Oil crops

Bu calisma Ankara ekolojik kosullarinda 2010-2011 yillarinda iki yil sureyle Dincer aspir cesidinde yurutulmustur. Deneme tesaduf bloklari deneme deseninde uc tekerrurlu olarak kurulmustur. Calismada 7 farkli azot dozu (N1 :0, N2 :2.5, N3:5, N4:7.5, N5 :10, N6: 15 ve N7 :20 kg/da) kullanilmistir. Bu uygulamalarin bitki boyu (cm), bitki basina tabla sayisi (adet), 1000 tohum agirligi (g), tohum verimi (kg/da), ham yag orani (%) ve ham yag verimi (kg/da) uzerine etkileri arastirilmistir. Azot dozlari, yillar ve yil X doz interaksiyonlari bitki boyu, bitki basina tabla sayisi, 1000 tohum agirligi, tohum verimi, yag orani ve ham yag verimi uzerine etkili olmustur. En yuksek bitki boyu degeri 2011 yili X N6 dozu interaksiyonundan elde edilmistir (79,70 cm). En yuksek tohum verimi degeri (231,20 kg/da), yag orani (% 30,50) ve yag verimi(70,57 kg/da) degerleri ise 2011 yili X N7 dozu interaksiyonundan elde edilmistir.

Chemical composition of seeds of C. maxima D. and C. pepo L. cultivated in the Republic of Macedonia and physico-chemical characteristics, fatty acid profiles, and sterol and tocopherol contents in pumpkin seed extracts were determined. Higher kernel yield and content of moisture, ash, total nitrogen, proteins and carbohydrates were measured in the C. pepo than in C. maxima seed. The highest extract yield of 487.4 g/kg dry matter was obtained from C. pepo kernel, while 388.2 g/kg dry matter was extracted from C. maxima kernel, when n-hexane was used as solvent. In all extracts, the palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids were predominant. The linoleic/oleic acid ratio was higher in C. maxima extracts. D7-Sterols were predominant in all extracts, while D5-sterols content was higher in the whole seed than in the kernel extracts. Higher tocopherol content was determined in the extracts of C. pepo whole seed and kernel (153.79 mg/kg and 117.81 mg/kg, respectively), than in those of C. maxima (121.24 mg/kg and 117.55 mg/kg, respectively). In all extracts γ-tocopherol content was higher than α-tocopherol.

Chemical composition of seeds of C. maxima D. and C. pepo L. cultivated in the Republic of Macedonia and physico-chemical characteristics, fatty acid profiles, and sterol and tocopherol contents in pumpkin seed extracts were determined. Higher kernel yield and content of moisture, ash, total nitrogen, proteins and carbohydrates were measured in the C. pepo than in C. maxima seed. The highest extract yield of 487.4 g/kg dry matter was obtained from C. pepo kernel, while 388.2 g/kg dry matter was extracted from C. maxima kernel, when n-hexane was used as solvent. In all extracts, the palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids were predominant. The linoleic/oleic acid ratio was higher in C. maxima extracts. D7-Sterols were predominant in all extracts, while D5-sterols content was higher in the whole seed than in the kernel extracts. Higher tocopherol content was determined in the extracts of C. pepo whole seed and kernel (153.79 mg/kg and 117.81 mg/kg, respectively), than in those of C. maxima (121.24 mg/kg and 117.55 mg/kg, respectively). In all extracts γ-tocopherol content was higher than α-tocopherol.

An improvement in the quality of maize grain by increasing the level of components responsible for its biological value is possible by using genetic means. However, a change in the genotype, together with improving the nutrient properties of the grain, also has some adverse consequences connected with a decrease in yield and in resistance to diseases. The necessity therefore arises for evaluating the balanced nature of the chemical composition of grain with different traits of genotypes. Field experiments were conducted during three years (2003, 2004 and 2005) to evaluate environmental effects on grain yield and quality responses of maize hybrids. Twenty one hybrids of various maturity groups (FAO 150-400) were planted to achieve an optimum (6070000 plants per hectare) plant populations and grown under the medium-N (150 kg N ha) fertilization. Environmental conditions significantly affected maize hybrid responses for grain yield, starch, oil and protein contents, and consequently, s...

Floarea-soarelui este cultura oleaginoasă de bază în România, înregistrând o creştere dinamică a producţiilor de seminţe şi ulei. Primele date oficiale privind floarea-soarelui în România se referă la anul 1910, când existau în cultură 672 ha. În anii următori aceste suprafeţe au crescut treptat, fiind de 5349 ha în 1912 şi 6141 ha în 1913 (R o m a n şi E n e s c u, 1915). Suprafeţele cultivate cu floarea-soarelui au crescut între cele două Războaie Mondiale. În perioada 1934-1938 s-au cultivat aproximativ 55 mii ha, ajungându-se în anul 1938 la peste 200 mii ha. Erau cultivate amestecuri de forme variate, sensibile la lupoaie şi la atacul moliei florii-soarelui. După cel deal Doilea Război Mondial, cultura florii-soarelui a cunoscut o deosebită dezvoltare, lichidându-se complet importul de ulei, România devenind chiar o ţară exportatoare. În perioada 1966-1970, producţia totală de seminţe a crescut, atât datorită extinderii suprafeţelor cultivate, cât şi realizării unor producţii din ce în ce mai mari la unitatea de suprafaţă (V r â n c e a n u, 1970). Suprafaţa cultivată ajunsese la 520 mii ha, nivel aproape constant pentru perioada următoare, iar producţia medie a crescut de la 870 kg/ha la 1400 kg/ha. Sporirea producţiei medii la hectar cu 61% în decursul a două decenii se explică prin îmbunătăţirea tehnicii de cultură, utilizarea soiurilor cu conţinut ridicat de ulei şi amplasarea florii-soarelui în zone favorabile de cultură. În această perioadă s-a cultivat în proporţie de 75-90% soiul românesc Record, creat la I.C.C.P.T. Fundulea (V r â n c e a n u, 1968), producţiile medii fiind cuprinse între 1270 şi 1500 kg/ha. Datorită conţinutului ridicat de ulei în seminţe al soiului Record (47-50%), randamentul mediu de ulei a ajuns la 44,55. Soiul Record a continuat să fie cultivat paralel cu hibrizii de floarea-soarelui, până la generalizarea completă a acestora în producţie, la mijlocul anilor 1970. Odată cu introducerea în cultură a primilor hibrizi autohtoni, Romsun 52 şi Romsun 53, cultura florii-soarelui a intrat într-o etapă nouă, modernă, atât în România, cât şi pe plan mondial (V r â n c e a n u şi S t o e n e s c u, 1972, 1975). În anul 1973, aceşti hibrizi s-au cultivat pe cca 20% din suprafaţa destinată culturii florii-soarelui, extinzându-se în anii următori, împreună cu alţi hibrizi, pe întreaga suprafaţă (tabelul 1). Perioada Suprafaţa (mii ha) Producţia totală (mii tone) Producţia medie (kg/ha) Hibrizi autohtoni cultivaţi

Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch. ex Poir.) with its origin in the north western part of South America is the most important and extensively cultivated cucurbit in India, Africa, Latin America, Southern Asia and the United States and occupies a prominent place among the vegetables owing to its high productivity, nutritive value, good storability, long period of availability and better transport potentialities. This review article orients on origin and taxonomy, breeding behaviour, inheritance of important characters, breeding methods and biotechnological applications in breeding pumpkin for fruit yield and quality. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

This study was conducted in order to determine the effect of increasing doses of N application on some agronomic characteristics of mibuna and mizuna which are exotic vegetables for our country. In the experiment four N doses (N0: 0 kg/da, N1: 10 kg/da, N2: 15 kg/da and N3: 20 kg/da) as NH4NO3 form were applied to the plants. For Mibuna N2 dose of N fertilization to the plants

The use of plant protection products (PPPs) has become a social concern regarding food safety and quality, and risks to human health and the environment. Accordingly, the agricultural microbials market is a steadily growing sector of the global agriculture industry. This paper evaluates the market of basic groups of pesticides in Serbia (namely herbicides, fungicides and insecticides), as well as other collectively presented plant protection products, with a particular emphasis on the biopesticides segment. The official data of the Serbian Plant Protection Directorate for the period 2000-2020 served as a primary source of data. The movement of PPPs and active ingredients (AIs) imports into Serbia were analyzed separately. The average values of PPP quantities imported into Serbia were computed for the period under consideration. The time series variability was evaluated using the coefficient of variation, whereas the dynamics of PPP import movements was evaluated using the rate of change. In the overall structure of the imported pesticides in Serbia, herbicides remain the dominant product type (57.0%), followed by fungicides (27.5%), insecticides (10.5%), and other PPPs (5.0%). The import of AIs for the production of herbicides claimed a share of 79.8%, whereas the share of AIs for the fungicide production approximated to 12.8% (followed by AIs for the insecticide production (6.7%) and AIs for the other groups of pesticides (0.7%). Biopesticides comprise a small share of the total crop protection market in Serbia. Bioinsecticides were found to be imported into Serbia in largest quantities (followed by biofungicides, bioacaricides, and biobactericides). No imports of bioherbicides have been recorded. According to the official data on the import of PPPs in Serbia in the period 2000-2020, it can be concluded that there is a positive growth trend, which is expected to continue in the future. Although the import of AIs shows a positive rate of change, no significant growth trends were recorded.

Safflower whose genetic origin is Anatolia was forgotten in time; however, it started to attract attention again as a raw material supply when biodiesel was started to be used in Turkey. Thus, its production has increased. The species like Remzibey 05 and Balcı were cultivated. In this study Remzibey 05 and Balcı species safflower oil was extracted from this safflower and biodiesel was produced from this oil. Phosphorus removal process is applied to crude oils used, whether for food or biodiesel purposes. The present study aims to bring the cost of phosphorous removal process down to the lowest levels, a process that has been shown to increase the cost of biodiesel production, by means * Bu yayın Gıda, Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı, Tarımsal Araştırmalar ve Politikalar Genel Müdürlüğü tarafından desteklenen “TAGEM-A13P04” nolu projenin verileri kullanılarak yapılmıştır.

This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Comparative Life Cycle Assessment study on environmental impact of oil production from micro-algae and terrestrial oilseed crops.

This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Comparative Life Cycle Assessment study on environmental impact of oil production from micro-algae and terrestrial oilseed crops.

Squash (Cucurbitapepo L.) is an important oil seed and medicinal plant which produces unsaturated fatty acids, cosmetic medicine and health products. In order to study the effects of different cattle manure levels and branch management methods on organic production of Summer squash, two field experiments were conducted during years 2005 and 2006. Treatments consisted of four manure levels (10, 15, 20, 25 t ha-1) and two branch management methods (with and without wood pole), which were allocated to main plots and subplots, respectively. Results showed that branch management method without wood pole was more efficient than with wood pole. Increasing manure level had significant effect on fruit and seed yields; however, these traits were not significantly affected by manure levels residual effect at the second year. There were no differences in the number of seeds per plant due to manure levels in either year. Seed oil content slightly increased when manure level increased from 10 to 25 t ha-1. This researchindicated that application of 20 t ha-1 cattle manure with no-chemical fertilizer is an appropriate method for organic production of Summer squash which produce greater yield with high seed oil contents.

Bu calisma Ankara ekolojik kosullarinda 2010-2011 yillarinda iki yil sureyle Dincer aspir cesidinde yurutulmustur. Deneme tesaduf bloklari deneme deseninde uc tekerrurlu olarak kurulmustur. Calismada 7 farkli azot dozu (N1 :0, N2 :2.5, N3:5, N4:7.5, N5 :10, N6: 15 ve N7 :20 kg/da) kullanilmistir. Bu uygulamalarin bitki boyu (cm), bitki basina tabla sayisi (adet), 1000 tohum agirligi (g), tohum verimi (kg/da), ham yag orani (%) ve ham yag verimi (kg/da) uzerine etkileri arastirilmistir. Azot dozlari, yillar ve yil X doz interaksiyonlari bitki boyu, bitki basina tabla sayisi, 1000 tohum agirligi, tohum verimi, yag orani ve ham yag verimi uzerine etkili olmustur. En yuksek bitki boyu degeri 2011 yili X N6 dozu interaksiyonundan elde edilmistir (79,70 cm). En yuksek tohum verimi degeri (231,20 kg/da), yag orani (% 30,50) ve yag verimi(70,57 kg/da) degerleri ise 2011 yili X N7 dozu interaksiyonundan elde edilmistir.

This article presents the studies on the process of rhizogenesis of explants of Vaccinium vitisidaea L. and Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton (Ericaceae family) in vitro. The rhizogenesis was more efficient on Woody Plant Medium, gelled with agar powder and supplemented with IAA (0.2 mg/l) and IBA (0.5 mg/l) and the pH of the growth medium – 5.0.

The global population is projected to increase by 30 % to 9,2 billion by 2050 and this increased population density is estimated to increase demand for food production by 70 %. One of the principal di-rections of biological plant protection is elaboration of technologies for production and application of bio-logical preparations for combat not only of the noxious insects but also of pathogen agents which cannot be efficiently combated by other means of biological control. This report presents the results of state reg-istration of 5 baculoviral, 1 bacterial and 3 fungal preparations for combating pest insects, phytopathogen agents and nematodes.

In the summer of 2019, a field experiment was carried out at the Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology of Main Experiment Station in Kumarganj, Ayodhya (U.P), India. The research material consisted of twenty-eight genotypes, including three standard checks viz., Azad Kaddu, Arka Chandan, and Pusa Vikash, conducted in a Completely Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three independent replications. The germplasm of pumpkin was collected from different sources to study path co-efficient analysis of different characters on fruit yield per plant at the phenotypic and genotypic levels for different quantitative traits. The path co-efficient analysis revealed that the highly positive direct contribution towards fruit yield came from average fruit weight (0.781) followed by the number of fruit per plant (0.750) but also as well as fruit equatorial circumference (0.021) and flesh thickness (0.048) was exerted a positive direct effect on fruit yield per plant and these...

Using the AquaCrop model, this research simulated the grains and biological yields of soybean cultivars (M9, Zan and Williams) under different irrigation treatments and future climatic conditions. To this end, whether data of the LARS-WG model were used as input data related to 1970-2010 period in Parsabad of Moghan Plain using AOGCM of HadCM3 based on scenarios of AR4 (A1B, A2 and B1) and NCAR based on scenarios of AR5 (RCP2.6 and RCP 8.5) to study periods of 2011-2030 and 2046-2065. Results showed, compared to the historical period, the statistical periods of 2011-2030 and 2046-2065 would show increases in average monthly minimum temperatures for all scenarios. These periods would also reveal decreases in average monthly maximum temperatures as well as average monthly precipitations for scenarios of RCP8.5, A2, A1B, RCP2.6, and B1, as well as scenarios of B1, RCP2.6, RCP8.5, A2, and A1B, respectively. According to the findings of RMSE and NMRSE, the AquaCrop was a good model for performance evaluation and simulation. The values of grain and biological yield would increase more for A1B and RCP8.5 than for the other scenarios during future periods. These findings indicate that soybean is an acceptable plant for the future climate of Parsabad of Moghan. In conditions of sufficient water and deficient water, Williams and Zan, respectively, exhibited lesser growth reduction and higher grain and biological yields than M9.

Twenty one accessions of Cucurbita pepo and eleven accessions of Cucurbita moschata were collected from different regions of Iran and variations in fruit and seed characters evaluated during 2016-2017. The basic statistics of traits has demonstrated considerable variability among accessions. Correlation analysis revealed some important associations among studied traits. In C. pepo, a positive correlation were between seed width and fruit weight, seed weight, fruit flesh thickness, fruit cavity diameter and seed length and in C. moschata, total soluble solid (TSS) was positively correlated with fruit flesh thickness, fruit weight and fruit yield and negatively correlated with fruit weight/seed weight. PCA generalized 15 quantitative characters to five PCs in C. pepo and four PCs in C. moschata having Eigen value > 1 explaining 89.85% and 87.13% of the total variability, respectively. Cluster analysis classified C. pepo accessions into six and C. moschata accessions in five divergent groups. The result showed that in C. pepo accessions we can use cluster II members (P02 and P15) as normal seed types and P03 and P05 as naked seed types for next breeding programmes as well as seed production. Among C. moschata accessions we suggest M05 and M11 for next breeding programmes and consumption as pumpkin, also we suggest cluster I (M02 and M03) as the best accessions for consumption their fruits as pumpkin.

The growing demand for renewable feedstock as a substitute for petroleum-derived products offers a unique opportunity for conventional and new oilseeds in Europe. This review compares twenty-four oilseed species relative to oil composition and potential adaptability to different regions of Europe. Widely cultivated species, such as oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), and flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), are compared with new species, some of which are well documented in literature, while others are still underdeveloped. The possible geographical allocation in Europe is discussed taking into account physiological and agronomical constraints. Only vernonia (Vernonia galamensis L.) and stokes aster (Stokesia spp.) appear unsuitable to European environments due to obligated photoperiod requirements. Species such as Cuphea spp., echium (Echium plantagineum L.), borage (Borago officinalis L.), and euphorbia (Euphorbia lagascae L.) have still considerable physiological constraints, e.g., lack of seed retention, seed dormancy, and indeterminate growth. The scenario for honesty (Lunaria annua L.), lesquerella (Physaria fendleri L.), field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.), and calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) is less clear, as the proper agronomic management is still greatly unknown. Finally, Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata L.), brown mustard (B. juncea L.), crambe (Crambe abyssinica Cranz), meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba L.), and camelina (Camelina sativa L.) emerged as mature oilseed crops for large-scale cultivation and commercialization. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), and castor bean (Ricinus communis L.), are cultivated crops worldwide, and their re-introduction into Europe, could probably increase the number of oilseed crops cultivated in a short term.

Dünyada pek çok ülkede ve Türkiye'de bazı önemli kültür bitkilerinin (mercimek, bakla, domates, patates, tütün, ayçiçeği vb.) üretimi canavar otları (Orobanche spp.) tarafından tehdit altındadır. Bu tehdit nedeni ile canavar otlarının konukçusu olduğu kültür bitkilerinin ekim alanı bazı ülkelerde her geçen yıl daralmakta, canavarotu ile ağır bulaşık tarlalarda üretimden vazgeçilmektedir. Canavar otunun dünya çapında bilinen yaklaşık 200 türü rapor edilmiştir. Canavar otu, konukçu bitkisinin vasküler sistemine haustorium olarak bilinen özel bir yapı aracılığıyla bağlanır ve ayçiçeğinin köklerine bağlı yaşar, bitkinin besin ve suyunu tüketen mutlak, tam parazit bir çiçekli bitkidir. Verim kayıpları, bölgeye ve ürüne bağlı olarak %5 ile %100 arasında değişmektedir. Akdeniz bölgesi ve Batı Asya'da, Canavar otu tarafından yaklaşık 16 milyon hektar tehlike altındadır (dünyadaki ekilebilir arazinin yaklaşık %1,2'sidir).

Bu çalışma E.Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Menemen Araştırma ve Üretim Çiftliğinde organik üretim alanında 2014-2015 ve 2015-2016 yıllarında gerçekleştirilmiştir. İki yıl süreyle yürütülen bu araştırmada Borago officinalis L. bitkisinin bazı verim ve kalite özellikleri üzerine farklı sıra arası mesafelerinin (30 cm, 40 cm, 50 cm ve 60 cm) etkileri araştırılmıştır. İlk ve ikinci deneme yıllarında sırasıyla bitki boyu 58.16-77.0 cm, 65.86-75.93 cm; 1000 tane ağırlığı 16.3-17.0 g, 15.0-16.4 g; dal sayısı 5.96-7.46 adet/bitki, 6.55-8.10 adet/bitki; salkım sayısı 27.40-41.86 adet/bitki, 31.50-33.85 adet/bitki; tane verimi 44.38-76.39 kg/da, 41.67-79.72 kg/da arasında değişmiştir. Her iki deneme yılında da sıra arası mesafeleri arttıkça 1000 tane ağırlığı dışındaki değerlerin artış gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada sabit yağ oranları ilk yıl %29.96-34.04, ikinci yıl %30.13-33.67 aralığında değişmiştir. Sıra arası mesafeleri arttıkça sabit yağ oranlarında bir azalma gözlenmiştir. Yağ bileşimler...

Global change affects species by modifying their abundance, spatial distribution and activity period. The challenge is now to identify the respective drivers of those responses and to understand how those responses combine to affect species assemblages and ecosystem functioning. Here, we correlate changes in occupancy and mean flight date of 205 wild bee species in Belgium with temporal changes in temperature trend and interannual variation, agricultural intensification and urbanization. Over the last 70 years, bee occupancy decreased on average by 33%, most likely because of agricultural intensification, and flight period of bees advanced on average by 4 days, most likely because of interannual temperature changes. Those responses resulted in a synergistic effect because species which increased in occupancy tend to be those that have shifted their phenologies earlier in the season. This leads to an overall advancement and shortening of the pollination season by 9 days and 15 days respectively, with lower species richness and abundance compared to historical pollinator assemblages, except at the early start of the season. Our results thus suggest a strong decline in pollination function and services.

The impact of climate change on agricultural crops is a major concern and threats to the global food security. It also limits the potential of crops and cropping system in a given area. Therefore, the present study was aimed to assess the combined effect of positive (CO2 fertilization, lesser temperature and higher rainfall) and negative (higher temperature, lower rainfall) impacts of the futuristic climatic scenarios on productivity of soybean using APSIM (Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator) model. We have followed the Climate-Crop Modeling Project (C3MP) methodology and generated ninety-nine sensitive test to achieve each test’s temperature, rainfall and CO2 concentration range. Using 30 years of climate data (1980-2010) of Central India as base, the simulation results showed that increasing CO2 concentrations alone resulted in increased soybean yield. Similarly, reduction in rainfall amount indicated negative impact on it. This effect further compounded with increase in te...

Accurate urban water demand forecasting plays a key role in the planning and design of municipal water supply infrastructure. The reliable prediction of water demand is challenging for water companies, specifically when considering the implications of climate change (Zubaidi et al., 2018). Several studies have documented that weather variables drive water consumption in the short-term, and it enhances the accuracy of the prediction model when it is combined with socio-economic factors. However, the impact of climate change on the municipal water demand has yet to be challenged. To surmount this challenge, more research work is needed to accurately estimate the required quantity of water with increasing water demands. Recently, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have been found to be an innovative approach to predict water demand. This PhD study aims to develop a novel methodology to forecast the impact of climate change on municipal water demands for a long-term time series based on ...

At the experimental field of Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing at Žalec an experiment was conducted in 2006/07 to detect the impact of fertilization by K 2 SO 4 and gypsum on the yield, oil content, oil yield, protein content, protein yield and fatty acids composition at two different cultivars of oilseed rape (cultivar Smart and hybrid Toccata). In the conditions of the experiment the source of sulphur did not impact the yield, but a negative impact of spring fertilization by sulphur at cultivar Smart was detected. At hybrid Toccata positive impact of gypsum was detected when it was fertilized at sowing. Oil content was higher at cultivar Smart by 3.32% compared to hybrid Toccata. At cultivar Smart no source of sulphur impacted significantly the yield of oil, while at the conditions of the experiment positive impact of spring applications of sulphur on the yield of oil was detected at hybrid Toccata. Oil yield was higher at cultivar Smart compared to hybrid Toccata. Protein content was not impacted by sulphur fertilization. The share of linoleic acid was higher at hybrid Toccata by 2.2% to 2.4%, the share of oleic acid was higher at cultivar Smart by 2.2% to 3.1%, the shares of other investigated acids did not differ a lot between Smart and Toccata.

Maize production is sensitive to weather and hence directly affected by climate change that is difficult to be controlled by the farmer, compromising yield and food security, especially for producers located in Huambo and Bié in Central Angola. An investigation of the potential impact of climatic change on maize production in Central Angola was carried out using future (2050s as average of 2041 to 2060) and (2070s as average of 2061 to 2080) climate scenarios from a Global Climate Model (GCM) named HadGEM2-ES and AquaCrop simulation Model of rainfed maize growth and yield. The study used historic climatic data (monthly and annual mean, maximum and minimum air temperature and monthly and annual rainfall), as well as downscaled model from Global Climate Model using the same parameters except monthly and annual mean temperature and rainfall. Historic data (observed) from the period 1961 to 2011 was provided by the Meteorological Service Institute of Angola (named, INAMET) and comprised Bié and Huambo provinces. Climate characterisation showed slight decline in rainfall for Huambo province over all the period (1961-2011), while for Bié province no marked variation was shown. Maize analyses showed that there was no relationship of temperature and rainfall with maize yield. The comparison between observed (historical) reference period and modelled current climate showed an agreement between both climates for maximum temperature (T max) and minimum temperature (T min) for Huambo province, while Bié showed a close relationship on rainfall but marked gap on temperature. The comparison between the observed and 2050s showed marked difference of increased temperature, especially for Bié province, while for Huambo the observed and 2050s showed less difference. Comparison between observed and 2070s showed a marked gap between the two climates for T max for Bié. As for Huambo both climates are shown closer. Climate change had no marked effect on maize yield for both provinces, they performed closer values. Long cultivar showed effect on yield over the short and normal cultivar for both provinces. The last planting date of 25-November showed effect on maize yield over 07-October and 25-October planting date for the two provinces.

The sunflower crop is one of the most important oil crops in the world. It gives the largest amount of oil per unit cultivated area because its seeds contain a high percentage of oil that may reach 50%. The expansion of its production began globally since 1993, and it is one of the high-quality oils. Which is used in human food and soap industry. In addition, the meal is used in different animal diets because it contains a high percentage of protein and different mineral elements. The aim of the research is to determine the factors affecting the demand for the sunflower crop in Iraq, by estimating the demand function for this crop for the period (2000-2022) and knowing the price elasticities And intersectionality and income to benefit from its results in drawing up an agricultural economic policy to advance the reality of agricultural production. As well as knowing the effect of price policies followed by the state (minimum policy) in determining the equilibrium price of sunflower and the local demand for it. The demand function for the sunflower crop in Iraq was estimated for the period (2000-2022) by considering the consumed quantity of the crop in question as a dependent variable, the local price and the price of the yellow corn crop as a competing crop for the crop in question, the average per capita income and the population as independent variables in the model and using the linear and double logarithmic model The logarithmic half and the inverse logarithmic half in the analysis, the double logarithmic function was chosen as the best function based on its superiority over other functions in the statistical tests (T, F, R2) and for the agreement of its parameters to the economic logic. The income elasticity of demand, whose value is (0.352), indicates that the satisfaction obtained from the Iraqi individual's consumption of this crop is high, and this naturally explains the Iraqi consumer's appetite for consuming this crop even in light of its high prices, which was explained by the weak response of the consumer to changes in prices, that is, He tries to get the largest possible satisfaction from the sunflower despite its high prices, and this is explained by the value of the price elasticity of demand, which amounts to (-0.912). Also, the positive sign of the income elasticity of demand gives the impression that the sunflower crop is a natural and necessary commodity. The research recommended the need to pay attention to the sunflower crop, starting from its cultivation in the land and reaching its final consumer, and this necessarily requires that the problems that hinder its presence on the consumer's table be overcome, permanently and at reasonable prices. The research also recommends the need to work on consumer awareness to maintain appropriate consumption rates for what is available. of this commodity in the market, and this is done by carrying out media campaigns not only for this commodity, but in general for all consumer commodities and for the sunflower crop in particular.

Bu çalışma yeni geliştirilen hibrid ayçiçeği genotiplerinde tane verimi ve verimle ilişkili bazı özellikler arasındaki ilişkilerle bu özelliklerin tane verimi üzerine olan doğrudan ve dolaylı etkileri belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada, 5 hat ve 5 tester line x tester melezleme yöntemine göre melezlenmiş, böylece 25 F1 hibridi genetik analizler için geliştirilmiştir. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi tarafından geliştirilen 10 ebeveyn hat ve 25 F1 dölünden oluşturulan hibrid populasyonunda korelasyon ve path analizleri yapılmıştır. Araştırmada % 50 çiçeklenme gün sayısı, olgunlaşma gün sayısı, bitki boyu, tabla çapı, 1000 tane ağırlığı, ham protein oranı, yağ oranı ve yağ verimi gibi belirli agronomik ve teknolojik özellikler ölçülmüştür. Sonuçlar tane verimi ile bitki boyu, tabla çapı, 1000 tane ağırlığı, % 50 çiçeklenme gün sayısı ve yağ verimi arasında pozitif yönde önemli korelasyonlar olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Öte yandan, tane verimi ile yağ oranı, ham protein oranı ve olgunlaşma gün sayısı arasındaki ilişkiler istatistiksel olarak önemsiz bulunmuştur. Path analizinden elde edilen Path katsayıları tane verimi üzerine tabla çapının en yüksek pozitif yönde doğrudan etkiye sahip olduğunu ve bunu yağ veriminin negatif yöndeki doğrudan etkisinin izlediğini göstermiştir. Tabla çapı ve yağ veriminin tane verimine doğrudan etkilerinin büyüklüğü sırasıyla % 51.7 ve % 43.5'tir. Bununla birlikte, yağ verimi tabla çapı üzerinden % 50.5'lik payla pozitif yönde en yüksek dolaylı etkiye sahip olmuştur. Bu sonuçlar, tane verimini arttırmak için yapılacak ıslah programlarında, tabla çapı, bitki boyu, % 50 çiçeklenme gün sayısı ve 1000 tane ağırlığı için pozitif yönde seleksiyonlarla başarılı sonuçlar elde edilebileceğini göstermiştir.

Bu çalışma yeni geliştirilen hibrid ayçiçeği genotiplerinde tane verimi ve verimle ilişkili bazı özellikler arasındaki ilişkilerle bu özelliklerin tane verimi üzerine olan doğrudan ve dolaylı etkileri belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada, 5 hat ve 5 tester line x tester melezleme yöntemine göre melezlenmiş, böylece 25 F1 hibridi genetik analizler için geliştirilmiştir. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi tarafından geliştirilen 10 ebeveyn hat ve 25 F1 dölünden oluşturulan hibrid populasyonunda korelasyon ve path analizleri yapılmıştır. Araştırmada % 50 çiçeklenme gün sayısı, olgunlaşma gün sayısı, bitki boyu, tabla çapı, 1000 tane ağırlığı, ham protein oranı, yağ oranı ve yağ verimi gibi belirli agronomik ve teknolojik özellikler ölçülmüştür. Sonuçlar tane verimi ile bitki boyu, tabla çapı, 1000 tane ağırlığı, % 50 çiçeklenme gün sayısı ve yağ verimi arasında pozitif yönde önemli korelasyonlar olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Öte yandan, tane verimi ile yağ oranı, ham protein oranı ve olgunlaşma gün sayısı arasındaki ilişkiler istatistiksel olarak önemsiz bulunmuştur. Path analizinden elde edilen Path katsayıları tane verimi üzerine tabla çapının en yüksek pozitif yönde doğrudan etkiye sahip olduğunu ve bunu yağ veriminin negatif yöndeki doğrudan etkisinin izlediğini göstermiştir. Tabla çapı ve yağ veriminin tane verimine doğrudan etkilerinin büyüklüğü sırasıyla % 51.7 ve % 43.5'tir. Bununla birlikte, yağ verimi tabla çapı üzerinden % 50.5'lik payla pozitif yönde en yüksek dolaylı etkiye sahip olmuştur. Bu sonuçlar, tane verimini arttırmak için yapılacak ıslah programlarında, tabla çapı, bitki boyu, % 50 çiçeklenme gün sayısı ve 1000 tane ağırlığı için pozitif yönde seleksiyonlarla başarılı sonuçlar elde edilebileceğini göstermiştir.

Tarımsal araştırmaların değerlendirme aşamasında yapılan bazı hatalar, çok iyi planlanmış ve yürütülmüş olan denemelerde sağlıklı olmayan yorumlara neden olabilmektedir. Uygulamada görülen yanlışlıklar genelde faktör çeşit niteliğindeyse uygun test yönteminin seçilmemesi, faktörün doz niteliğinde olması durumunda ortogonal karşılaştırmanın yapılmaması nedeniyle tam ve gerçekçi olmayan yorumlara gidilmesi şeklinde özetlenebilir. Bu yayında aynı örnekte değişik test yöntemleri karşılaştırılarak, uygulamada sıklıkla yapılabilecek hatalar vurgulanmıştır.

Cuphea seed oil (CSO) is a potential domestic source of medium chain fatty acids. Although CSO has been obtained using solvent extraction and screw pressing, both methods suffer from disadvantages. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2) extraction is a promising alternative extraction technology. It is a very effective means to extract vegetable oils, non-toxic, non-flammable, easy to separate from extracts (i.e., no solvent residues) and there are no solvent disposal costs. This research compared SC-CO 2 and soxtec petroleum ether for the extraction of CSO. The CSO yield for the petroleum ether was 29.7% while the SC-CO 2 was 28.1%. The free fatty acid content for the SC-CO 2 extract was only 8.8% while the petroleum ether extract was 15.0%. The acid values were also much higher for the petroleum ether extract (i.e., 29.8) than for the SC-CO 2 extract (i.e., 17.4). The Gardner color of the SC-CO 2 extract was determined to be 2+ while the color of the petroleum ether soxtec extract could not be determined because it was very dark due to the presence of chlorophyll. Although the two extraction methods differed slightly in their individual fatty acid compositions, the magnitudes of the differences were inconsequential. This research demonstrated that CSO can be effectively extracted using SC-CO 2 at a relatively low temperature and pressure (i.e., 50 • C and 20.7 MPa) to give a very high quality oil. Cuphea seed oil's status as a specialty oil and its corresponding higher value make its extraction using SC-CO 2 an economically viable option.

Butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata Duch ex Poir.) is an important specialty vegetable native from Mexico. It belong to the family of Cucurbitaceae. Cucurbita moschata is cultivated for its young shoots, fleshy edible flowers and fruit. It is a healthy and functional vegetable because of its rich nutrients and bioactive compounds. Since ancient times it has been essential in the diet of rural communities and some urban areas worldwide. This vegetable is so far less-grown in Slovakia. The aim of the work was to evaluate the influence of genotype on the yield of seven selected varieties of butternut squash in the conventional growing system under the field conditions. The three-year experiment was established at Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra. We observed the selected morphological features and the quantitative parameters of the butternut squash fruits. The morphological analysis showed that evaluated varieties of the butternut squash did not have a homogeneous morphology....

The aim of this study was to assess a set of 40 accessions of Hokkaido type pumpkins (Cucurbita maxima Duchesne) in terms of the traits of agronomic importance and the basic fruit flesh quality parameters, with the emphasis on Serbian environmental conditions. The pumpkins are a part of the larger Cucurbita collection belonging to the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops from Novi Sad, where the two-year (2016, 2017) field trial was conducted. The accessions significantly differed in all analyzed parameters. The average values for the traits of agronomic importance were: yield per plant 3.56 kg, fruit weight 1.84 kg, number of fruits per plant 2.03, and anthesis date 180.29. Length of the main stem was in most cases short. Among fruit flesh quality parameters; the average dry weight content was 11.49%, sugars content 43.32 mg/g fresh weight, carotenoids content 50.12 mg/kg fresh weight, proteins content 4.04 mg/g fresh weight, total soluble solids content 8.63 ?Brix, refractive in...

At the “Al. Ciubotaru” National Botanical Garden, a collection of honey plants has been founded. It includes annual and biennial plants with different growing seasons and flowering stages, starting in May and ending in October, so that there is a staggered blooming of honey plants throughout the growing season and a source of nectar and pollen for pollinating insects of different taxonomic families, particularly honeybees.

Crop production in dry areas is strongly affected by water shortage. In these regions, the application of water-absorbent materials is a useful strategy for sustainable crop production. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two water preservative materials (WPM) on the growth and yield of sesame under two irrigation regimes. The experiment was carried out as factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications, during 2018 and 2019. Experimental factors were water availability levels (100 and 50% of sesame water requirement as normal and deficit irrigation, respectively) and application of WPM, including control (no-WPM), 125 kg ha-1 super absorbent polymer (SAP), 6200 kg ha-1 Zeolite (Z1), 11200 kg ha-1 Zeolite (Z2), SAP+Z1 and SAP+Z2. At the end of both growing seasons, vegetative growth parameters, yield components, seed and biological yields, water use efficiency and seed quality indices (oil and protein contents) were measured. The highest and the lowest amounts of vegetative parameters were obtained at SAP+Z2 under normal irrigation and control under deficit irrigation, respectively. Yield component indices were improved significantly by all WPM especially SAP+Z2 at both levels of irrigation. The highest seed yield was recorded by SAP+Z2 under normal irrigation (1304 and 1481 kg ha-1 , for the first and the second growing seasons, respectively). The highest oil yield (749 and 843 kg ha-1 , for the first and the second growing seasons, respectively) was gained at SAP+Z2 under normal irrigation, while its lowest value (125 and 136 kg ha-1 , for the first and the second growing seasons, respectively) was obtained with no-WPM under deficit irrigation. Similar trend was observed for protein yield. Overall, despite yield reduction, deficit irrigation improved water use efficiency. Moreover, WPMs were useful to improve growth and yield of sesame under both irrigation regimes.

A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive seasons(2002/2003 and 2003/2004) in the Experimental Farm of the Faculty ofAgriculture, University of Sinnar, Abu Naama, Sudan. The objective wasto study the response of two sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivars tonitrogen and phosphorus fertilization under rain fed conditions. Thetreatments were four nitrogen levels (0, 40, 80, 120 kgN/ha) and fourphosphorus levels (0, 50, 100, 150 kgP 2 O5 /ha). Urea (46% N) andtriplesuperphosphate (48% P 2 O5 ) were used as sources of nitrogen andphosphorus, respectively. Two improved sesame cultivars, Khidir andPromo, were used in the study. The experiment was laid out in a split-splitplot design with four replicates. Nitrogen treatments were assigned to themain plots, whereas cultivars and phosphorus treatments were allotted tothe sub and sub-sub plots, respectively. The results showed that bothnitrogen and phosphorus had significant effects on plant height, shoot dryweight, height to the fir...

Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) is one of the fastest growing oil seed crops of India. It is highly desirable as a premium oil to supplement our oil seeds production, contributes about 24% of the domestic edible oil production and may substitute imports substantially, reduces the level of blood cholesterol and ultimately coronary heart diseases. The commercial cultivation of sunflower began in early seventies with a meagre area of 14 thousand hectares. It has gone up to 2.77 million hectares of the area with a production of 1.35 million tonnes in the year 2010. Gibberellic acid (GA3), a sesquiterpenoid chemical compound, is the first widely available active form of commercial gibberellins. GA3 improves growth physiology, cell elongation and cell differentiation thus augmenting plant height. Therefore, it is proposed to apply GA3 to chickpea to increase the stem height for better harvesting of solar energy for maximum utilization of its potential for seed production. However, this fa...

Acest volum cuprinde materialele de la Conferinţa naţională cu participare internaţională "Ştiinţa în Nordul Republicii Moldova: realizări, probleme, perspective", desfăşurată la 21-22 iunie 2019. Volumul cuprinde 106 articole ştiinţifice, care abordează posibilitățile de valorificare a sectorului de cercetare şi inovare în Regiunea de Dezvoltare Nord a Republicii Moldova.

Analyses of charred remains and impressions of chaff in pisé (mudbrick) from the Neolithic sites of Aratashen and Aknashen (sixth millennium cal B.C.) situated in the Ararat valley in Armenia demonstrate that naked barley and possible naked (free-threshing) wheat together with emmer and hulled barley were common. Two lesser known crucifers, Camelina microcarpa (false flax) and Alyssum desertorum (alyssum) were found in the form of crop processing residues. These were frequent in the pisé, indicating their use perhaps as an oil source. Lens culinaris (small-seeded lentil) and Vicia ervilia (bitter vetch) were recovered both as carbonized seeds and from crop processing residues in the pisé. False flax and bitter vetch were less common than alyssum and lentil. Two charred pips of Vitis vinifera (wild vine) were recovered, suggesting the early use of vines in the region. Flotation samples alone would have provided limited data; examination of crop processing residues used for tempering pisé provided important evidence of the plant economy at these two sites. Keywords Neolithic Á Caucasus Á Early farming Á Cereals Á Oil plants Á Wild plant use Communicated by S. Jacomet.

Bu çalışma, aspir bitkisinde yabancı tozlanma oranının belirlenmesi amacı ile 2016-2018 yılları arasında yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada, farklı özelliklere sahip (dikenli ve dikensiz) iki aspir saf hattı kullanılmıştır. Dikenli ve sarı çiçek yapısına sahip hat (ES.TÇ.05.22.5)  polen verici, dikensiz ve kırmızı çiçekli hat (ES.TÇ.07.2.1.4.1) ise polen alıcı olarak belirlenmiştir. Yabancı tozlanma oranı 2017 yılında % 2.1, 2018 yılda ise % 2.9 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre; gerek aspir ıslah programlarının yürütüldüğü alanlarda, doğru ıslah stratejilerinin belirlenmesi, gerek ise tohumluk üretiminin yapıldığı bölgelerde çeşit safiyetinin korunması için aspir bitkisinin yabancı tozlanma oranının belirlenmesine yönelik lokal çalışmaların yapılması gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır. 

A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive seasons(2002/2003 and 2003/2004) in the Experimental Farm of the Faculty ofAgriculture, University of Sinnar, Abu Naama, Sudan. The objective wasto study the response of two sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivars tonitrogen and phosphorus fertilization under rain fed conditions. Thetreatments were four nitrogen levels (0, 40, 80, 120 kgN/ha) and fourphosphorus levels (0, 50, 100, 150 kgP 2 O5 /ha). Urea (46% N) andtriplesuperphosphate (48% P 2 O5 ) were used as sources of nitrogen andphosphorus, respectively. Two improved sesame cultivars, Khidir andPromo, were used in the study. The experiment was laid out in a split-splitplot design with four replicates. Nitrogen treatments were assigned to themain plots, whereas cultivars and phosphorus treatments were allotted tothe sub and sub-sub plots, respectively. The results showed that bothnitrogen and phosphorus had significant effects on plant height, shoot dryweight, height to the fir...

Agronomic value of a genotype is primarily given by grain yield and its stability. Performance, both quantitative (grain yield, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, thousand kernel weight, etc.) and the qualitative (grain protein content, wet gluten content, etc.), adaptability of these genotypes under different environmental conditions and also the ability of plants to recover the different agrotechnical measures applied in production or quality gains. This aims of this paper are to evaluate the performance of a group of genotypes of winter wheat under conditions of the Transylvanian Plain. The characterization of a winter wheat group of varieties was done by modern methods, based on the results obtained from analyzing their production capacity and stability of yield and its main components. The results obtained displays differences between the tested genotypes and also between methods used to determine the stability.

Bu arastirma, 2016 ve 2017 yillarinda Konya ekolojik kosullarinda bazi yaglik keten cesitlerinde (Antares, Atalanta, Sari-85)  farkli sira araliklarinin (15 cm, 20 cm, 25 cm, 30 cm, 35 cm, 40 cm, 45 cm) verim ve verim unsurlari uzerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaciyla yurutulmustur. Bu arastirmada; bitki boyu (cm), bitki basina yan dal sayisi (adet), bitki basina kapsul sayisi (adet), bin dane agirligi (g), tohum verimi (kg/da), ham yag orani (%) ve ham yag verimi (kg/da) ozellikleri ele alinmistir. Arastirmanin yurutuldugu 2016 yilinda en yuksek ham yag orani Sari-85 cesidi ve 20 cm’den elde edilirken (% 44.1), en yuksek tohum verimi ve ham yag verimi Antares cesidi ve 20 cm’de kaydedilmistir (148.1 kg/da ve 55.4 kg/da). 2017 yilinda ise en yuksek ham yag orani Sari-85 cesidi ve 45 cm’de elde edilirken (% 34.1), en yuksek tohum verimi 20 cm’de ekimi yapilan Antares cesidi (138.7 kg/da) ve en yuksek ham yag verimi ise 20 cm’de ekimi yapilan Antares ve Atalanta cesitlerinde kaydedil...

Aspir cicekleri geleneksel olarak lezzet ve boya vermek amaciyla ve tibbi bitki olarak kullanilmaktadir. C.U. Ziraat Fakultesi Tarla Bitkileri Bolumu taban ve kirac arazilerdeki arastirma alanlarinda 1996-1997 ve 1997-1998 yetistirme donemlerinde yurutulen ve Gibberillik asit (GA 3 ) uygulamalarinin aspir cesitlerinde bitki boyu, dal sayisi, tabla sayisi, cicek verimi ve cicekteki boyar madde orani uzerine etkilerinin incelendigi bu calismada, farkli konsantrasyonlardaki GA 3 (0, 50, 100 ve 150 ppm) rozet ve sapa kalkma donemlerinde bitkiye uygulanmistir. Sonuc olarak GA 3 uygulamalarinin dusuk dozlarda aspir cesitlerinde cicek verimini artirdigi, taban kosullarin cicek uretimi icin daha uygun oldugu ve genellikle yuksek dozlardaki GA 3 uygulamalarindan elde edilen boyar madde oraninin da yuksek oldugu saptanmistir.