Portuguese Linguistics

The purpose of this article is to discuss the relation between the presence of agreement marks and null subjects in contemporary European and Brazilian Portuguese based on very recent samples of speech collected in Lisbon and Rio de Janeiro. In order to bring additional evidence to support the analysis, we will briefly review the issues involving the Null Subject in Romance Languages and some diachronic and synchronic analyses which distinguish Brazilian and European Portuguese as far as null subjects are concerned. We will finally show that recent samples of spoken European and Brazilian Portuguese confirm the stability of EP as a null subject language and the change affecting referential subjects in BP. 0. Introduction This article provides a discussion related to the presence or absence of person and number morphemes to express the agreement between verb and subject in Brazilian and in European Portuguese. It has been a general belief that standard European Portuguese (EP) exhibits agreement verb marks systematically, whereas in Brazilian Portuguese (BP) it is a variable rule, constrained by structural and social factors, especially as far as third person plural is concerned. Our main focus it to show that null subjects in EP and BP are quantitatively and qualitatively different as the change affecting the representation of referential subjects in BP, in favor of overt pronouns, proceeds.

En este trabajo se examina la variación dialectal en el vocalismo radical del perfecto de T R A H E R E, T R A X I, a partir de los datos del Atlas lingüístico de la Península Ibérica. Se comparan tres personas del verbo, se explora la profundidad histórica de cada variante y se proponen nuevas perspectivas para explicar el triunfo de la variante con /a/ y la recesión de la variante analógica.

Based on the multidimensional relationship that is formed between the concepts of curricular integration and teaching grammar, the reflection on the interrelationships between the different conceptions of curricular integration and the different approaches that grammar teaching and learning processes can take on in the first years of schooling is deepened. We approach, from the point of view of didactic reasoning, the great technical-didactic fields that the interface Curricular Integration/Didactic of Grammar determines in the school phase where the transversal character and the implicit grammatical dimension has a fundamental role: (i) descriptive/grammar linguistics of the word: phonologic word, morphologic word, semantic word and words classes; (ii) vocabulary teaching and learning; (iii) graphic and orthographic representation; (iv) descriptive/grammar linguistics of the phrase: morphosyntactic word and words groups; (v) textual linguistics-text grammar. It is proposed that adopting as a reference of epistemological-didactics the "Dicionário Terminológico (DT)" (Terminology Dictionary), the "Metas Curriculares de Português (MCP)" (Portuguese Curricular Standards) and the "Programas de Português do Ensino Básico (PPEB)", (Portuguese Programmes for Primary Schools), a practical proposal for curricular integration, materialized in the methodological option of the Didactic Unit as the definition of the integrated teaching and learning paths.

Thesaurus Polyglottus is a lexicographical work published in 1603 in Frankfurt am Main by a German linguist and historian, Hieronymus Megiser. It is a multilingual dictionary that contains more than 8 thousand articles displayed on almost 1600 pages. The Latin entries are followed by equivalents in various languages, mainly European. In each article the author presents as many equivalents as he was able to collect. Portuguese linguistic material is only represented in around 170 articles, which, however, does not make it any less interesting. The article exposes, at various levels (graphic-phonetic, morphological and semantic), the traits of the Portuguese words included in this work which are mostly botanical and zoological terms. Taking these factors into account, we also try to identify the possible sources of the Portuguese vocabulary, among which works of Conrad Gessner and Amato Lusitano from the 16 th century stand out.

RESUMO. No intuito de debater o condicionamento das normas sociais na implementação de novas formas linguísticas em uma comunidade de fala, discuto no presente trabalho a relação entre as atitudes de uma amostra de falantes do português brasileiro diante da plausibilidade da adoção de estratégias para uma linguagem não-binária, abarcando-se a possibilidade de inserção na gramática desta língua de neopronomes, e suas percepções sobre essa mesma linguagem. Com respaldo na ideia de que em todas as sociedades circulam ideologias linguísticas, entendidas como compreensões socialmente incorporadas sobre a natureza, a estrutura e os usos linguísticos, parto da premissa sociolinguística da percepção enquanto julgamento do interlocutor, ao correlacionar fatores sociais a traços sociolinguísticos, constituindo um padrão de consciência social na comunidade. E, por seu turno, atitudes enquanto reações, positivas ou negativas, desse interlocutor diante da possibilidade de implementação de novas formas pronominais para gênero. A discussão parte de um experimento piloto offline feito com 144 participantes, que responderam a um questionário online contendo questões sobre (a) seu perfil social, (b) suas percepções quanto ao uso dos pronomes canônicos de terceira pessoa, os quais exprimem marca de gênero na língua, (c) suas percepções sobre mudança linguística e gênero gramatical, e, por fim, (d) sua opinião diante do uso de pronomes não-binários. Os resultados da amostra demonstram divergência entre suas atitudes, motivadas por ideologias linguísticas conservadoras, e suas percepções linguísticas, que tenderam a ser progressistas. Palavras-chave: atitudes linguísticas; percepção linguística; ideologia linguística; pronomes não-binários.

This paper is about the semantics and the syntax of aspectual verbs in European and Brazilian Portuguese. Some of these verbs select a+Infinitive in the European variety whereas the same verbs select that structure and Gerund in the Brazilian variety. We show that this discrepancy can be explained in semantic and syntactic grounds due to the different nature of the semantic 'input' (stative or eventive), the availability of tense constructions and the functional structure of the embedded domain. Another group of aspectual verbs do not differ in their syntactic structure in the two varieties as their structure (de+Infinitive) is the same, although syntactically different from a+ Infinitive, but they do differ in their semantics and also in the selection of different verbs.

Source of funding: CAPES Conflict of interest: non-existent attitudes. These are monitored cognitively 6 and are conveyed, therefore, in a clear and intentional manner 7. Irony, doubt, and certainty are examples of attitudes. When studying the relationship between prosody and attitudes, several authors have found that different attitudes can be expressed from the same sentence by reorganizing the prosodic parameters of duration, intensity and melodic variability 8-10. Moraes and Stein 8 have studied the attitudes of consideration, disdain, disappointment, irony, justification, obviousness and uncertainty. A single sentence was produced by an individual and underwent synthesis and re-synthesis processes, in addition to a perception test. The authors concluded that some attitudes are more marked by variations in fundamental frequency (F0), while others, by variations in the duration parameters.

This paper delves into the multifaceted role of reading in the acquisition of second language (L2) sounds, focusing on the dual engagement of learners as listeners and readers. It underscores the importance of auditory and written input in facilitating L2 sound acquisition and consolidation. By examining empirical studies and theoretical frameworks, the paper highlights how storytelling is a pivotal strategy in enriching learners' phonetic input, thereby influencing their oral production and comprehension skills. It discusses how storytelling captivates young learners' attention and enhances their engagement, providing them with a rich phonetic environment essential for the successful acquisition of L2 sounds. Additionally, the article explores the journey of L2 reading development, emphasizing the synergy between L1 and L2 proficiencies and the significant role of written texts in advancing reading skills, speed, and comprehension. It further examines the impact of attention and memory in learning, illustrating how focused engagement with linguistic input supports the development of phonetic categories and the overall L2 sound acquisition process. The challenges and strategies in teaching segmental and prosodic features of English to speakers of Brazilian Portuguese (BP) are also detailed, offering insights into the complexities of L2 sound development. The paper underscores the instrumental role of teachers in scaffolding L2 sound acquisition through reading, advocating for pedagogical practices that integrate storytelling, reading, and attention to phonetic details to facilitate a comprehensive and effective language learning experience. Finally, this paper claims that reading is a remarkable tool for fostering L2 sound acquisition as it combines the work with memory and attention and the possibility to enrich The twofold role of reading in enriching L2 phonetic input: scaffolding learning from storytelling to independent reading O duplo papel da leitura no enriquecimento do input fonético em L2: dando suporte à aprendizagem da contação de história à leitura independente Thaiza do Amaral Barros

In this paper we discuss the phenomenon of subject topics, consisting of the movement of either a genitive or a locative constituent into subject position in Brazilian Portuguese. This construction occurs with different verb classes, shows subject-verb agreement and precludes a resumptive pronoun. The goal of the present text is to account for its distribution. To do so, we argue that the two subclasses of unaccusative verbs found with genitive and locative topics instantiate some sort of secondary predication, and that only specific configurations allow for the movement of a constituent out of the argument structure domain. Finally, we address the comparative issue involved in explaining why the derivation of such a construction is not possible in European Portuguese.

The subject matter of the dissertation is the prosodic word. It bears on the organization of grammar and phonology, its interface with morphology and syntax, and the nature of phonological representations. Despite the reference to various other languages, it primarily focuses on European Portuguese (EP). A major result of this research is the identification of the phonological properties that constitute clear diagnostics for the prosodic word domain in EP and those that identify phonologically deficient units (clitics). As to the former, it is concluded that the prosodic word is richly cued in EP. Among the identified diagnostics for the prosodic word are: (i) many phonological processes (e.g. lowering in final stressless syllables closed by sonorant, final non-back vowel deletion, initial r-strengthening, initial vowel feature specification; (ii) prominence phenomena (e.g. word primary stress, secondary initial stress, focal stress); (iii) tonal phenomena (e.g. pitch accent assignment and distribution); (iv) phonotactic restrictions; and (v) constituent deletion processes (e.g. deletion under identity and clipping). Unlike in many other languages, such as German and English (Hall 1999b, Raffelsiefen 1999), EP prosodic words are not subject to a minimal size and do not bound resyllabification. As

This study undertakes a cross-linguistic comparison of reading and spelling acquisition in French, Portuguese and Spanish languages. It aims to examine several explanatory factors for the well-documented effect of language on the speed of reading and spelling development: differences in orthographic depth and complexity of syllabic structures. A longitudinal study was carried out with first graders in the three languages and with a common assessment procedure. Children were tested in October, February and May on letter knowledge, familiar word and simple pseudoword reading and spelling. Results show that all children were accurate in reading and spelling at the end of the first school year. Differences between languages are highlighted when rate of acquisition and linguistic variables such as lexicality, items length, or complexity of grapheme-phoneme correspondences and of the syllabic structure are considered. These differences will be discussed in the light of the explanatory factors mentioned. The present paper compares the early development of reading and spelling in three Romance languages, namely French, Portuguese and Spanish. Most cross-linguistic studies show a variation in the speed of acquisition of these abilities (

e Simone Auf der Maur Tomé. Deixamos ainda uma palavra de agradecimento a todos os que contribuíram para que este Encontro tivesse sido possível: o Centro de Linguística da Universidade do Porto, a Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto, a Associação Portuguesa da Linguística, a Porto Editora e os estudantes que colaboraram com a Comissão Organizadora. Ser professor envolve um conjunto amplo de competências profi ssionais que não dispensam o conhecimento, a refl exão, a transposição didática e a investigação-ação constantes sobre as aprendizagens que se desejam para os alunos, nem a formação e a informação específi ca em áreas disciplinares de referência. No caso do professor de Português, em particular, da linguística. Como se pretendia, o 3.º Encontro A Linguística na Formação do Professor: das teorias às práticas manteve o diálogo e a interseção de áreas vitais na formação do professor, em geral, e do professor de Português e de outras línguas, em particular, tendo proporcionado encontros de que brotaram projetos no sentido de reforçar uma formação específi ca no domínio das ciências da linguagem no âmbito do desenvolvimento profi ssional dos professores.

The main goal of this work is to describe how singular and plural indefinites without modification in preverbal subject position behave in generic contexts and how they relate to bare nouns in European Portuguese (EP). In what concerns the distribution of bare nouns (BN) in subject preverbal position without modifiers, a contrast between Germanic and Romance languages has been noticed: plural count nouns and mass nouns are grammatical in English, but not in French and they are quite restricted in Italian, Spanish and EP. Based on the criteria established by Dowty (1979) for distinguishing states from events and on the distinction proposed by Cunha (2004) between phase and non phase eventualities, we establish a correlation between the distribution of BN and Indefinites in preverbal subject position in EP and different types of predicates. Having summarized the patterns obtained by the data description, we combine (following Duarte et al. 2002 and Oliveira et al. 2006) the predicate ...

A 22 de marco, dia da Universidade do Porto, Oscar Lopes deixou-nos, mas a sua investigacao e a memoria do seu extraordinario saber e da sua enorme sensibilidade continuarao sempre a acompanhar-nos. Muitos conhecem as suas obras, muitos lhe podem chamar mestre e alguns tiveram o privilegio de o conhecer tambem e chamar amigo, mas lembrar Oscar Lopes e correr um enorme risco pois dificilmente seremos fieis ao essencial. Por isso me ocorrem estas suas palavras: “Nao confio em qualquer titulo de autorreconhecimento, porque tanto as nossas imagens a um espelho polido como as nossas imagens que os olhos alheios devolvem estao, nao apenas erradas na sua simetria axial, mas medusadas pelo reflexo inverso do nosso proprio olhar que fita, e que fixa, essas nossas imagens”. (Lopes, 1986:19-20) Oscar Lopes e muito mais conhecido pelos seus trabalhos de critica, ensaio e historia literarios, mas a sua extraordinaria faceta de linguista, embora menos conhecida ou ate acessivel, esta perfeitament...

A apreciacao critica cinematografica e um genero textual marcado porum conteudo tematico, um estilo caracteristico e uma estrutura composicionalespecifica, na qual, para alem da vertente informativa, constitui um traco definidora apreciacao do objeto cinematografico. A apreciacao supoe nao so uma avaliacao,positiva ou negativa, deste objeto, mas tambem as razoes desta avaliacao, o queimplica a utilizacao de categorias e estruturas linguisticas apropriadas a expressaode uma avaliacao positiva ou negativa e sua justificacao. Com o objetivo de definirate que ponto a analise de mecanismos linguisticos textuais, especialmente ossemânticos, e essencial para a textualizacao, em estreita correlacao com a organizacaointerna do texto, ambas tributarias das condicoes contextuais necessarias para a suarececao/producao, tratamos um corpus constituido por 12 criticas cinematograficasocorrentes no jornal Publico na sua edicao digital. Na analise do corpus estevesubjacente a delimitacao dos seguint...

This paper investigates the semantics of bare nominals (BNs) in Brazilian and in European Portuguese. More specifically, it addresses the constraints regarding their occurrence and interpretation in these languages, and evaluates their implications for the Nominal Mapping Parameter as proposed in Chierchia 1998. Chierchia's typology provides the theoretical background against which we investigate the matter. The paper claims-contra Chierchia-that count BNs may be argumental without denoting kinds. We also claim that the denotation of common nouns and Noun Phrases may vary from one language to the other and that this variation can explain typological differences across languages.

European Portuguese (EP) generally manifests a systematic use of the definite article with anthroponyms in communicative immediacy (in the sense of . In Brazilian Portuguese (BP), there is a well-documented variation in the use of determiners in these contexts. A vast body of literature on this phenomenon in BP varieties shows that -among other internal factors-the extralinguistic factor of proximity between speaker and referent crucially affects the usage of the definite article with anthroponyms (cf.

European Portuguese (EP) generally manifests a systematic use of the definite article with anthroponyms in communicative immediacy (in the sense of Koch & Oesterreicher, 1986). In Brazilian Portuguese (BP), there is a well-documented variation in the use of determiners in these contexts. A vast body of literature on this phenomenon in BP varieties shows that –among other internal factors– the extralinguistic factor of proximity between speaker and referent crucially affects the usage of the definite article with anthroponyms (cf. Amaral, 2007; Callou & Silva, 1997; Campos Júnior, 2010; de Carvalho, 2017; Lima & Moraes, 2019).This paper analyses the variable use of definite articles preceding anthroponyms in rural varieties of Madeiran Portuguese (MP) in contexts of communicative immediacy. The results of a qualitative and quantitative analysis based on a corpus of semi-directed interviews and free conversations between elderly rural speakers, suggest that in MP rural varieties, anth...

Егизарян П. Э. Ролевой дейксис в итальянском и португальском языках //  Труды молодых ученых. Сборник статей: Москва, МГУ имени М. В. Ломоносова, Филологический факультет. — М.: МАКС Пресс, 2017. — С. 58-65.

Ролевой дейксис​ — одна из основных составляющих дейктической системы.​ К ролевым дейктикам относятся различные языковые средства, указывающие на участников и неучастников коммуникации: личные местоимения, лица глагола, а также притяжательные местоимения. В работе рассматривается концепция ролевого дейксиса в лингвистической науке, а также приводятся результаты сравнения функционирования итальянских и португальских ролевых дейктических средств в художественных текстах и их переводах.

Personal deixis is one of the most important parts of the deictic system. Personal deictic words are various language means that are used to definite a participant or non-participant of the communication: personal pronouns, verb persons and possessive pronouns. In this article we give an overview of the personal deixis concept in the modern linguistics and compare the functioning of the personal deictic terms in Italian and Portuguese in the fiction texts and their translations.

Learne Ád' syntactic influence is to be seen as a special case of language contact, the mechanism of which must form part of a general theory of language change and feature within the histories of individual languages. The identification of`learne Ád' syntactic features is especially problematic in the Romance languages, where Latin is both the lending and the parent language. In this article, I examine one case of learne Ád syntactic influence which interestingly also suffers demise, and show that the many factors involved its rise and fall preclude a simplistic account of learne Ád influence as mere imitative borrowing; they also shed light on the role of structural congruency in such influence and the apparent paradox that a construction can be favoured in one period and abandoned in another. 1. Preliminaries Although in this article I want to consider some of the rather wideranging issues suggested by the title, I will concentrate my attention on just one particular construction in one of the Romance languages,

Introduction to the special issue * GORKA ELORDIETA MARINA VIGÁRIO For the past few years there has been an intense and increasing collaboration effort between researchers working on the Iberian languages, and this is particularly true in the realm of phonetics and phonology. The Journal of Portuguese Linguistics has played a role in contributing to stimulate such a collaborative research focusing on the Iberian languages: first with a Special Issue on Variation and Change in the Iberian Languages: the Peninsula and Beyond, and now with a Special Issue on the Prosody of Ibero-Romance and Related Languages. In fact, to broaden its scope of coverage to the Iberian languages has become an explicit goal of the journal. As guest-editors of this issue, we are very pleased to be able to contribute to this objective, which we find an extremely fruitful one. The present volume focuses on the prosody of Iberian(-related) languages, in particular of European and Brazilian Portuguese, the Portuguese-and Spanish-based creole Papiamentu, Spanish, and Catalan. The topics investigated include word stress, tone and intonation, the interpretation of ambiguous sentences, and the prosody-syntax interface. Leo Wetzels' contribution, "Primary Word Stress in Brazilian Portuguese and the Weight Parameter", offers a very thorough investigation on the conditioning factors for the assignment of Brazilian Portuguese (PB) word stress. It addresses a long-standing debate on the role of morphological structure versus syllable weight on stress assignment, both in verbs and non-verbs, in Portuguese. The first part of the paper is devoted to dismiss the arguments found in the literature against the weight sensitivity hypothesis. Then, several arguments of different kinds are brought together to support the view that syllable weight is the relevant factor for stress location in this * This special issue was made possible in part thanks to the participation of the first editor in research projects UPV-EHU 9 UPV 00114.130-160.09-2004 U (University of the Basque Country) and HUM2006-12695 (Spanish Ministry of Education and Science), and of the second editor in the research project POCTI-SFA-17-745 (ONSET-CEL).

The subject matter of the dissertation is the prosodic word. It bears on the organization of grammar and phonology, its interface with morphology and syntax, and the nature of phonological representations. Despite the reference to various other languages, it primarily focuses on European Portuguese (EP). A major result of this research is the identification of the phonological properties that constitute clear diagnostics for the prosodic word domain in EP and those that identify phonologically deficient units (clitics). As to the former, it is concluded that the prosodic word is richly cued in EP. Among the identified diagnostics for the prosodic word are: (i) many phonological processes (e.g. lowering in final stressless syllables closed by sonorant, final non-back vowel deletion, initial r-strengthening, initial vowel feature specification; (ii) prominence phenomena (e.g. word primary stress, secondary initial stress, focal stress); (iii) tonal phenomena (e.g. pitch accent assignment and distribution); (iv) phonotactic restrictions; and (v) constituent deletion processes (e.g. deletion under identity and clipping). Unlike in many other languages, such as German and English (Hall 1999b, Raffelsiefen 1999), EP prosodic words are not subject to a minimal size and do not bound resyllabification. As

Nosso objetivo neste trabalho é mostrar como, em um manual de ensino de línguas, intitulado Methodo grammatical para todas as línguas, publicado em 1619, Amaro de Roboredo ,registrou aspectos do uso e da norma do português. Esta pesquisa se inscreve no campo da epistemologia e da historiografia linguística (Auroux 2007), especificamente no que concerne à reconstrução da história dos saberes linguísticos, no âmbito da gramaticografia portuguesa. Para desenvolvimento desses temas, este artigo se subdivide em três partes: primeiro, há a inserção do autor e de sua obra em seu tempo, colocando-o frente às ideias linguísticas em vigor; isso nos leva à segunda parte, em que se discute a apresentação e concepção do Methodo, assim como suas causas e consequências (tardias) e tudo o que isso implicou para o ensino do português; a terceira e última parte traz o estudo sobre o registro do uso e da norma do português, no rastro da exposição das regras para o ensino do latim. A pesquisa nos leva ...

This study undertakes a cross-linguistic comparison of reading and spelling acquisition in French, Portuguese and Spanish languages. It aims to examine several explanatory factors for the well-documented effect of language on the speed of reading and spelling development: differences in orthographic depth and complexity of syllabic structures. A longitudinal study was carried out with first graders in the three languages and with a common assessment procedure. Children were tested in October, February and May on letter knowledge, familiar word and simple pseudoword reading and spelling. Results show that all children were accurate in reading and spelling at the end of the first school year. Differences between languages are highlighted when rate of acquisition and linguistic variables such as lexicality, items length, or complexity of grapheme-phoneme correspondences and of the syllabic structure are considered. These differences will be discussed in the light of the explanatory factors mentioned. The present paper compares the early development of reading and spelling in three Romance languages, namely French, Portuguese and Spanish. Most cross-linguistic studies show a variation in the speed of acquisition of these abilities (

This article describes the system of address forms in Cabindan Portuguese (Angola), particularly the widespread use of você (largely displacing both o senhor and tu) and the formation of a paradigm that-only if our interest is diachronic-can be characterized as hybrid. This paradigm is defined by the combination of the independent/oblique pronoun você with at least some forms derived from the tu-paradigm (object clitics, possessives, and, to a much lesser extent, verb endings). Additionally, it is proposed that the adaptative success of both features in Cabinda was partlt determined by contact with (West) Kikongo, a continuum of genetically and typologically related Bantu languages, which provides structural and pragmatic models that seem to have been transferred to Portuguese in the usage of bilingual speakers. Finally, it is suggested that these features might be particularly well represented within the Romania Bantu, i.e. the Bantu-influenced areas of the Romance-speaking world.

This paper examines the cartography of the so-called "outer left periphery" in contemporary German, namely the array of functional projections surfacing to the left of the highest clause-internal position, ForceP, in this language. The latter projection acts as a convergence point between the informational content of the proposition and discourse in that it specifies the clause type and links the syntactic structure to pragmatic and discourse-organizational aspects of language. It helps organize how different parts of a sentence relate to each other, ensuring that the sentence be interpreted correctly according to the speaker's intent. The functional projections to its left lexicalize discourse-related elements of various kinds that are not syntactically integrated, i.e., do not interact with the intrasentential computation (e.g., with the Verb-Second word order, the EPP feature in C, the Bottleneck Effect, etc.). An analysis of the possible serializations in this area of the utterance, supported by corpus data, reveals that the CP-external domain exhibits a fixed hierarchy of structural positions just as the other layers of the clause. The present investigation only considers data from German, but paves the way for further studies exploring the very structure of this underresearched area of the clause in German and in other languages.

No português contemporâneo, encontramos um grande número de unidades morfolexicais (bases e afixos) de origem estrangeira, especialmente greco-latina, que convivem com as unidades nativas ou autóctones, estabelecendo com elas, muitas vezes, relações de distribuição complementar (cf. mão/manu-al; cão/can-il; lei/leg-al; presidente/presidênc-ia; livro/biblio-, etc.). O tratamento linguístico deste tipo de alternâncias morfolexicais levanta alguns problemas de carácter teórico, nomeadamente o das relações entre sincronia e diacronia, e o tipo de tratamento (morfológico, fonológico e/ou lexical) susceptível de ser proposto para a análise dos fenómenos de alomorfia e/ou supletivismo. Qual a natureza destas alternâncias? Qual é o componente da gramática responsável pelo seu processamento? Consideraremos que o fenómeno de variação alomórfica (supletiva e/ou não-supletiva) que afecta as unidades morfolexicais é comandado morfologicamente, pelo que o seu tratamento pode e deve ser incorporado no âmbito da morfologia. No entanto, como se trata de um fenómeno de variação que afecta o significante de algumas unidades lexicais, admite igualmente um tratamento lexical e/ou fonológico, evidenciando a interacção entre estes componentes da gramática e a morfologia. 1 Este texto representa a versão reformulada e actualizada da comunicação com o mesmo título apresentada nas "

Comparative constructions in English and other Germanic and Romance languages have been analysed either as subordinate or coordinate structures. Focussing European Portuguese (=EP) we will argue, from a syntactic point of view, that there is evidence for the coordinate nature of canonical comparatives in this language. In fact, not only many properties of these constructions distinguish them from subordinate structures, but also most of the characteristics attributed to the subordinate status of comparatives can also be accounted for within the coordinate approach. In particular, the selection of the comparative phrase by the degree marker in the first term of comparison may be viewed as a case of correlative coordination. In the same line of reasoning, the islands effects exhibited by comparative clauses do not constitute a compelling evidence for the systematic presence of a wh-operator, since they may also arise in other cases of A-bar movement. So, though accepting that Comparative and Subcomparative deletions are two distinct cases of Operator-variable chain, relying on empirical evidence across other Romance languages, we will analyse Comparative Deletion in European Portuguese as an instance of (Quantified) Null Object and we will impute Subcomparative deletion to Quantifier Raising at LF for scope assignment purposes.

This editorial to the Special Collection Laboratory Approaches to Portuguese Phonology aims at contextualizing the articles against the background of a two-century old scholarly tradition in the study of the Portuguese sound pattern. As foreseen in the Call for Papers, all the submissions received used laboratory methods to address long-standing issues raised by this tradition. Regardless of their publication order, the articles can be grouped into four topics: vowel variability, stress/stress-grouping, nasality, and fricative variability. Brief highlights on the works that paved the way for the state-of-the art in such topics are followed by comments on the gains introduced by the laboratory approach. Hopefully, this overview will help authors and readers evaluate the opportunities for further research along the lines indicated by the current results.

Com esta comunicação pretende-se sensibilizar o público especialista nos domínios da Náutica para a necessidade de colaborar com os linguistas/terminólogos, no sentido de produzir produtos terminológicos que melhor possam servir o seu público. Para o fazer, partiremos de
alguns (poucos) exemplos concretos de termos de navegação que para o eventual utilizador nãoespecialista do domínio de um dicionário especializado comportam algumas dificuldades. Prestar-se-á especial atenção a termos com a categoria verbal, por serem aqueles onde são mais evidentes as dificuldades de contextualização para um não-especialista em Náutica.
Num primeiro momento, dar-se-á conta de algumas características dos vocabulários especializados e do trabalho terminológico, com implicações directas para as propostas que aqui se pretendem apresentar. Em seguida, discutir-se-á qual é o público-alvo de um dicionário especializado, para tentar estabelecer quais as suas necessidades específicas. Após caracterizar brevemente o vocabulário da Náutica em termos de origem e estrutura morfológica, passar-se-á à apresentação muito sumária de dois dicionários náuticos portugueses, para, com base na análise do funcionamento de alguns termos, fazer propostas concretas de melhoramento destas obras, no sentido de as tornar dicionários activos, que melhor servirão um público não especialista nos domínios em análise.
Esta comunicação tem, portanto, por público-alvo mais os especialistas do domínio da Náutica do que propriamente os linguistas e os tradutores, para quem muitas das dificuldades que enunciarei são experimentadas no seu dia-a-dia e para quem as propostas aqui apresentadas são basicamente conhecidas.

This paper aims at describing double negation in Anakalangu, Central Sumba-Indonesia. Anakalangu is a morphologically-synthetic language in which its wordmorpheme ratio can be 1:3 up to 1:4. It also has SVO order. Data in this research were collected through elicitation and recording processes. Then they were analysed by using Miestamo (2007), Dahl (1979) and Klamer (1998). Results show that negative constructions in Anakalangu clearly involve double negators where NEG1 is located in pre-verbal and NEG2 is found in post-verbal positions. From seven negative structures provided by Miestamo (2007), standard negators in Anakalangu are 'da- ,-ma' ; its imperative negators are 'abu- ,-di' ; its existential are 'da-, ai-mang/-u' ; its nominal and adjectival negators are 'da- ,-ma' ; its temporal negators are 'dhadhi- ,-ma/-e' and its locative negators are 'da-,ai-ma'. Moreover, the presence of negative constructions in Anakalangu verbal and non-verbal phrases in fact make them morphologically denser than the rest of phrases. Interestingly, our observation finds that double negation in Anakalangu probably fills one of Jespersen's stage where NEG2 located in post-verbal situations tends to be omitted without changing the meaning of the sentence although it needs more investigation.

e Simone Auf der Maur Tomé. Deixamos ainda uma palavra de agradecimento a todos os que contribuíram para que este Encontro tivesse sido possível: o Centro de Linguística da Universidade do Porto, a Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto, a Associação Portuguesa da Linguística, a Porto Editora e os estudantes que colaboraram com a Comissão Organizadora. Ser professor envolve um conjunto amplo de competências profi ssionais que não dispensam o conhecimento, a refl exão, a transposição didática e a investigação-ação constantes sobre as aprendizagens que se desejam para os alunos, nem a formação e a informação específi ca em áreas disciplinares de referência. No caso do professor de Português, em particular, da linguística. Como se pretendia, o 3.º Encontro A Linguística na Formação do Professor: das teorias às práticas manteve o diálogo e a interseção de áreas vitais na formação do professor, em geral, e do professor de Português e de outras línguas, em particular, tendo proporcionado encontros de que brotaram projetos no sentido de reforçar uma formação específi ca no domínio das ciências da linguagem no âmbito do desenvolvimento profi ssional dos professores.

This paper argues that the variation in the placement of clitic pronouns in European and Brazilian Portuguese follows from the interaction of two properties in regard of which these two languages differ. One is syntactic: EP clitics are Infl-clitics and BP clitics are V-clitics. The other is morpho-phonological: EP clitics, but not BP clitics, are required to be in a non-initial position with respect to some boundary. Our analysis is illustrated by the comparison between the original version of Paulo Coelho's novel O Alquimista, and the European adaptation of the text published in Portugal. We claim that our analysis is preferable to others for both empirical and theoretical reasons. In fact, we try to prove that it is able to explain EP clitic-placement in both tensed and infinitival clauses and to account for the variation observed in some contexts. We also bring historical data into the discussion, which we argue can be harmoniously integrated into our explanation of the synchronic facts.

We thank all the participants of the project Rhythmic Patterns, Parameter Setting & Language Change, for their discussion of the data, in particular Ana Maria Martins, João Costa, Gabriela Mattos, for their enlightning comments on European Portuguese syntax. We are specially grateful to Antony Kroch for his crucial contributions to this project. since its very beginning. All errors remain ours. We would also like to thank Cristiane Namiuti, Luciane Chociay and Silvia Cavalcante, as researchers on the project Rhythmic Patterns, Parameter Setting & Language Change, for their contributions to the database on which this paper is based.