Persecution

Anti-migration, populist political parties are a rising force around the world. In 2024, elections and election campaigning illustrated their ability to attract – and maintain – voter support as independent polls repeatedly showed mixed migration as one of the hottest issues. Is it inevitable, though, that populist parties are anti-migration? Are they posturing opportunistically to capitalise on people’s genuine concerns, and do they therefore represent a response to a groundswell of public feeling against migration? Or, instead, do they help create anti-migrant narratives which also maintain a sense of crisis around migration – a crisis which is never really solved, but works to attract more voters to the right-wing populist cause? This essay will focus on right-wing anti-migration populism, how it instrumentalises migration within a broader analysis of populism, how it can be explained, how it operates, why it is currently so popular and what its likely direction going forward is.


Kaya, Ayhan (2024). "Instrumentalisation of Migration in the Populist era,1 in Horwood, C. & Frouws, B. (Eds.). Mixed Migration Review 2024.  Highlights. Interviews. Essays. Data. Geneva: Mixed Migration Centre. (pp.168-174) Available at:  www.mixedmigration.org/mixed-migration-review-2024

Forced migration is a phenomenon affecting various parts of the world. Throughout history, people have been forced to leave their own country due to wars, conflicts, persecution and poverty in search of safety and livelihood. The events of recent years that Poland has been experiencing (including the COVID-19 pandemic, the Poland-Belarus border crisis, Russia's invasion of Ukraine and the earlier migration crisis of 2015/2016) have led to changes in the pattern of migration, migration policy, as well as law in this regard. Poland is becoming a destination for an increasing number of refugees. Crises have put to the test Poland's current migration and refugee policy. It has become apparent that the existing institutional and legal solutions are insufficient. In addition, it is not easy to cooperate and present a united front on the European Union forum in the face of potential threats resulting from successive migration waves. The purpose of this article is to present the institutions dealing with international protection of foreigners in Poland, describe their scope of competence, as well as discuss the need for new solutions. An aspect of particular importance is the ability to correctly identify a given situation and needs in order to grant (or refuse) a specific form of protection accordingly.

The persecution of Christians remains a pressing reality in the forty-four Muslimmajority countries stretching from North Africa through the Middle East and into Asia. This includes active persecution by governments and nonstate actors, most especially the Islamic State, pervasive structural discrimination against religious minority communities, and public passivity. Though there are numerous healthy and strong interpersonal relationships between Muslims and Christians, many of the approximately 56,000,000 Christians currently living within Muslim-majority countries face a precarious situation and significant limitations on their ability to practice their faith robustly.

The persecution of Christians remains a pressing reality in the forty-four Muslimmajority countries stretching from North Africa through the Middle East and into Asia. This includes active persecution by governments and nonstate actors, most especially the Islamic State, pervasive structural discrimination against religious minority communities, and public passivity. Though there are numerous healthy and strong interpersonal relationships between Muslims and Christians, many of the approximately 56,000,000 Christians currently living within Muslim-majority countries face a precarious situation and significant limitations on their ability to practice their faith robustly.

The issue of citizenship in India, in contemporary times, is one of the most debated issues in the country. This controversy is centered on the Citizenship Amendment Act 2019 (hereinafter CAA 2019), coupled with the National Population of Register (hereinafter NPR) and National Register of Citizen (hereinafter NRC), which have to be viewed together. The genesis of this debate came with the enactment of the CAA 2019, which aims to confer citizenship to illegal migrants of certain neighboring countries on the basis of religion. The migrants of two religious’ communities, that are Muslim and Jews, stand excluded from the Act. It is also pertinent to note that the CAA 2019 was enacted in the backdrop of the Supreme Court monitoring the NRC exercise in the state of Assam. The NRC case itself had proven to display serious socio-political problem and grave concerns nationwide by excluding over 19 lac persons belonging to various faiths, rendering them “stateless”. These excluded persons ra...

Este artigo possui como objetivo principal examinar a dinâmica partidária do PCB na sua última clandestinidade (1964-1985), período em que foi duramente combatido e, mesmo com toda a perseguição imposta, desempenhou um importante papel na luta pela redemocratização no Brasil. Do ponto de vista metodológico, trata-se de um trabalho de reconstituição política que procura examinar a agremiação comunista. Para tanto, utilizamos as referências bibliográficas relativas aos elementos mais significativos do contexto nacional do período. Concluímos que o fato de ter ocorrido uma longa ditadura militar, que impôs ao PCB uma severa clandestinidade, refletiu na sua fragilidade partidária no período de redemocratização e na sua pouca expressão política.    

The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees estimates that more than half of the 22.5 million refugees worldwide are children. Among the consequences of fleeing their homes because of violence, war and persecution, families and children face a crisis level of interruption to their educational opportunities. As the United States continues to lead the world in welcoming asylum seekers, educational leaders must prepare for an increasing population of transnational students (Bajaj & Bartlett, 2017). Public schools in Massachusetts offer a unique perspective to study how leaders build supports for refugee students because of its high national rankings and the adoption of new Multiple-Tiered System of Support (MTSS) for all students (Massachusetts, 2019). This heuristic case study, nested within a group study of inclusive leadership practices in a Massachusetts school district, included interviews with 16 district and school leaders, informal observations of a high school and elementary school with a large population of "newcomer" students, and document review of school websites, newspapers, archives, achievement data, memos, and policy statements. Findings indicated that school leaders use inclusive practices to support the needs of their refugee students by (I) Identifying Barriers to Learning, (II) Aligning Structures with Universal Design for Learning, and (III) Committing to Equitable Access for All. Implications of this case study highlight how leaders might balance equity and access in response to the forced migration of millions of students arriving in their districts.

Fecha de recepción: Septiembre 2011 Fecha de aceptación: Octubre 2011 RESUMEN: En la rebelión del burgo Sahagún de 1110-1116, que se extendió al campesinado de un extenso territorio circundante, encontramos tres cuestiones superpuestas: a) el enfrentamiento entre los burgueses y el abad; b) la persecución a los mozárabes; c) el estallido antisemita del campesinado. Aquí se examinarán estas cuestiones por separado para mostrar que cada una representó una problemática especial y motivó resoluciones represivas peculiares

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The persecution of the Derg regime tested and shaped the cruciform faith and mission of evangelical Christians in Ethiopia from 1974 to 1991. This article explores how one marginalized denomination – the  Meserete Kristos Church (MKC) – embodied the way of the cross of Jesus in its evangelism and peacemaking in this era. Without political protection or social privilege, MKC boldly gave witness to the reign of Jesus from below while radically trusting the Holy Spirit for faith, love, power, and hope.

Faced with the increasing number of cases of cyberbullying and its consequences, states are trying to find the best way of its sanctioning. The latest tragic event, in which a young man from Republika Srpska committed suicide because he was mocked on one of the social networks, has triggered a public debate on whether cyberbullying is adequately sanctioned in our country. Based on the way individual countries sanction cyberbullying, we can divide them into two groups. The first group includes those countries that sanction cyberbullying through the application of one of the existing criminal offenses (insult, defamation, persecution, unauthorised filming, hate speech). The second one refers to those countries where cyberbullying has been treated as a special criminal offense. The aim of this paper is to make suggestions for possible changes, based on an analysis of the existing legislation on cyberbullying in our country as well as in some European countries, in order to protect the ...

The crime of maltreatment is an act of assault against another person on the body, which causes pain and even the loss of one's life. Restorative justice is an approach to solving criminal cases through deliberations to obtain an agreement between the two parties. The persecution case Number 63/Pid.B/2021/PN.Skm was charged with Article 351 paragraph (1) of the Criminal Code, which was resolved through restorative justice even though, in the Decree of the Director General of the General Judiciary Agency Number 1691/DJU/SK/PS.00/12/ 2020 of severe crimes, restorative justice cannot be carried out, with the same post mortem results the judge concluded that the perpetrator's actions did not bring any danger to the victim. The purpose of this study was to find out the analysis of the judge's considerations in implementing Restorative Justice in case Number 63/Pid.B/2021/PN.Skm was charged with Article 351, paragraph (1) of the Criminal Code. The decision contradicted the dec...

espanolLa presente comunicacion muestra la investigacion efectuada en el area de la legislacion internacional sobre asilo y la persecucion por razones de genero como un posible motivo de proteccion. La metodologia empleada incluye entrevistas en profundidad a expertos en la materia, tanto de Espana como de Francia, asi como a una veintena de mujeres solicitantes de asilo en ambos paises. De igual modo, incluimos el analisis documental efectuado en el campo de la normativa vigente, ademas de un estudio comparativo de los procesos de solicitud de asilo y estadisticas de concesion, tanto en Francia como en Espana. Nuestro trabajo de investigacion pretende averiguar, por un lado, si se han experimentado avances en la consideracion de la persecucion de genero como causa determinante para la concesion del estatuto de refugiado, y por el otro, cuales son los desafios a los que se enfrenta la jurisprudencia internacional con el fin de hacer efectivo el respeto a los derechos fundamentales E...

A Associação de Médicos Tradicionais de Moçambique (AMETRAMO) foi criada em setembro de 1992, com a Guerra Civil em Moçambique (1977/1992), após o processo de separação de sua metrópole, Portugal, em 1975. A Associação se constitui em um órgão regulamentado pelo governo e reúne os curandeiros que realizam atendimentos através de consultas com um oráculo ou recebimento de espíritos de antepassados e que, para atuarem, necessitam de uma carteira que comprove sua filiação a AMETRAMO. Desde o nascimento até após a morte os curandeiros interferem na vida da comunidade. Após um período de perseguição às manifestações, considerada pela FRELIMO (partido político de base marxista vencedor da Guerra Civil) como fruto da ignorância e do obscurantismo, ocorre o processo de reconhecimento e institucionalização de tais práticas. A proposta desse artigo é a de dar prosseguimento a discussão entre o binômio tradição-modernidade tendo por objeto a AMETRAMO.

According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the global displacement has just hit another record, as more than 100 million people were forcibly displaced worldwide by persecution, conflicts, violence or other threatening human lives’ events (e.g. climate change) in 2022. Migration of such vulnerable populations also includes scientists. Due to the ongoing brutality in their countries and/or the rising uncertainties within academic and research environments, many highly educated and skilled scholars are bound to leave their homes. These scholars have the potential to continue playing a significant role in increasing the scientific knowledge, if provided with necessary support systems in their host country. Although many International Institutions are working in this field to protect such vulnerable scientists in affected countries or support them in knowledge production in a new host country, still the fact is, many of them face multiple challenges. To unde...

Unaccompanied asylum‐seeking children (UASC) are a vulnerable group who are exposed to multiple traumatic events such as persecution, sexual maltreatment, imprisonment, torture, and losses in their home country (Bean, Derluyn, Eurelings‐Bontekoe, Broekaert, & Spinhoven, 2007; Wiese and Burhorst, 2007). They are also subjected to continuous transitions throughout their migration trajectory (Bhugra, 2004). Although many studies have investigated the efficacy of bilateral movement in treatment of one single traumatic event (e.g. Fernandez, 2007), there is limited literature around bilateral movements interventions being used with perpetuated and multiple traumas within this cohort. This paper looks at the evidence for early intervention trauma work based on EMDR principles, the benefits of using running as a form of bilateral movement and the findings of a UASC sport trauma group with children in Kent, UK. It also gives recommendations for future research into early intervention trauma...

Resumo: Recuperando o Ano da Misericórdia o presente artigo apresentauma reflexão crítica sobre o papel da religião na sociedade. Chama a atençãopara as ambivalências das tradições religiosas e lança a pergunta: por que, emdeterminados momentos da história humana, as religiões tornam-se a aparenterazão de conflitos, perseguições e guerras?Palavras-chave: Misericórdia. Religião. Violência. Política.: By recovering the Year of Mercy, this article presents a critical reflectionon the role of religion in the society. It draws attention to the ambivalence of thereligious traditions and raises a crucial question. Why are religions, at certainpoints in human history, the supposed cause of conflict, persecution and war?Keywords: Mercy. Religion. Violence. Politics.

This paper traces the political economy of the Christian concept of “evil” incarnate and its concomitant operations of sexual abjection and the repudiation of femininity, beginning with the early church's inaugural struggles to impose its monotheistic Law against maternal paganism. With attention to how “evil” has been deployed to sanction and sanctify the persecution of scapegoats, and particularly of heretics and witches, I examine the masculinist struggles for jurisdiction and control over women.

During urban expansions around 1600 a new neighborhood, Vlooienburg, was created in the rapidly growing city of Amsterdam. This new district was not just inhabited by local people, but also by immigrants coming from different European countries. Among those immigrants there were Sephardic Jewish people, who had fled from the Iberian Peninsula due to the persecution perpetrated by the Spanish Inquisition. By studying the archaeological finds that have been recovered from cesspits at Vlooienburg, an attempt is made to gain more knowledge about the composition of different cultural, religious and social identities living together in this area. As a part of the study of the material culture from Vlooienburg, this paper will present a case study that explores the possible relationships between the mobility of Portuguese ceramics and the presence of Portuguese immigrants. The paper will examine the distribution of different Portuguese wares to establish whether there were significant diff...

On first sight, a comparison between restitution for Nazi victims in Germany West and East does not seem to leave ample space for interpretation: While the Federal Republic at least in principle accepted their obligation to compensate former Nazi victims and paid huge amounts for that purpose over the last 50 years, the GDR only offered elaborated social security for the tiny faction of Nazi victims who decided to live in the GDR after 1949. As a consequence, while restitution in the West has been a predominantly Jewish affair, restitution in the East was chiefly a communist matter. However, in my talk I will not focus on a comparison of material payments. Rather, I am interested in the different structure of the answers of two German societies to the same problem: the persecution and killing of millions of people by the Nazi regime. This implies three sets of questions. First: On which perception of the events between 1933 and 1945 were the respective attempts at rehabilitation and compensation for Nazi victims in the two German societies based? Second: What relation between former Nazi victims and German post war societies underpinned the respective attempts at restitution? And third : What consequences did German reunification have for this process?

In this paper, we present the study of a transnational discursive community: the Inter-American Confederation of Continental Defence. This became the institutional meeting point for Latin American anti-communist intellectuals who, during the Cold War, articulated a conservative and counterrevolutionary nucleus of power. In the framework of the Cold War, this discursive community placed communism outside of humanity, and only contemplated its extermination. Thus, we analyse the discursive materiality that gradually colonized the state structures and gave rise to a systematic persecution against the communists and all those who, from the spheres of power, were typified as a threat. We structure the text in a chronological account that allows us to know the evolution of the Inter-American Confederation of Continental Defence, from its origins to its last continental congress. We use a wide documentary corpus (correspondence, minutes, bulletins, manuscripts, notes and speeches) compiled in Argentina, Mexico, Spain and the USA.

Chotaš’s contribution deals with the hermeneutics of Leo Strauss (1899–1973), a German–American political philosopher. Strauss was convinced that Classical and medieval thinkers wrote their works at a time when freedom of expression and thought in effect did not exist, which is why they had to communicate their views to readers indirectly, so to speak between the lines. They were making a distinction between the esoteric and exoteric meaning of their texts. Chotaš explains the principles of this specific approach to writing and points out its possible benefits as well as challenges it faced. In a later part of the chapter, he presents Strauss’s approach to the quarrel of Classical and Modern political philosophers. In the concluding part, Chotaš reflects on the influence of Strauss’s hermeneutics in the works of Hans Georg Gadamer and Henning Ottmann.

PMMA based polymer optical fibre Bragg gratings have been used for humidity, temperature and concentration sensing. Due to the water affinity of PMMA, the characteristic wavelength of the grating is largely modulated by the water content in the fibre. The rate of water transportation between fibre and surrounding depends on the permeability coefficient for PMMA, which is a function of surrounding temperature and humidity. This leads to increased water content with increasing humidity and temperature. Consequently the wavelength of the grating shows a nonlinear change over varying humidity and temperature. This nonlinearity needs to be calibrated prior to sensor application.

This collection of essays examines Christian martyrdom by locating it in different historical, cultural and social contexts. Chronologically, the book analyses traditions predating the Christian martyr literature and ideology proper, and studies an example of how this ...

This article aims to highlight both the relevance and the reception of Jules Renard's novel "Carrot Top" and the emotional impact the work generates on the audience in the reality of 2023. Despite portraying a rare occurrence in a civilized society, namely the persecution by the protagonist's own mother, this work finds numerous corresponding situations in contemporary socialhistorical reality. In 2023, we conducted a study on the current reception of this novel, and the results seem worthy of generalization, particularly for a public with relevance to children in Romania.

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This paper questions the utility the social category of "refugee" as defined by international human rights discourse. The notion of "racializing assemblages" supplies an analytic tool for situating the deportation machine and mass incarceration of refugees/asylum seekers as "death spaces" within modern Western humanity. Building on discussions related to "political death," "social death" and "muertas en vida" (living dead), this paper explores an alternative framing of "the refugee" that relies less on human rights and more on other forms of emancipation. The history of "African American fugitivity" offers one possibility for reclaiming another articulation of freedom from persecution and enslavement. Look at them leaving in droves, the children of the land, just look at them leaving in droves. Those with nothing are crossing borders. Those with strength are crossing borders those with ambitions are crossing borders. Those with hopes are crossing borders. Those with loss are crossing borders those in pain are crossing borders. Moving, running, emigrating, going, deserting, calking, quitting, flying, fleeing-to all over, to other countries near and far, to countries unheard of, to countries whose names they cannot pronounce. They are leaving in droves.

Shifting demographics in Canadian classrooms lead to a call for preparation programs to better prepare counsellors to work more effectively with refugee and immigrant students. School counsellors can play an integral role in transforming current education systems to become inclusive and socially just learning communities that are culturally responsive to the unique needs of children from diverse backgrounds. An adapted version of Brown's (2004) theoretical framework, based on the tenets of adult learning theory, transformative learning theory, and critical social theory, is proposed as a model to prepare counsellors who are committed to issues of social justice.

Even though the last decades have witnessed an increased educational interest in the Holocaust, there is no single response to what topics should be incorporated into the Holocaust curricula. This paper aims to compare the teaching preferences in selecting Holocaust-related topics in good practices of two education systems, namely Republika Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina) and England (United Kingdom). Research questions were focused on determin?ing similarities and differences across the two systems and identifying relevant and original teaching practices to be shared and exchanged. Four history teach?ers from Republika Srpska and four English history teachers were interviewed. Questionnaires were distributed to 32 students from Republika Srpska and 21 from England. The quantitative data reveal that historical background has a more ostensible impact on the Republika Srpska education system. Significant dis?crepancies in teachers? and students? preferences have been identified in bot...

This article explores the sociopolitical backdrop of genetics research during the politically turbulent decades of the mid-20th century that saw the persecution, displacement, and relocation of unpopular minorities in both the United States and Europe. It explores how geneticists in the United States accommodated these disruptions through formal and informal émigré networks and how the subsequent war affected their research programs and their lives. It does so by focusing on the career and life of geneticist Masuo Kodani, who, as a Japanese American, found himself conducting unexpected cytogenetics research in Manzanar, a ''relocation center,'' or internment camp, located in the California desert, after the attack on Pearl Harbor. After the war, Kodani's subsequent career continued to be shaped by his experiences as a Japanese American and by the specific skills as a cytogeneticist that he demonstrated at a critical period in the history of 20th-century genetics. His many relocations in search of employment culminated in his work with the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission on human chromosomes, for which he is best known. Just today, my best graduate student, Kodani, whom you met here, was removed to what is euphemistically called a Reception Center-in fact a concentration camp.

This analysis delves into the evolving historical narratives and academic freedom in Ukraine and Russia during the Russo-Ukrainian conflict. Before 2014, Russia underwent a shift from post-Soviet intellectual freedom to increased control under Putin. Subsequent years witnessed political persecution, censorship, and a scholar exodus. The conflict intensified academic suppression in Russia from 2014 to 2023, targeting dissenters. Meanwhile, Ukraine experienced notable education changes, emphasizing national identity. This study reveals the intricate interplay between geopolitics and academic autonomy, showcasing the contrasting educational trajectories in both nations amidst the complex dynamics of the ongoing conflict.

espanolLa presente comunicacion muestra la investigacion efectuada en el area de la legislacion internacional sobre asilo y la persecucion por razones de genero como un posible motivo de proteccion. La metodologia empleada incluye entrevistas en profundidad a expertos en la materia, tanto de Espana como de Francia, asi como a una veintena de mujeres solicitantes de asilo en ambos paises. De igual modo, incluimos el analisis documental efectuado en el campo de la normativa vigente, ademas de un estudio comparativo de los procesos de solicitud de asilo y estadisticas de concesion, tanto en Francia como en Espana. Nuestro trabajo de investigacion pretende averiguar, por un lado, si se han experimentado avances en la consideracion de la persecucion de genero como causa determinante para la concesion del estatuto de refugiado, y por el otro, cuales son los desafios a los que se enfrenta la jurisprudencia internacional con el fin de hacer efectivo el respeto a los derechos fundamentales E...

A study of Korea’s first significant encounter with Western civilization, this work analyzes how Koreans reacted to Catholicism imported from China at the end of the 18th century. It explores the reason most Koreans, especially Confucian scholars and government officials, reacted negatively to Catholic ideas and practices, going so far as to launch an official persecution of Catholics that cost thousands of lives. To render visible the philosophical background to the anti-Catholic movement, this work includes a complete translation of an anti-Catholic essay written before the persecution began. However, it also examines those Koreans, many of whom were also Confucian scholars, who adopted Catholic beliefs and practices even before there were missionaries on the Korean peninsula. To aid in that investigation, it includes an annotated translation of the Silk Letter of Hwang Sayŏng, a first-person account of the persecution of 1801 relating why some Koreans became Catholics, why some l...

1940 leben mindestens sechs Menschen mit schwarzer Hautfarbe in Luxemburg, zwei davon noch Kinder. Von den Luxemburgern als „exotisch“ betrachtet, werden sie bereits vor dem Krieg Opfer von Diskriminierung und Ausgrenzung. Die Nazis betrachten sie als „rassisch minderwärtig“, versuchen sie aus der Gesellschaft auszuschließen, aus Beziehungen mit „Weißen“ zu drängen und des Landes zu verweisen, teils auch mit Gewalt. Diese Ausstellung erzählt anhand mehrerer Biografien das Schicksal Schwarzer Menschen in Luxemburg während der NS-Besatzung.

Operative thinking and alexithymia have been understood as revealing psychic mechanisms dysfunction of most somatic patients in Western culture. In the African context, the feeling and expression of the theme of persecution in Africa are in order. This consists of considering a witchcraft attack as an etiological factor. The collectivist and spiritualist African culture favors the subjects of freedom and creativity, notably through the feeling and expression of the theme of persecution. These subjects are sources of a considerable richness of imaginary and affective expression, all phenomena in opposition to operative thinking and alexithymia, characterized by a poverty in fantasies and affects, and at the level of the nomination of affects. However, as much as operative thinking, the persecutory theme does not favor a higher level of mentalization and symbolization. For this reason, it is quite inappropriate to use symptoms to differentiate between Africa and the West, but rather t...