Oil and Gas Industry

ogy has also demonstrated useful advantages in other financial applications, including futures trading volumes prediction in bankruptcy prediction, are limited to back-propagation neural networks. Their well-known disadvantages, however, limit the practical usefulness , stocks selection (Kryzanowski, Galler, and Wright, 1993), forecasting exchange rates (Kuan of neural discriminant models. Instead, a probabilistic neural network with fewer of these difficulties is proposed. Using data from the U.S. and Liu, 1995), and real estate valuation (Worzala, Lenk, and Silva, 1995).

The purpose of this research is to assess the effects of major tax legislation on the stock prices of firms in the oil and gas industry. Event study methodology is used to examine the behavior of security prices of oil and gas firms in response to the Joint Conference Committee vote in August 1986. Event studies have been used extensively over the past twenty years to determine the impact of both firm-specific events (such as stock splits and bond downgrades) and industry-wide events (such as new regulations) on common stock prices. The major objective in these studies has been to determine the extent to which security returns around the event were different from expected returns based on a prediction model. These studies have shown that capital markets are highly efficient, i.e., stock prices adjust quickly to publicly available information as investors act in response to new expectations of risk and returns (Hill and Schneeweis 1983).

This study seeks to investigate the role of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on consumers’ emotions in product-harm crisis. The results of this experimental study indicate that positive prior CSR leads to higher sympathy and lower anger and schadenfreude toward the company, than negative prior CSR or lack of CSR information.The role of CSR importance, ascribed by the consumers and their moderating effect on the relationship between company’s CSR and consumers’ emotions was also pointed out.

The Oil and Gas industry has very unique requirements in reporting oil and gas producing activities. Because of these unique requirements, it has been difficult to compare Oil and Gas companies over the years. The current XBRL US taxonomy includes standardized Oil and Gas disclosures. This paper will introduce the requirements Oil and Gas companies are to follow when reporting their financial information. Also, an analysis of the U. S. GAAP taxonomy was done by tagging Anadarko’s 2006 financial statements1. The analysis was to determine if the taxonomy includes elements for each of these requirements. Finally, conclusions of the analysis and disclosures will be presented.

Disposal of concentrate from brackish water desalination plants by deep well injection into oil and gas fields is an attractive option in Texas. Underpressured depleted oil and gas reservoirs cover large areas of the state. Six areas were selected from across Texas for detailed analysis. These sites were characterized by abundant brackish groundwater, a projected shortage of freshwater, depleted oil and gas fields, and shallow injection wells. Information was collected on formation mineralogy, pressure history, geochemical attributes and flow parameters.

Recently, infrared optical imaging has been applied in the oil and gas industry as a method to detect potential leaks in pipelines, components and equipment. The EPA suggested that this impending technique is considered as a smart gas LDAR (leak detection, monitoring and repair) for its rapid recognition of leaks, accuracy and robustness. In addition, compared to the conventional method using Total Vapor Analyzer (TVA) or gas sniffer, it has several other advantages, such as the ability to perform real-time scanning and remote sensing, ability to provide area measurement instead of point measurement, and provide an image of the gas which is not visible to naked eye. However, there is still some limitation in the application of optical imaging techniques; it does not give any measurement of gas emissions rates or concentrations of the leaking gas. Infrared cameras can recognize a target gas and distinguish the gas from its surrounding up to a certain concentration, namely the minimum detectable concentration. The value of the minimum detectable concentration depends on the camera design, environmental conditions and surface characteristics when the measurement is taken. This paper proposed a methodology to predict gas emissions rates from the size of the dispersed gas plume or cloud to the minimum detectable concentration. The gas emissions rate is predicted from the downwind distance and the height of the cloud at the minimum detectable concentration for different meteorological conditions. Gas release and dispersion from leaks in natural gas pipeline systems is simulated, and the results are presented.

The general public, government regulators, and environmental organizations are increasingly demanding industries to reduce their environmental impacts and report progress. This in turn resulted in numerous requirements for reporting environmental data. Environmental assessments are a useful tool in gathering and documenting this data. The assessments also assist decision makers to quantify impacts of their activities and plan for appropriate mitigation measures. There are different types of environmental assessments, each having specific purpose(s) and addressing specific audience(s). This paper gives an overview of common environmental concerns associated with oil and gas industry and shares insights on types of environmental assessments that are widely used. It discusses general methodologies to define the scope, approach, measurement standards, and reporting. Potential challenges encountered in conducting these assessments in an international arena and under a wide variety of regulatory requirements are addressed. Practical approach in execution of these assessments is described here, and strategy in dealing with the challenges is presented.

In diversifying energy supply, the transformation of the energy industry has been identified as a key challenge for a sustainable energy future. This suggests that incumbent firms in this industry have a vital role in the development and commercialization process of renewable energy technologies. This paper provides a comparative analysis of oil and gas firms' strategies regarding solar PV technology investments, a renewable energy technology that has seen explosive growth of late. The main aim is to examine the strategic approach of incumbent firms in the oil and gas industry towards the development and commercialization of solar PV technology. To investigate this, a multiple case study has been conducted within the European oil industry, focusing on the three largest oil and gas firms: BP, Royal Dutch/Shell, and Total. Findings show that oil and gas firms have difficulties with integrating solar PV technology in their supply chain. The analysis suggests that it is uncertain whether all oil and gas firms will abandon solar completely, as this depends to what extent they are able to generate profits. Nevertheless, there is currently a trend in the oil industry of leaving solar and positioning towards a 'recarbonization' of business activities.

In this paper we discuss the scenario of Petroleum Engineering projects of Petrobras, a large Brazilian governmental oil & gas company. Based on this scenario, we define a set of requirements and system architecture to guide the construction of a Collaborative Engineering Environment for assisting the control and execution of large and complex in dustrial projects in oil industry, specifically tailored for Petroleum Engineering. The environment is composed by the integration of three different technologies of group work: Workflow Management System, Multimedia Collaborative System and Collaborative Virtual Environments.

This paper examines the impact of the duration of ERP implementation on firm performance both during and after implementation. Organizations choose either an accelerated implementation approach or a traditional (longer) implementation approach. The former approach gives the organization the advantage of speed, but the disadvantage of fitting its processes to that of a packaged (thus, undifferentiated from competitors) ERP. The latter approach allows the organization to redesign strategy and processes, and thus, search for ways to be unique from its competition. The study uses a regression model to capture the changes in various performance measures during and after implementation between firms that implemented the ERP, using the performance measure of a matched group of firms that did not implement an ERP as a benchmark/ control sample, on the basis of the duration of the implementation. Financial data from Compustat, and data on start date and end date of ERP implementation between 1990 and 2005 for firms in the Oil and Gas industry was collected from an ERP vendor. Results show that measures such as return on sales improved after implementation. However, measures such as inventory turnover, which reflect operational benefits, improve during implementation. We find that accelerated implementation confers both operational and strategic benefits. This study highlights the strategic consequences of the different choices of implementation.

Solid wastes generated from oil and gas industrial activities are very diverse in their characteristics, large in their amounts and many of which are hazardous in nature. Thus, quantifying and characterizing the generated amounts in association with their types, classes, sources, industrial activities, and their chemical and biological characteristics is an obvious mandate when evaluating the possible management practices. This paper discusses the types, amounts, generation units, and the factors related to Solid Waste Generation from a major oil and gas field in the United Arab Emirates (Asab Field). The generated amounts are calculated based on a one-year data collection survey and using a Data Base software specially developed and customized for the current study. The average annual amount of total solid waste generated in the studied field is estimated at 4061 tons. Such amount is found equivalent to 650 kg/capita, 0.37 kg/barrel oil, and 1.6 kg/m 3 of extracted gas. The average annual amount of hazardous solid waste is estimated at 55 tons and most of which (73%) is found to be generated from gas extraction-related activities. The majority of other industrial non-hazardous solid waste is generated from oil production-related activities (41%), The present analysis does also provide the estimated generation amounts per waste type and class, amounts of combustible, recyclable, and compostable wastes, and the amounts dumped in uncontrolled way as well as disposed into special hazardous landfill facilities. The results should help the decision makers in evaluating the best alternatives available to manage the solid wastes generated from the oil and gas industries.

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TABLE 2—TRIPOD DELTA METHOD Delta Task Generation of database of GFT indicators Checklist construction and filling out Profile construction Profile discussion by management Setting of remedial tasks and targets Frequency Infrequent Every 3 to 6 months When checklist is done When ...

This paper presents a common cause failure (CCF) defense approach for safety instrumented systems (SIS) in the oil and gas industry. The SIS normally operates in the low demand mode, which means that regular testing and inspection are required to reveal SIS failures. The CCF defense approach comprises checklists and analytical tools which may be integrated with current approaches for function testing, inspection and follow-up. The paper focuses on how defense measures may be implemented to increase awareness of CCFs, to improve the ability to detect CCFs, and to avoid introducing new CCFs. The CCF defense approach may also be applicable for other industry sectors. 2

Absorption chillers are a viable option for providing waste heat-powered cooling or refrigeration in oil and gas processing plants, thereby improving energy efficiency. In this paper, single-and double-effect water/lithium bromide absorption chiller designs are numerically modeled using ASPEN. The modeling procedure is described and the results are compared to published modeling data to access prediction accuracy. Predictions for the single-and double-effect designs are within 3% and 5%, respectively of published data for all cycle parameters of interest. The absorption cycle models presented not only allow investigation into the benefits of using absorption chillers for waste heat utilization in the oil and gas industry, but are also generically applicable to a wide range of other applications.

Safety instrumented systems (SIS) are used to protect against consequences of hazardous events in the oil and gas industry. It is important to detect failures that may impede the SIS from performing upon demands. Recently, partial stroke testing has been introduced as an automatic means to test the SIS valves. Partial stroke testing is able to detect failures that traditionally have been revealed by function testing without causing process disturbances. Unfortunately, authors have different views on how partial stroke testing contributes to SIS reliability, and how failures detected by partial stroke testing should be classified. In this paper, it is shown that the failure classification may influence the hardware design, whereas the reliability modeling approach is not affected. In addition, a partial stroke test coverage factor has been proposed based on historical data. 1 1 A version of this paper was presented at the ESREL conference in Stavanger, 2007

An important task that petroleum engineers and geoscientists undertake is to produce decision-relevant information. Some of the most important decisions we make concern what type and what quality of information to produce. When decisions are fraught with geologic and market uncertainties, this information gathering may such forms as seismic surveys, core and well test analyses, reservoir simulations, market analyses, and price forecasts-which the industry spends billions of US dollars each year. Yet, considerably less time and resources are expended on assessing the profitability or value of this information. Why is that?

Safety instrumented systems (SISs) are commonly used in the process industry, to respond to hazardous events. In line with the important standard IEC 61508, SISs are generally classified into two types: low-demand systems and high-demand systems. This article explores this classification by studying the SIS reliability for varying demand rates, demand durations, and test intervals. The approach is based on Markov models and is exemplified by two simple system configurations. The SIS reliability is quantified by the probability of failure on demand (PFD) and the frequency of entering a hazardous state that will lead to an accident if the situation is not controlled by additional barriers. The article concludes that very low-demand systems are similar and may be treated as a group. The same applies to very high-demand system. Between these group, there is a rather long interval where the demand rate is neither highdemand nor low-demand. These medium-demand systems need a specific treatment. The article shows that the frequency of entering into a hazardous state increases with the demand rate for low-demand systems, while it is nearly independent of both the demand rate and the demand duration for highdemand systems. The PFD is an adequate measure for the SIS reliability for low-demand systems, but may be confusing and difficult to interpret for high-demand systems.

Fugitive emissions from oil and gas operations are a source of direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions in many countries. Unfortunately, these emissions are difficult to quantify with a high degree of accuracy and there remains substantial uncertainty in the values available for some of the major oil and gas producing countries (e.g., Russia 1 and members of OPEC 2 ). This is partly due to the types of sources being considered. Furthermore, the oil and gas industry is very large, diverse and complex making it difficult to ensure complete and accurate results. The key emission assessment issues are: (a) use of simple production-based emission factors is susceptible to excessive errors; (b) use of rigorous bottom-up approaches requires expert knowledge to apply and relies on detailed data which may be difficult and costly to obtain; and (c) measurement programmes are time consuming and very costly to perform. Nevertheless, the industry has a high profile and is very advanced tech...

Der Gasbehälter war im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert ein technisches Bauwerk, das zur Speicherung von lokal produziertem Steinkohlengas für die öffentliche Stadtbeleuchtung diente, sowie später auch für häusliche Zwecke. Die aufragenden Eisenkonstruktionen stellten einen neuen Bautypus innerhalb der seinerzeit bestehenden Industriearchitektur dar und prägten das Stadtbild. Die Funktion des Gasbehälters bestimmte seine Konstruktion, die sich vom hydraulischen zum Trocken- bzw. Scheibengasbehälter entwickelte.

Natural-gas hydrates have been encountered beneath the permafrost and considered a nuisance by the oil and gas industry for years. Engineers working in Russia, Canada and the U.S have documented numerous drilling problems, including kicks and uncontrolled gas releases, in arctic regions. Information has been generated in laboratory studies pertaining to the extent, volume, chemistry and phase behavior of gas hydrates. Scientists studying hydrate potential agree that the potential is great -on the North Slope of Alaska alone, it has been estimated at 590 TCF. However, little information has been obtained on physical samples taken from actual rock containing hydrates.

In this study, the impact of working capital management on the profitability of Oil and Gas firms in India has been examined. The study is conducted by analysing nine significant firms from the Oil and natural gas sector in the country. The selected sample represents a weightage of around 91 per cent of the Nifty Oil and Gas Index. The study makes use of purely secondary data which has been obtained from the audited annual reports of the companies studied. The various statistical methods applied in the study include descriptive analysis, Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression using panel data. The study used variables such as current ratio, debt ratio, cash conversion cycle, operating revenue growth and size of the firms (measured using total assets) as the components of WCM. The proxy variable for the profitability of the entities is ROA. The results of the study reveal that cash conversion cycle has a negative relation to profitability, although the coefficient is not too high. This means that the managers need to focus on reducing the CCC to increase profitability. It was also noted that there was a significant inverse relationship between profitability and debt ratio.

The Caspian Sea basin holds large quantities of both oil and natural gas that could help meet the increasing global demand for energy resources. Consequently, the oil and gas potential of the region has attracted the attention of the international oil and gas industry. The key to realizing the energy producing potential of the region is the development of transnational export routes to take oil and gas from the landlocked Caspian Sea basin to world markets. The evaluation and selection of alternative transnational export routes is a complex multi-criteria problem with conflicting objectives. The decision makers (DMs) are required to consider a vast amount of information concerning internal strengths and weaknesses of the alternative routes as well as external opportunities and threats to them. This paper presents a hybrid model that combines strength, weakness, opportunity and threat (SWOT) analysis with the Delphi method.

Produced water is the largest waste stream generated in oil and gas industries. It is a mixture of different organic and inorganic compounds. Due to the increasing volume of waste all over the world in the current decade, the outcome and effect of discharging produced water on the environment has lately become a significant issue of environmental concern. Produced water is conventionally treated through different physical, chemical, and biological methods. In offshore platforms because of space constraints, compact physical and chemical systems are used. However, current technologies cannot remove smallsuspended oil particles and dissolved elements. Besides, many chemical treatments, whose initial and/or running cost are high and produce hazardous sludge. In onshore facilities, biological pretreatment of oily wastewater can be a cost-effective and environmental friendly method. As high salt concentration and variations of influent characteristics have direct influence on the turbidity of the effluent, it is appropriate to incorporate a physical treatment, e.g., membrane to refine the final effluent. For these reasons, major research efforts in the future could focus on the optimization of current technologies and use of combined physico-chemical and/or biological treatment of produced water in order to comply with reuse and discharge limits.

The O-lay offshore pipe lay method is a concept for offshore pipeline and girth welded riser installation which has many advantages compared with traditional installation methods. The method uses an onshore construction yard in which the pipeline is produced, then wound in a flat monolayer spiral floating on the water and finally towed to location to be installed with the help of a simplified lay barge.

In this study, the impact of working capital management on the profitability of Oil and Gas firms in India has been examined. The study is conducted by analysing nine significant firms from the Oil and natural gas sector in the country. The selected sample represents a weightage of around 91 per cent of the Nifty Oil and Gas Index. The study makes use of purely secondary data which has been obtained from the audited annual reports of the companies studied. The various statistical methods applied in the study include descriptive analysis, Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression using panel data. The study used variables such as current ratio, debt ratio, cash conversion cycle, operating revenue growth and size of the firms (measured using total assets) as the components of WCM. The proxy variable for the profitability of the entities is ROA. The results of the study reveal that cash conversion cycle has a negative relation to profitability, although the coefficient is not too high. This means that the managers need to focus on reducing the CCC to increase profitability. It was also noted that there was a significant inverse relationship between profitability and debt ratio.

It is argued that biases such as anchoring and overconfidence contribute to a US$30 billion/year loss in the oil and gas industry . The most commonly used debiasing technique, within the industry, is awareness-style training, where participants have the biases and debiasing techniques described to them without specific training. Given such training is delivered by consultants, however, there is little available evidence of its efficacy and concern regarding a lack of up to date debiasing methods. We present a study designed to measure the benefit of such awareness-style training for the well-known anchoring and overconfidence biases, using a sample of petroleum engineering students. Results indicate that course attendance reduced participants' overconfidencecalibration improving by 21% -but no benefit was observed for anchoring. It is argued that this difference results from the debiasing technique for anchoring requiring a greater degree of domain knowledge than the students possessed. A detailed analysis of the relationship between accuracy in, and susceptibility to, the anchoring question supported thisindicating that participants who simply relied on the anchor actually performed better than those who hazarded their own guesses. Potential benefits of debiasing and, specifically, the incorporation of up to date debiasing techniques, are discussed along with the need for further research.

A systemic approach has been adopted to construct a "re-safety management system (FSMS). It has been applied to the case of an oil and gas organisation, although the approach is general. Signi"cant changes have taken place in "re safety management in the oil and gas industry over the last few years. However, "re safety still tends to be analysed in isolation, though "re loss is a result of the interaction of the parts that constitute an oil and gas organisation as a whole. Fire loss may be seen as a &systemic' failure, not a result of a single cause. This paper proposes a FSMS for an oil and gas organisation. The approach aims to help to maintain "re risk within an acceptable range in an oil and gas organisation's operations in a coherent way. It is hoped that this approach will lead not only to more e!ective management of "re safety in an oil and gas organisation, but also to more e!ective management of safety, health and the environment for any organisation.

In explaining the corporate governance performance of post-socialist companies, this article identifies four factors of influence: (1) pressure from majority shareholders, (2) pressure from outside minority shareholders, (3) pressure resulting from internationalization/ globalization and (4) pressure exerted by the state in the form of legal regulation.

Vortex shedding flow of an oscillating vertical cylinder with a disk attached at its keel is considered. This configuration is of interest for the offshore oil and gas industry. A finite difference method is employed to solve the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in the primitive variables formulation. Test cases were used to guide selection of the size of flow domain, numerical parameters and verify that the resultant method was both convergent and accurate. Numerical simulations have shown that the geometry configurations of the cylinder and disk, such as aspect ratio of the disk t d /D d and diameter ratio, D d /D c have significant influence on the vortex shedding modes and associated hydrodynamic properties, e.g. hydrodynamic damping and added mass coefficients. Which in turn affect the performance in heave motion control of the structures.

Recent CO 2 sequestration pilot projects have implemented novel approaches to well-based subsurface monitoring aimed at increasing the amount and quality of information available from boreholes. Some of the drivers for the establishment of new well-based technologies and methodologies arise from (1) the need for data to assess physical and geochemical subsurface processes associated with CO 2 emplacement, (2) the high cost of deep boreholes and need to maximize data yield from each, (3) need for increased temporal resolution to observe plume evolution, (4) a lack of established processes and technologies for integrated permanent sensors in the oil and gas industry and (5) a lack of regulatory guidance concerning the amount, type, and duration of monitoring required for long-term performance confirmation of a CO 2 storage site. In this paper we will examine some of the latest innovations in well-based monitoring and present examples of integrated monitoring programs.

Underwater radiated noise is often an unintended byproduct of offshore activities, and the increasing levels of manmade sounds in the ocean (whether deliberately generated or not) have led to concern over marine noise pollution and its effect on marine life. A significant source of impulsive underwater noise is marine piling where a pile is driven into the sea-bed using a hydraulic hammer. Such a technique is typically used to position piles in relatively shallow water for construction of offshore windfarms, bridge supports, and offshore structures associated with the oil and gas industry. To mitigate the effects of the noise generated, the piling sequence is often begun with a gradually increasing energy level, this procedure being termed a "soft start". This paper describes work undertaken to monitor the underwater acoustic radiated noise during offshore marine piling. The measurements made include full characterisation of the soft start period at the beginning of the piling sequence, where the hammer energy was gradually increased from 10% to 100% of the final energy level. Detailed measurements of underwater noise levels were made throughout the entire piling sequence (a little over 4 hours) at two locations corresponding to ranges of 57 m and 1,850 m. The soft start sequence lasted for approximately 68 minutes, during which time the hammer energy was incrementally increased from 80 kJ to 800 kJ. A steady increase in acoustic amplitudes during the soft start period was seen, with the peak-to-peak pressure levels showing an increase of about 12 dB from beginning to end of the soft start, the RMS pressure levels increasing by approximately 13 dB, and the energy flux density level in the pulses increasing by approximately 8 dB. The pulse periodicity was around 2 seconds during the main piling sequence with pulse durations generally between 0.15 s and 0.2 s. The pressure amplitude levels for the main piling sequence at a hammer power setting of 800 kJ were fairly stable with mean peak-to-peak pressure levels of 211 dB re 1 µPa (pk-pk) and 191 dB re 1 µPa (pk-pk) observed at ranges of 57 m and 1,850 m respectively, with corresponding energy flux density levels of 178 dB re 1 µPa 2 s and 164 dB re 1 µPa 2 s. For such impulsive sources of noise, the energy within each acoustic pulse is shown to be the an appropriate measure of the sound field. It has the advantage that it is relatively Manuscript received March 30, 2007.

This paper analyzes the exposure of the oil and gas industry of 34 countries to oil prices. Using a multifactor panel model to estimate the oil and gas excess stock returns, our results strongly support the view that oil price is a globally priced factor for the oil industry. In particular, the response of the oil and gas sector to changes oil prices is positive and larger for developed countries than for emerging markets. The industry response is asymmetric, with positive oil price changes having a greater impact on the oil sector returns than negative changes. Furthermore, local market index returns, currency rates and oil price volatility also have a significant impact on oil industry's excess returns. Finally, industry local sensitivities seem to vary with stock market activity and with levels of appropriation of industry revenues by governments. Results are robust to a battery of tests.

This paper presents a micro-econometric study of corporate investment and uncertainty in a period of market turbulence and restructuring in the international oil and gas industry. We specify and estimate a modified Q model of investment to test for the influence of uncertainty on capital formation. Based on data for 170 companies over the period 1992-2005, we find that Q is a poor investment indicator for the international oil and gas industry, and that uncertainty measures contribute significantly to the explanation of investment. However, the sign of the investment uncertainty relationship remains unsettled, as general and industry-specific risk indicators exert a mixed influence on investment rates. The results suggest that financial market volatility creates a bottleneck for oil and gas investment and production, whereas oil price volatility has a stimulating effect.

Analysts often rely on a given set of accounting figures for evaluating the financial performance and valuation of oil and gas companies. However, the relative importance of these measures in the equity valuation process is unclear. The aim of this study is to determine the relative value-relevance of accounting figures using regression analysis of market and accounting data for 15 of the largest international oil and gas companies in the period 1990-2003. The results show that accounting figures calculated before the expensing of depreciation are more value-relevant than net figures. This indicates that investors have more confidence in profits before depreciation and in cash flows, than they have in net income.

The standard theory of irreversible investments and real options suggests a negative relation between investment and uncertainty. Richer models with compound option structures open for a positive relationship. This paper presents a micro-econometric study of corporate investment and uncertainty in a period of market turbulence and restructuring in the international oil and gas industry. Based on data for 115 companies over the period 1992-2005, we estimate four different specifications of the q model of investment, with robust results for the uncertainty variables. The estimated models suggest that macroeconomic uncertainty creates a bottleneck for oil and gas investment and production, whereas industry-specific uncertainty has a stimulating effect.

Path-creating change in organizational form is proposed as an important element in achieving management control in hybrid organizations. Using case examples from large-scale projects in the architectural, engineering, and construction industry, as well as from joint ventures in the oil and gas industry, we highlight the role of mindfully synthesizing new organizational forms in the design of management control systems. A series of paradoxes is disclosed, in which attempts to achieve control through mimetic adoption of established management control techniques lead to reduced control. On the other hand, path-creating deviations from institutionalized practices, resulted in improved project and venture performance. It has been argued that the design of inter-organizational management control systems seeks to enable organizations to compete for resources and efficiency, and also to obtain institutional legitimacy. Institutional theory proposes that isomorphism permits organizations to obtain that legitimacy and explains their design. In this paper, we propose that path creation and morphogenesis, which deviates from isomorphism, is an additional consideration in explaining management control system design.

This paper addresses the question of how instructional designers work with subject matter experts (SMEs) in unfamiliar content areas. It is suggested that working as an instructional designer in an unfamiliar content area is similar to an anthropologist working in a foreign culture. Instructional designers enter communities of practice and attempt to understand the context as well as complete learning designs for specific audiences. It is suggested that unlike new professionals who work toward full participation and full acceptance in the community of practice, the instructional designer aims for legitimate participation within the sub-culture. To successfully achieve legitimate participation the instructional designer will need to utilise a number of communication strategies to optimise the interaction with the SME.

The paper presents the modeling of subsea coaxial cable as a FIR filter on Matlab. The subsea coaxial cables are commonly used in telecommunication industry and, oil and gas industry. Furthermore, this cable is unlike a filter circuit, which is a "lumped network" as individual components appear as discrete items. Therefore, a subsea coaxial network can be represented as a digital filter. In overall, the study has been conducted using Matlab to model the subsea coaxial channel model base on primary and secondary parameters of subsea coaxial cable.

This paper discusses small volume provers (SVPs), used in the oil and gas industry to validate the performance of custody transfer meters. Recently Coriolis mass flow meters have been introduced for custody transfer; while these offer reduced maintenance requirements over traditional PD and turbine meters, proving Coriolis flow meters using SVP is challenging. This paper presents SVP results for a Coriolis meter which matches or exceeds the most stringent requirements for custody transfer. This is achieved in part using a novel signal processing technique which reduces the dominant component of the measurement noise, associated with so-called Coriolis mode vibration, with negligible loss of dynamic response.

El presente trabajo tiene por finalidad analizar el proceso de "peronización" y "desperonización" de la Universidad Obrera Nacional en el periodo comprendido entre 1953 y 1956. Presentaremos-en principio-las características particulares del proceso de "peronización" de la referida institución, en el marco de un intento general por parte del gobierno peronista de "politizar" al conjunto del sistema educativo. Seguidamente, daremos cuenta del proceso de "desperonización" de esta institución-abierto a partir del golpe de Estado a Perón, el 16 de septiembre de 1955-a través del cual los estudiantes y las nuevas autoridades interventoras de casa de estudios desmantelaron el aparato simbólico montado por el peronismo durante sus dos primeros años de funcionamiento bajo el gobierno presidido por Perón (1953-1955). Para realizar este estudio, relevaremos diversas fuentes documentales de carácter institucional y oficial, e información proveniente de entrevistas a ex estudiantes de la institución.

Strategies for the control of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in the oil industry involve the use of high concentrations of biocides, but these may induce bacterial resistance and/or be harmful to public health and the environment. Essential oils (EO) produced by plants inhibit the growth of different microorganisms and are a possible alternative for controlling SRB. We aimed to characterize the bacterial community of produced water obtained from a Brazilian petroleum facility using molecular methods, as well as to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of EO from different plants and their major components against Desulfovibrio alaskensis NCIMB 13491 and against SRB growth directly in the produced water. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of the genera Pelobacter and Marinobacterium, Geotoga petraea, and the SRB Desulfoplanes formicivorans in our produced water samples. Sequencing of dsrA insert-containing clones confirmed the presence of sequences related t...