have a wider access to pornographic content that could trigger them to engage in risky sexual behaviors. This review aimed to provide an analysis of the influence of social media exposure on adolescent’s sexual attitudes and behavior as well as describe limitations of the studies being reviewed. This study was based on several electronic databases namely Google Scholar, Science Direct, Proquest Health and Medical Complete, Proquest Science and Pscycholgy Journals, and PubMed, from 2011 to 2018, which revealed a total of 1351 research articles, with only 21 articles meeting the inclusion criterias and reviews. The result showed higher percentage of studies under reviewed mention the effect of social media exposure are related to sexual attitudes, behaviors, initiation and...

Introduction: Nurses routinely perform activities which are repetitive, labour intensive and involve direct contact with patients. Such activities have been shown to be risk factors for the development of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. The prevalence of these conditions amongst nurses in Zambia is not well established. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders within the last year among nurses at the University Teaching Hospital, in Lusaka, Zambia, and to establish the demographic characteristics and perceived job tasks associated with this outcome. Methods: Data were collected using a structured questionnaire in a cross sectional survey. Stata version 12.0 was used to analyze the data. Associations between factors and the presence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders were tested using a multivariate logistic regression model and reported using odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results: The 12months period prevalence for work-related musculoskeletal disorders was 68.9% in 267 nurses who took part in the study (95% confidence interval 63.1-74.2). The ankles and feet were the most commonly affected body part 54.8% (n=101) followed by the low back 53.3% (n=98). Most respondents (44.7% n=93) had their first experience within five years of graduation. Decreased height, increased weight and years of professional experience, full time position, working in the same position for a long period and adjusting for bed height were among factors identified as associated with work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Conclusion: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are common among nurses at the University Teaching Hospital. We recommend that education on prevention and coping strategies for work-related musculoskeletal disorders be introduced and encouraged to promote work efficiency and well-being.

Maleinvolvement in reproductive health has recently been promoted as a promising new strategy for improving maternal and child health. This is becausetheinvolvement of men in antenatal care can play a vital role in ensuring safe pregnancy, delivery and moral support to the women.However, little attention has been placed on male parnersinvolvement in maternity care in developing countries, including Ethiopia. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess male partners' involvement in maternal ANC care and identify its associated factors among pregnant women attending their ANC in Harari Regional State of Ethiopia. Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted among 385 randomly selected ANC attendees in Harari public health institutions from February to May 2011.Data were collected using interview based questions; which was then entered into Epidata and analyzed using SPSS. Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was calculated to assess factors associated with male accompany at p<0.05. The result showed that only 19.7% of the women were found to be accompanied by their spouse during their recent visit to ANC. Being a housewife (AOR=2.6, 95% CI; (1.2, 5.8)), rural residents (AOR=2.7, 95% CI; (1.2, 6.0)) and women unsupportive of male involvement in maternal care (AOR= 3.5, 95% CI; (1.2, 10)) were more likely associated with unaccompanying male partners. The major reasons reported by women for not being accompanied by their male partnerswere: a pretext that males being preoccupied with work, lack of awareness on the possible complication during pregnancy, misconception that the ANC is the concern of women's only, males' feeling shame to accompany them on visit and lack of responsibility. In general, the involvement of male partners in maternal ANC service was found to be low in the study area. Empowering women to have open discussion with their partners about maternal health issues and creating awareness in utilizing ANC could improve male involvement in ANC in the region.

Asking patients what they think how they feel about the health service they have received is an important step towards improving the quality of care and, ensuring that local health services are meeting clients needs and expectations. Facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April 1-7, 2019 in randomly selected primary hospitals found in Guraghe zone. There were 266 randomly selected patients who attended the primary hospitals were participated in the study. Data was collected using a interviewer-administered structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Multiple logistic regression analysis used to identify predictors of patient satisfaction. The overall of patient satisfaction level with the health service provided at the outpatient departments of the primary hospitals was 66.5% (95% C.I. 60.8%-72.2%). waiting time (AOR 3.65), informing patients about cause of illness (AOR, 2.46) and waiting area cleanliness (AOR 2.33) were among the significant predictors of patients satisfaction. Acknowledging the limitation of the cross-sectional study design findings of this study indicate that waiting time, telling the cause of illness, cleanliness of the waiting area are important predictors of patient satisfaction.

Maleinvolvement in reproductive health has recently been promoted as a promising new strategy for improving maternal and child health. This is becausetheinvolvement of men in antenatal care can play a vital role in ensuring safe pregnancy, delivery and moral support to the women.However, little attention has been placed on male parnersinvolvement in maternity care in developing countries, including Ethiopia. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess male partners' involvement in maternal ANC care and identify its associated factors among pregnant women attending their ANC in Harari Regional State of Ethiopia. Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted among 385 randomly selected ANC attendees in Harari public health institutions from February to May 2011.Data were collected using interview based questions; which was then entered into Epidata and analyzed using SPSS. Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was calculated to assess factors associated with male accompany at p<0.05. The result showed that only 19.7% of the women were found to be accompanied by their spouse during their recent visit to ANC. Being a housewife (AOR=2.6, 95% CI; (1.2, 5.8)), rural residents (AOR=2.7, 95% CI; (1.2, 6.0)) and women unsupportive of male involvement in maternal care (AOR= 3.5, 95% CI; (1.2, 10)) were more likely associated with unaccompanying male partners. The major reasons reported by women for not being accompanied by their male partnerswere: a pretext that males being preoccupied with work, lack of awareness on the possible complication during pregnancy, misconception that the ANC is the concern of women's only, males' feeling shame to accompany them on visit and lack of responsibility. In general, the involvement of male partners in maternal ANC service was found to be low in the study area. Empowering women to have open discussion with their partners about maternal health issues and creating awareness in utilizing ANC could improve male involvement in ANC in the region.

Background: Unsafe abortion is a significant cause of maternal mortality and morbidity globally. In 2005, the Ethiopian penal code was amended to permit abortion under specific circumstances to minimize the problem. However, its practice is hampered by lack of awareness of the revised criminal code and access to the service. Methods: Institution based cross-sectional qualitative and quantitative study has been conducted to assess awareness and attitude of university and college female students&#39; to the law. A sample of 845 students from one university and three colleges of Arba Minch town were selected by multistage sampling method. Data entry, cleaning and coding were performed using SPSS version 16 and analyzed with the same soft ware. Associations between dependent and independent variables were tested using logistic regression. P-values &gt; 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant in all cases. Result: Twenty three (43%) among 54 pregnancies were reported as ende...

Background: Though gender inequality is often cite as a barrier to improving maternal overall condition in developing countries, little attention has been given in understanding how a woman's position within their household may affect the living situation of them. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess household decision making status of women in Dabat destrict. Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted in April 2009 in Dabat, North West Ethiopia .The study was conducted in Dabat Rural Health Project (DRHP). A total of 948 currently married women were include in the study. Semi-structured questionnaire & focused group discussions (FGDs) were used to collect the data. It was entered in EPINFO version 2000 and analyzed using SPSS for Windows version 15.0. Result: With 100% response rate, 15.5% women involved in all areas of decision, and 5.9% were in any of it. Women education, annual household income and residence were also main determinants for women's position in household decision. Conclusion and Recommendation: Women's positions in the household were low in Dabat compared to EDHS 2005. Hence, empowering women through education and designing income generating activities may be helpful for improving women's household position.

The current study was designed to identify the morbidity pattern of outpatients attending Urban Health Training Centre in an urban area of a medical college in Srinagar, Pauri Garhwal district, Uttarakhand, North India. The present study record-based retrospective study was conducted among the outpatients attending the regular clinic at the Urban Health Training Centre, of a medical college in Srinagar city of Uttarakhand State of North India during the study period of one year in 2014. Data was retrieved from the OPD registers maintained at the clinic. Data was collected pertaining to socio-demographic profile, morbidity details and treatment pattern. Diseases were identified using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) code. Descriptive analysis was done. During the study period, a total of 9343 subjects attended the OPD. Among them, majority of them (60%) were females. More than half (56 %) belonged to the age group of 35-65 year age-group. The association of disease classification was found to be statistically significant with respect to gender. The leading morbidity of communicable disease was found to be certain infectious and parasitic diseases especially Typhoid whereas musculoskeletal system and connective tissue disorders were the most common cause among morbidity due to NCDs. Out of all, typhoid was found to cause maximum of morbidity among the subjects. The present study highlights the morbidity pattern of communicable and NCDs among the population of hilly areas of Garhwal, Uttarakhand India. Priority should be preferred for the regular tracking of diseases in terms of preventive and promotive aspects. Morbidity in the outdoor clinics reflects the emerging trend of mixed disease spectrum burden comprising communicable and non-communicable diseases.

This survey designed to evaluate the satisfaction level and the factors that affect the patient satisfaction regarding health care delivery services with the aim to improve the services in the primary health care settings of Gujranwala. A Cross Sectional Study done on randomly selected patients attending the basic health units of Gujranwala, with more than18 years of age. Pretested structured &quot;Liker scale questionnaire&quot; was used for data collection. Out of total respondents, 62 (41.3%) clients were satisfied with the services provided by the basic health units of Gujranwala. The factors identified to determine patient satisfaction were accessibility of services, behavior of staff, health education, level of cleanliness, drug availability and miscellaneous services. Not a single ranked area of satisfaction noticed. Client&#39;s occupation and income had significant relationship with the patient satisfaction level. Gender, age, and education of clients were not contributing ...

The infant feeding decision is complex and involves the influence of psychological, social, and economic factors, and health care system. This study aimed to determine the contribution of knowledge on breastfeeding among nonworking mothers. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. A total of 173 nonworking mothers with babies between 0-6 months who joined the mother support group (MSG) program participated in this study. The results showed that knowledge has significant influence on breastfeeding practice among the non working mothers (beta= .21, p= .01). MSG may be a suitable method to promote breastfeeding among Indonesian mothers.

Background: Adolescents are among the nutritionally vulnerable group due to their nutritional demand for pubertal spurt. At this age, adequate nutrition, nutritional education, and counseling are very important to halt the consequence and its impact on this segment of the population. So, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and its associated factors of nutritional status among high school adolescents aged 10-19 years in Debre Tabor Town, South Gondar Zone, and North central Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from September to October 2017. A total of 349 high school adolescents were selected by using simple random sampling. Data were collected through face to face interview and physical measurement. The data were entered into Epi info version 7 software and then exported into SPSS version 20 software for further analysis. A p-value < 0.2 was used to select independent variables for multivariable logistic regression. A p-value ≤0.05 was used to declare the statistical significance. Also, odd ratios were calculated with a 95% of the confidence interval to check the existence of the association. Result: A total of 327 adolescents participated in this study with the overall response rate of 93.69%. The magnitude of stunting and thinness was 15% (

Obesity is a significant public health crisis affecting millions of children globally. The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence and associated factors of overweight/obesity among school children in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). This was a descriptive crosssectional study among school children and adolescents (n= 1442) from Kinshasa selected using multistage sampling method. A structured questionnaire was used to collect behavioral data. The WHO AnthroPlus was used to calculate BMI (body mass index). SPSS version 21 was used for data analysis. Potential covariates were examined using chi-square tests followed by multivariate logistic regression analyzes The study found that out of 1442 students, 72% of the sample was at a healthy weight, 15% were underweight and nearly 13% were overweight or obese. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher in girls as compared with boys. The results of multivariate logistic regressions showed that the gender of children, category of age, percent body fat, eating fruits and vegetables, and physical activity levels were significantly associated with childhood overweight/obesity. One in eight children and adolescents (12.8%) aged 6 to 18 years in Kinshasa going to primary and secondary schools were either overweight or obese.

Aside from the role of family and peer groups, social media is also one of the major agents of sexual socialization in adolescents. Since it is relatively easy to connect to the internet these days, these people now have a wider access to pornographic content that could trigger them to engage in risky sexual behaviors. This review aimed to provide an analysis of the influence of social media exposure on adolescent&#39;s sexual attitudes and behavior as well as describe limitations of the studies being reviewed. This study was based on several electronic databases namely Google Scholar, Science Direct, Proquest Health and Medical Complete, Proquest Science and Pscycholgy Journals, and PubMed, from 2011 to 2018, which revealed a total of 1351 research articles, with only 21 articles meeting the inclusion criteria and reviews. The result showed higher percentage of studies under reviewed mention the effect of social media exposure are related to sexual attitudes, behaviors, initiation ...

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in Indonesia has a psychological impact among health workers who are working in hospital and caring for patients with positive COVID-19. This study aimed to examines the psychological impact among health workers in effort to facing the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in Indonesia. Snowball sampling technique was employed to gather the sample in the eight islands. The health workers were responded to the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS-42) questionnaire, with the total of 644 respondents. The results of this study showed that about 65.8% of respondents experienced anxiety due to COVID-19 outbreak, There were 3.3% experienced extremely severe anxiety and 33.1% experienced mild anxiety. Whereas those experienced stress due to COVID-19 outbreak were 55%, extremely severe stress levels were 0.8% and mild stress were 34.5%. Health workers who experienced depression were 23.5%. There were 0.5% with very severe depression and mild depressio...

Patient satisfaction is a useful measure to provide an indicator of quality in healthcare services. Concern over the quality of healthcare services in Bangladesh has led to loss of faith in healthcare providers, low utilization of public health facilities, and increasing outflow of Bangladeshi patients to hospitals in abroad. The main barriers to accessing health services are inadequate services and poor quality of existing facilities, shortage of medicine supplies, busyness of doctors due to high patient load, long travel distance to facilities, and long waiting times once facilities were reached, very short consultation time, lack of empathy of the health professionals, their generally callous and casual attitude, aggressive pursuit of monetary gains, poor levels of competence and, occasionally, disregard for the suffering that patients endure without being able to voice their concerns—all of these service failures are reported frequently in the print media. Such failures can play...

Nurses are a profession that has a high risk burnout. This condition will have an impact on the performance and quality of nursing services. Efforts should be made to minimize burnout for nurses. Management of the nurse&#39;s work environment is one that can be done by the nurse manager. This study aims to identify the effect of the implementation of the nurse&#39;s work environment by the head of the care unit on nurse burnout. This study uses a quasi-experimental design with a pre and post test with control group approach. Respondents involved in this study consisted of 16 heads of care units and 170 nurses who were divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group conducted training and implementation of the nurse&#39;s work environment at the head of the care unit, and burnout measurements on nurses. The control group carried out the implementation of the nurse&#39;s work environment that is commonly applied according to hospital policies at the head of the ca...

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of relaxation progressive muscle program on exercise behavior and clinical outcomes among Patients with Hypertension in a Community Setting, in Indonesia. A quasi-experimental, two group, pre-test and post-test design was used in this study. The experimental group received relaxation progressive muscle program, whereas the control group did not receive the program. 30 subjects in the experimental group and 30 subjects in the control group completed the program, respectively. The results of this study indicated that significantly differences on exercise behavior (p = 0.000), blood pressure level (p = 0.000) and cholesterol total level (p = 0.000) between the experimental group and control group. The relaxation progressive muscle program was absolutely effective to improve the exercise behavior, blood pressure level and cholesterol total level among patients with hypertension. Further studies should be recognized by using larger groups over a longer time frame and Health care providers also should focus in promoting this program among patients with hypertension

Aside from the role of family and peer groups, social media is also one of the major agents of sexual socialization in adolescents. Since it is relatively easy to connect to the internet these days, these people now have a wider access to pornographic content that could trigger them to engage in risky sexual behaviors. This review aimed to provide an analysis of the influence of social media exposure on adolescent&#39;s sexual attitudes and behavior as well as describe limitations of the studies being reviewed. This study was based on several electronic databases namely Google Scholar, Science Direct, Proquest Health and Medical Complete, Proquest Science and Pscycholgy Journals, and PubMed, from 2011 to 2018, which revealed a total of 1351 research articles, with only 21 articles meeting the inclusion criteria and reviews. The result showed higher percentage of studies under reviewed mention the effect of social media exposure are related to sexual attitudes, behaviors, initiation ...

COVID-19 is an emergency public health issue and home quarantine can prevent the transmission. Quarantine restricts the people&#39;s mobility and it has a silent impact on physical, psychological and economical aspect. The purpose was to explore the impact of home quarantine among the general population in Bangladesh. This was a descriptive type of cross sectional survey with 600 samples from different district of Bangladesh by convenient sampling with a structured and language validated questionnaire. The results indicate the huge impact of home quarantine. Among 600 participants, 71.7% (n=430) showed impact on their psychological health, 48.5% (n=291) physical health and 82.5% (n=495) on their economy. Study showed strong association between gender and psychological impact (p&lt;0.01) and very strong association between living area and their psychological impact (p&lt;0.00).There has also very strong association between their occupation and impact on their economy (p&lt;0.00). Hom...

The corona virus pandemic in Indonesia has a psychological impact among health workers who are working in hospital and caring for patients with positive COVID-19. This study aimed to examines the psychological impact among health workers in effort to facing the corona virus pandemic (COVID-19) in Indonesia. In this study samples were health workers taken by spreaded in 8 islands in Indonesia uses snowball sampling technique. They were responded to the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS-42) questionnaire, with the total of 644 respondents. The results of this study showed that about 65.8% of respondents experienced anxiety due to COVID-19 outbreak, There were 3.3% experienced extremely severe anxiety and 33.1% experienced mild anxiety. Whereas those experienced stress due to COVID-19 outbreak were 55%, extremely severe stress levels were 0.8% and mild stress were 34.5%. Health workers who experienced depression were 23.5%. There were 0.5% with very severe depression and mild depr...

There has been increasing focus on efficiency measurement in health sector around the world. This empirical study aims at measuring efficiency level of non-profit private organization by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) in the health sector of Pakistan. DEA is non-parametric linear programming based approach for homogeneous decision making units. Layton Rehmatullah Benevolent Trust (non-profit private organization) is the subject matter for investigational analysis constituting over 16 sub-units spreading across the country. Secondary data of number of patient beds, specialists and nurses in all the 16 branches of LRBT hospitals has been used applying quantitative specification tool, both scale and technical efficiency levels in an environment where multiple of inputs and outputs are in place, has been used for final evaluation. The outcomes so expected will help policy makers to formulate effective plans and programs in order to enhance the efficiency of health measures conducted by non-profit private organizations.

There has been increasing focus on efficiency measurement in health sector around the world. This empirical study aims at measuring efficiency level of non-profit private organization by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) in the health sector of Pakistan. DEA is non-parametric linear programming based approach for homogeneous decision making units. Layton Rehmatullah Benevolent Trust (non-profit private organization) is the subject matter for investigational analysis constituting over 16 sub-units spreading across the country. Secondary data of number of patient beds, specialists and nurses in all the 16 branches of LRBT hospitals has been used applying quantitative specification tool, both scale and technical efficiency levels in an environment where multiple of inputs and outputs are in place, has been used for final evaluation. The outcomes so expected will help policy makers to formulate effective plans and programs in order to enhance the efficiency of health measures conducted by non-profit private organizations.

This study was conducted in January 2013 to identify risk factors associated with diarrhea morbidity among children younger than 5 years in the Atwima Nwabiagya District, Ghana. A total of 378 households were drawn from four Atwima Nwabiagya District communities in the dry season using a systematic random sampling strategy. Quantitative data was collected from eligible households using interviewer-administered questionnaires and spot-checks. The relationships of socio-demographic, environmental, and behavioral factors with childhood diarrhea were assessed via logistic regression. The mother's age [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.52, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.11-11.16] and educational level (aOR = 4.77, 95% CI = 1.85-12.28) and frequent playing on the bare ground with soil by the index child (aOR = 3.14, 95% CI = 1.40-7.05) were significant risk factors of childhood diarrhea. Water storage outside of the dwelling was significantly associated with a lower risk of diarrhea (aOR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.19-0.89). In the study communities, we recommend providing more education to mothers regarding environmentally-related disease transmission mechanisms, encouraging safe disposal of children's stools, discouraging children from playing with soil on bare floors, and promoting safe drinking water storage.

Background: In Ethiopia, intestinal parasitoses are among the ten top causes of morbidity, particularly in children. Different studies in the country reported a high prevalence rate of intestinal parasite in school children, but the epidemiological information in Azezo area is not yet available. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, intensity and associated risk factors of intestinal parasites among school children of Azezo. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 10 to June 30, 2008, on 354 students selected from Atse Fasil General Elementary School in Azezo-Gondar town, northwest Ethiopia using stratified proportionate random sampling method. A stool sample was collected from each student for intestinal parasite examination using direct saline preparation, formol-ether concentration, and Kato-thick smear techniques. Data regarding socio-demographic, environmental and behavioral factors were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire; they were cleaned, entered and analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 soft ware. Results: Out of the 354 students examined, 258 (72.9%) were positive for one or more species of parasites. The prevalence rate was 78.9% for males and 68.6% for females. The most common parasites recovered were Schistosoma mansoni 154 (43.5%) followed by Ascaris lumbricoides 102(28.8%) and Trichuris trichiura 64(18.1%). Eleven students (3.1%) showed heavy parasitic infection. Sex, poor personal hygiene, lack of protective shoe, and frequent swimming habits showed statistically significant association with high rates of parasitic infections (P<0.05). Conclusion and recommendation: The high prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among school children in the study area indicates the need for therapeutic intervention and health education.

It is possible to achieve the above development goals, if disposable income, especially of the poor, is increased. A joint research project in Bangladesh was initiated by BRAC and ICDDR,B to evaluate the extent to which socioeconomic development engineered through microcredit might enhance maternal and child health programs and to determine the impact of rural community development programs on community well-being. We conducted a systematic review on BRAC-ICDDR,B Joint Research Project Working Paper Series. The series contained 32 working papers out of which we only selected papers that examined or had references to maternal and child health (n=13). We developed a checklist based on the Transparent Report of Evaluations with Nonrandomized Designs (TREND) criteria. The BRAC papers show promising positive linkages between implementation of microcredit programs in rural areas and (1) increase in income, (2) increase in health status and (3) improvement in women's health. The assumption that increasing women's empowerment through income and education leads to improvements health and survival is referred a number of times in the BRAC studies, however, this assumption has not been tested in well controlled intervention studies and further independent research needs to be conducted in order to test the hypotheses set out by the BRAC papers. The data from BRAC is a unique opportunity to examine pre and post intervention of the impact of microcredit and such data sets can provides researchers with the prospect of conducting continuous rigorous research in the country.

Pulmonary tuberculosis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world, including Indonesia. In South Kalimantan, an increasing incidence of tuberculosis up to the year 2010 which were taken using a smear-positive reached 3,237 cases, the largest was in Banjarmasin city which reached 642 cases and the detection rate still low, which is 52, 1%. To investigate the relationship among environmental risk factors of the house (residential density, the air temperature, humidity, ventilation, and natural lighting), smoking behavior and alcohol consumption among tuberculosis patients with the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in Banjarmasin city. This study was an analytic observational with case control study. The subjects were tuberculosis patients with smear-positive as a case group and smear-negative as a control group. Residential density, the air temperature, ventilation, natural lighting, smoking behavior and alcohol consumption significantly associated with the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in Banjarmasin city. While the humidity was not significantly associated. The most dominant risk factors in the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in Banjarmasin city were inappropriate of the air temperature in subjects with a history of household contact with tuberculosis patient, natural lighting, and house ventilation.

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection affects nutrition through increases in resting energy expenditure, reduction in food intake, nutrient malabsorption and loss, and complex metabolic alterations that culminates in weight loss and wasting common in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. This study sought to assess body composition of adults living with HIV. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 63 adults living with HIV in two cities in Ghana. Socio-demographic information was obtained with a questionnaire. Body composition was measured with the deuterium dilution method and with anthropometry. Data analysis was done by SPSS version 16.0. Descriptive statistics and frequencies and percentages were calculated. The independent sample t-test was used for comparisons between groups. Differences were considered significant at p < 0.05. Results: Median (interquartile range) body mass index was within normal for both males (20.6, [18.9, 21.6 kg/m 2 ]) and females (21.6; [19.8, 24.9 kg/m 2 ]). Underweight (7.9%) and overweight (19.0%) were however prevalent. Males have significantly higher median fat free mass than females (52.7 kg versus 40.1 kg; p<0.0001) kg whereas females have a significantly higher fat mass (27.5% versus 12.2%; p<0.0001), and high abdominal obesity (49.0%). Almost 21% and 8% of participants have depleted fat free mass and fat mass respectively. Conclusion: The study demonstrates some level of malnutrition among the study participants. This underscores the importance of monitoring body composition in people living with HIV. Measurements of waist and hip circumferences should form part of the assessment tools. This will help in identifying those on antiretroviral treatment that are at risk of developing abdominal obesity and thereby supporting the need for modifying treatment regimens when necessary. In addition, regular screening for hypertension, diabetes and other indicators of metabolic abnormalities is recommended.

Novel coronavirus (nCoV) has created a new challenging situation all over the world. In Bangladesh, people are facing some difficulties to response the emergencies. There are so many people who are lacking of proper quarantine information and knowledge about prevention practices towards coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19 has created an experience of mental disorder like depression, anxiety, and stress. Although social media, newspaper, news, television has focused on this issue, still there is to be needed to identify the psychological effects like negative impact on our mind and behavioral changes during lockdown. An online survey of 248 respondents was conducted between April, 15 2020 and May, 15 2020. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between higher knowledge of public regarding safety measures and depression among the adult population of Bangladesh during lockdown. This study focused on correlation between knowledge level and mental health condition...

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a health problem in Indonesia. The entire region of Indonesia at risk of contracting dengue disease. The study aims to prove the effect of modifications ovitrap rekattidiri on the density of larvae (HI: House Index, CI: Container Index and BI: Breteu Index) as well as comparing the differences between the mean larvae trapped between ovitrap Rekattidiri with standard ovitrap. Using a quasi experimental design, time series experimental design with Control group. Population subjects were Aedes aegypti at the endemic sites in Pontianak, West Borneo. The results showed larval density index in the intervention area decreased each ie HI from 26% to 3%, CI of 6.95% to 2.19 %, and BI from 29% to 13%. The number of larvae trapped in ovitrap rekattidiri ie 70% (12,770 larvae) more than the standard ovitrap in the control and intervention, namely: 17% (3,057 larvae) and 13% (2,334 larvae). It is concluded that there are significant modifications Rekattidiri ovitrap against larval density index (HI p-value: 0.025, CI p-value: 0.052, BI value of p: 0.04) and there are differences between the mean larvae trapped in ovitrap Rekattidiri and standard ovitrap with p value: 0.001.

The physical activity among elderly has been associated with reduction of risk from all-cause mortality and improve physical, mental, and social well-being. The objectives were to determine the physical activity status among elderly in Samarahan Division, Sarawak and its association with socio - demographic characteristics and nutritional status. A cross-sectional study was carried out on 199 elderly, aged between 60 to 90 years, from rural area in Samarahan Division (Asajaya and Simunjan district). Socio-demographic characteristic was taken via questionnaire, nutritional status and body composition of the elderly was measured using anthropometric measurement, and physical activity using pedometer. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS version 26. The proportion of physically active among elderly was 12.6% and mean daily steps are 3946 steps (SD=1669 steps). Multiple linear regressions revealed that age, BMI, and sex were significant associated with physical activity. Lack of physical a...

There is a consensus on the relationship between Malaria Prevalence (MP) and Environmental Factors (EF); however, there is a dearth of published data providing this evidence in a quantifiable way. This community based study was undertaken to identify the magnitude of the relationship between MP and key environmental factors in Okelele, Ilorin East Local Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria. A multi-staged sampling procedure was adopted for the selection of 501 children from 200 households. Children under the age of 14 years in the selected households were sampled to obtain baseline MP using malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test (mRDT) kit. Key household informant interviews and structured questionnaire were used. Relevant socio-demographic characteristics of the households, EF and non EF were determined. Acquired data was analyzed using statistical tools to determine the relationship between various independent variables and mRDT. Variables were also entered into a multiple regression eq...

In the last decade, vaccination has reduced a quarter of child deaths worldwide. Vaccination coverage increased, but the coverage remains low in the hard-to-reach population. We searched articles from Pubmed MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Science Direct to systematically review interventions to improve children&#39;s vaccination coverage in hard-to-reach populations. The expected outcome was vaccination coverage, which mentioned Odds Ratio, mean difference, or difference-in-difference with a 95% CI or p- value. Out of 102 articles identified, five articles from four different countries met the inclusion criteria.  Four of the five studies reported a positive impact in increasing vaccination coverage. Interventions that showed good effectiveness in increasing the coverage of childhood immunizations were the application of mHealth given to vaccinators, multiple interventions involving the community, modification of immunization schedules during outreach activities, and immunizat...

Stigmatization of persons living with HIV (PLWH) did by health professionals including nurses. Stigma was a barrier of nurses to implement nursing care to PLWH patients. The purpose of this study was to make model of reducing stigma among nurses particularly in the hospital, district of Banyuwangi, Indonesia. Design used in this study was analytical observational. The population was all nurses who worked in 4 hospitals in Banyuwangi of Indonesia. Total sample recruited were 77 respondents. Data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by using Smart PLS (Partial Least Squares). The result showed that stigma existed among nurses particularly on labelling and stereotyping to PLWH patient. Transcultural components had influence to nurses’ stigma on HIV and AIDS patients; there were jobs factor, facilities factor, values factor, and knowledge factor. Stigmatizing attitudes were found among nurses with quite satisfied. It can be concluded to reduce the stigma of nurses by intervening...