Object Oriented Analysis and Design

Triangulation of the polygon is a fundamental algorithm in computational geometry. This paper considers techniques of object-oriented analysis and design as a new tool for solving and analyzing convex polygon triangulation. The triangulation is analyzed from three aspects: forward, reverse and round-trip engineering. We give a suggestion for improving the obtained software solution of the polygon triangulation algorithm using technique that combines UML modeling and Java programming.

A large research effort has been devoted to enrich mainstream languages as C, C++, Java, Python with simulation capabilities. The most common choice is to provide the additional simulation functionality through a software library. Independently of the architectural level at which they are provided (application, library, language), the simulation capabilities embody a world view for their users. In this paper we present the architecture and major components of an objectoriented simulation library written in Java. The processinteraction worldview adopted by the library is discussed. A practical example is given in order to ascertain important features of the library. Further motivations are discussed and suggestions for improving our work are given.

There is strong disagreement among many computer science educators as to whether UML tools can be effectively used in undergraduate computer science courses. Two of the main points of disagreement are whether the tools that exist are appropriate for undergraduate education and whether the learning curve for these tools is too steep for the benefits that they bring. We will discuss both tools for developing class diagrams, appropriate for CS1/CS2 courses as well as tools for developing use-case models, sequence diagrams, etc. -tools appropriate for advanced courses on such topics as object-oriented analysis and design, software engineering, etc.

In Today's scenario, files are not secure. They are fetch by any means of attack by eavesdropper like cracking the pins, crashing the OS by viruses, malwares, and plenty of ways. We today can't sure that files protection wizards are secure and data can't be reached to the attacker. But if files are encrypted then even files are accessed original data remains confidential. Therefore, this paper represents the File Encryption System based on Symmetric Key Cryptography. I proposed the strategy to encrypt the files/even multiple files can be encrypted by compressing the files into one 'rar' file and it uses Blowfish as encryption/decryption standard and Cipher Block Chain Mode to perform the operations. I implemented compression function for 64-bit Initialization Vector(IV), use CBC mode with Blowfish and RC4 for 256-bit keystream. It is more efficient and secure then other general encryption process.

Appunti dell'edizione 2014/15 del corso di Ingegneria del Software dell'Università degli Studi di Genova (corso di laurea in Informatica)

DISCLAIMER: questi appunti li ho presi seguendo le lezioni del corso. Sicuramente contengono errori ed imprecisioni (e mi fareste un favore a segnalarmeli quando li trovate ;) ). Non sono assolutamente da considerarsi materiale fornito, controllato od approvato in alcun modo dall'Università degli Studi di Genova né dai suoi professori.

In the academic world a variety of languages are studied and used. But with the exception of a few applications, most languages utilized for commercial applications are written in imperative and object oriented languages. A partial list of these languages includes many that would be familiar to any commercial developer: Visual Basic, C#, Java, Python, Fortran, Cobol, and so on. For the power of a quantum computer to be utilized economically in commercial applications, the programming must be easy for existing commercial developers to learn and utilize. This is best done by piggy backing off of the languages and techniques they are already familiar with-this means that successful quantum languages for existing commercial developers will likely be related to one of more of these languages, or quantum frameworks (libraries) for these languages. It should be pointed out that the popularity of languages changes with time, so as new languages come into popularity their potential for quantum computing also needs to be kept in mind. Many of today's popular languages were not designed to easily take advantages of multiple cores or processors. Consequently it is quite feasible that other languages that take advantage of these parallel processing capabilities will rise in popularity in the near future and be excellent candidates extending to carry out quantum computing.

Development of applications at enterprise level based on Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) requires a comprehensive software process. While Object Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) is a powerful technique for modeling real world objects, it does not address several aspects of the services model. This paper discusses the difficulties in applying OOAD to services based applications and presents a Service Oriented Analysis and Design (SOAD) process that can used at enterprise level. Services at enterprise level are identified and four sub-processes to develop the different services have been presented. It also recommends a roadmap for implementation of SOA based applications at enterprise level based on the SOAD process.

Unlike other fads, the object-oriented paradigm is here to stay. The road towards an objectoriented approach is described and several object-oriented programming languages are reviewed. Since the object-oriented paradigm promised to revolutionize software development, in the 1990s, demand for object-oriented software systems increased dramatically; consequently, several methodologies have been proposed to support software development based on that paradigm. Also presented are a survey and a classification scheme for object-oriented methodologies

This research presents a model to collect the necessary data on the books through the reference setting (Bibliography) and analysis of the book technically to make The information provided for the researcher is scientific and well planned relying on Market Segmentation principle to know the customer characteristics, and personalization relied on Implicit and Explicit for the collection of data by Tracking customer behavior models, thereby forming a data warehouse is useful in the future decision makers to generate knowledge and to take decisions on the electronic library of the university.
The researcher has modeled all of this data based on Object Oriented Modeling as one of modern approaches to Systems Analysis, and it this model was applied through designing electronic library system in the Faculty of Economics - University of Aleppo

In software engineering, a design pattern is a general reusable solution to a commonly occurring problem within a
given context in software design. A design pattern is not a finished design that can be transformed directly into code.
It is a description or template for how to solve a problem that can be used in many different situations. Patterns are
formalized best practices that the programmer must implement themselves in the application. Object-oriented
design patterns typically show relationships and interactions between classes or objects, without specifying the final
application classes or objects that are involved. Many patterns imply object-orientation or more generally mutable
state, and so may not be as applicable in functional programming languages, in which data is immutable or treated as such.

Dokument stanowi próbę usystematyzowania wiedzy z obszaru analizy i projektowania obiektowego oraz stosowanych systemów notacyjnych w tym obszarze. Autor zwraca szczególną uwagę na różnice pomiędzy metodami projektowania zorientowanymi na dane i na odpowiedzialność (rozdz. Kluczowe pojęcia). W dalszej części opisano podstawy pojęciowe opisane w specyfikacjach SBVR, MOF, MDA oraz metodę modelowania wykorzystującą notację UML.

This paper presents a formal approach to the comparison of six object-oriented analysis and design methodologies. For each of the methodologies, a formal representation of it is constructed as a meta-process model and a meta-data model. These two meta models of a methodology represent the steps of the analysis and design, the concepts, and the techniques provided by this methodology. Based on this uniform representation, an extensive comparison of these six methodologies is then performed. The results are given as a set of tables in which the similarity and differences of these methodologies are exhibited. Adopting this formal approach, we can avoid errors caused by misunderstanding or misinterpretation of these methodologies. Consequently, an accurate and unbiased comparison is made possible.

View the online version of the publication:
https://developing-an-organic-web-channel.ghost.io/2018/04/25/what-is-mvc-and-how-is-it-different-from-other-oop-applications/

MVC stands for model view controller. This software design pattern creates applications in a modular design separating the tasks into three separate programming modules or areas. The idea has existed historically for decades and according to Wikipedia model-view-controller was introduced in the 1970’s at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. MVC can be used in desktop applications, web development projects and in embedded software applications as well.

Although a software engineer could use a similar approach in almost any object oriented programming language for both desktop applications and web applications, it is in recent years that MVC is becoming popular for web applications.

This research presents a model to collect the necessary data on the books through the reference setting (Bibliography) and analysis of the book technically to make the information provided for the researcher is scientific and well planned relying on Market Segmentation principle to know the customer characteristics, and personalization relied on Implicit and Explicit for the collection of data by Tracking customer behavior models, thereby forming a data warehouse is useful in the future decision makers to generate knowledge and to take decisions on the electronic library of the university.to guide the researchers to their aim quickly
The researcher has modeled all of this data based on Object Oriented Modeling as one of modern approaches to Systems Analysis, and This research provides us a model to cluster Multi-variant databases, using Factor Analysis with Principle Component Analysis (PCA) in reducing the Dimensions through deriving collection of factors from all variables, then using one of the most famous Clustering Algorithm(K-Means) in apply Clustering and We compared the results of Clustering Algorithm before and after applying the PCA on the Database by using Total Sum of errors squares (SSE) for the resultant clusters as evaluation criteria this where is  database contains more than one type of variables and many objects  and we demonstrated the factors and variables significant on the execution of clustering algorithm and using nervous  network in order  to classify the customers and for forecasting of the groups which belong to it, and this model was applied through designing electronic library system in the Faculty of Economics - University of Aleppo.

Exploration of INTERSUBJECTIVITY is continued. Different kinds of if are differentiated and signs for its presence and effects are shown. The difference between it, subjectivity and objectivity are explored.
Intersubjectivity is crucial and universal for general everyday discourse in all cultures, sub-cultures, institutions, communities and socio-cultural practices such as religion, sport, etc or the so-called Manifest Image. It is essential for specialized areas, for example religion, sport and disciplines such as the humanities, arts, sciences, philosophy and all institutions.
It is a necessity for both cultural, social, interpersonal as well as intra-personal existence, emotions, attitudes, values and norms. But, it is not limited to human existence, life-worlds, realities and worlds, but also for animals and all organisms. Object Oriented Ontology would emphasize that is it not merely something anthropocentric and restricted to human existence and consciousness (and anthropocentric interpretations of and projections on other objects, non-human creatures and all organisms, as well as all objects.. In the case of the latter one would probably replace the notion of intersubjectivity with terms such as energy and other ways of action and interaction for example intra- and inter-atoms.)
In the Appendix is included work related to the above by others such as Sellars, Brandom (and his two images, Manifest and Scientific), Davidson, Dennett, Habermas, Nagel, etc.

[Collected from close associates]
[ -- ]
Contains case diagram examples with solves including class notation, class diagram and use cases in elliptical shape. The course is known as
[ -- ]
OBJECT ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
[ -- ]
Raw drawing can be done on pen and paper but for professional
representation and for assignments software is needed. These diagrams
can also be drawn on Lucidcharts , UMLet or any tools you wanna use.
[ -- ]
Examples inside are solved by teacher and can help any student who need accurate answers.
[ -- ]

[Collected from close associates] [Thanks to SUDIPTA KUMAR DAS]
[ -- ]
Contains entire project with almost full marks. Project based on a hypothetical system where [A solution of car washing] is provided with all necessary diagram and documentation. Details are given in the front page of the project file.  The course is known as
[ -- ]
OBJECT ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
[ -- ]
Raw drawing can be done on pen and paper but for professional
representation and for assignments software is needed. These diagrams
can also be drawn on Lucidcharts , UMLet or any tools you wanna use.
Here used software list is provided inside the project report. A complicated example of class, sequence, activity, state-chart diagram. You must know the basics before viewing/reading project contents.
[ -- ]
Examples inside are solved by students
and evaluation done by teacher and it can help any student who need accurate answers on how to do and what to do to make a simple project.
[ -- ]

A shortened version of the second chapter of The Sympathy of Things as it was published in The Politics of the Impure (V2_NAI Publishers, 2010). It relates John Ruskin’s “Wall-Veil” to the better-known “Wall-Dress” (Gewand) of Gottfried Semper by understanding both as occurring at the intersection of matter and force. Matter tends to generate patterns in two ways, either downward or upward in dimensions, respectively surfaces breaking up into lines, or lines meshing together into surfaces. The first relates to tessellated ornament as we encounter it in the work of Owen Jones; the second to the ribboned ornamentation that we find in William Morris’s work.

Ekologia w krótkim czasie zyskała rzesze zwolenników na całym świecie, stała się nie tylko nieodłącznym składnikiem intelektualnego krajobrazu i elementem codziennej praktyki, ale również doskonałym produktem marketingowym. Jednak podejrzliwi myśliciele postanowili nie szczędzić słów krytyki kierowanych pod jej adresem, jednocześnie próbując nadać teoretyczny kształt zjawisku przybierającemu charakter masowy.

This paper presents the analysis and design of Revenue Information System using object oriented approach with the notation of Unified Modeling Language (UML). Object oriented depicts the system as object, which is closer to the real world than the structural approach. The UML diagrams shown here include Activity Diagram, Use Case Diagram, Behavioral State Machines and Class Diagram.

Object-oriented video database Management system are to store, retrieve, and manage video. (video data). (Oomoto & Tanaka, 1993). Relational database systems have been successfully used for text and image management because of their basic advantages such as clear concept and formal basis. However, an entity relationship model is not sufficient for managing video information. Video data involves complex objects which need composition hierarchy and object specific operations. Therefore, object-oriented databases are considered as a possible alternative because of their power in behavioral modeling and behavior inheritance, complex objects support, type hierarchy, behavior encapsulation, and so on. (Huang, Mong Lee, Li, & Xiong)

The Object constraints can be described as the expressions that are used to insert important data in object
oriented models. The Object Management Group founded a worldwide standard for object-oriented
analysis and design artifacts specifically the diagrams. The specification and standard, known as the
Unified Modeling Language, comprises model diagrams and the allied and associated semantics. Unified
Modeling Language is meant for modeling and, the Object Constraint Language is the specification and
standard for specifying expressions. These expressions add essential, crucial and critical information to
object-oriented models and other object modeling workproducts. In Unified Software Development Process
we have analysis & Design discipline to have complete architecture and design of the system. Analysis &
Design discipline is followed by implementation discipline. The activities of the implementation phase are
mainly captured in construction phase. In unified software development life cycle the expressions in the
design model are forward engineered to produce or generate the source code. The source code that is
generated depends a lot on the platform and the technology that are selected for the software development.
We have investigated how the expressions are developed and incorporated in the models in an electronic
business solution. Further object constraint language is used to form the expressions that are attached to
the object oriented model and artifacts. Then models are forward engineered to generate the code. In a
nutshell we produce code from abstract, models or diagrams making use of object constraints language
that is to achieve round trip engineering format between model and code. In this paper we have generated
expressions from object constraint perspective for a reward point system as applied to a customer in ebusiness.
We have also evolved the Context Definition, Initial Values & Derivation Rules, Query
Operations, Attributes and Operations in this regard.

The conceptual modelling of construction management information models the information for the activities performed at the post design stage. In this paper, such activities have been identified by a steering group of industrialists and representatives of the major professional institutions in the UK who are assisting the research team in the development of conceptual models for construction management information. The resulting conceptual models form the basis for developing construction management databases which can monitor the time, cost and quality aspects of a construction project. Proper information modelling is a key factor in realising these aspects. However, unless a sound methodology is used to structure the information required by the various disciplines involved at the construction stage, the critical factors of time, cost and quality may not be achievable. This paper reports on a methodology used by the ICON project being developed at the University of Salford which is attempting to provide a framework of information into which the modelling of construction management information fits. This methodology is based on the coupling of two powerful information

—In Today's scenario, files are not secure. They are fetch by any means of attack by eavesdropper like cracking the pins, crashing the OS by viruses, malwares, and plenty of ways. We today can't sure that files protection wizards are secure and data can't be reached to the attacker. But if files are encrypted then even files are accessed original data remains confidential. Therefore, this paper represents the File Encryption System based on Symmetric Key Cryptography. I proposed the strategy to encrypt the files/even multiple files can be encrypted by compressing the files into one 'rar' file and it uses Blowfish as encryption/decryption standard and Cipher Block Chain Mode to perform the operations. I implemented compression function for 64-bit Initialization Vector(IV), use CBC mode with Blowfish and RC4 for 256-bit keystream. It is more efficient and secure then other general encryption process.

We present COLLECT-UML, a constraint-based tutoring system that teaches object-oriented analysis and design using Unified Modelling Language (UML), a popular object-oriented modelling technology. Constraint-Based Modelling (CBM) has been used successfully in sev- eral tutoring systems, which have proven to be effective in evaluations performed in real classrooms. In this paper, we present problem-solving support available in COLLECT-UML. The system observes

Dynamic object roles constitute a promising conceptual modeling notion, which can express in a straightforward manner some real situations when an entity during its life can acquire and lose various roles without changing its identity. The paper focuses on the problem of introducing dynamic object roles into the UML (Unified Modeling Language) class diagram, which is used to present object-

To keep pace with the stringent requirements of emergent applications, database technology has to change. Conventional databases have been succes,sful inasmuch as the application domain was, restricted to traditional data banks. Enhancement of existing database management systems (DBMSs) has played its part, namely, stretching the capabilities of their predecessors. Unfortunately, this extension is not unlimited. As of necessity, entirely new modelling concepts must be explored. The paper surveys conventional DBMSs, particularly with regard to their support [or integrated project support environments (IPSEs). Their strengths and limitations are discussed. The problems posed by such nontraditional applications are identified. Emerging ideas that seem poised to meet this challenge are analysed. Shortcomings of these 'advanced" methodologies are identified, with specific implementations considered. Based on the survey, .fundamental requirements of any IPSE database are presented. The object-oriented (00) approach seems to give a good handle.for satt)fying these requirements. Proposal is made to investigate fitrther how an O0-based data model suitable ['or IPSE support can be evolved.

ABSTRAK E-learning adalah salah satu metode yang digunakan dalam membantu proses belajar mengajar. Penulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui komponen-komponen apa saja yang mendukung Binusmaya sehingga menjadi salah satu media belajar yang berbasis E-learning serta menggambarkan manfaat apa saja yang diberikan oleh Binusmaya sebagai media belajar berbasis E-learning. Dalam menerapkan Binusmaya sebagai media belajar berbasis E-learning, ada kendala-kendala yang harus diperhatikan agar Binusmya dapat bermanfaat dengan baik. Didalam dunia pendidikan, metode pembelajaran berbasis E-learning sangat dibutuhkan untuk meningkatkan proses belajar disemua tingkat pendidikan. Data dan informasi yang digunakan dalam penulisan ini diperoleh dari beberapa buku, website, jurnal dan kuesioner yang berkaitan dengan topik. Hasil dari pembahasan dalam penulisan ini bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi dan pengetahuan tentang Binusmaya sebagai media belajar yang berbasis E-learning.

Rich pictures (RP) are common in object-oriented analysis and design courses, but students seem to have problems in integrating them in their projects' workflow. A new software tool is being developed, specific for RP authoring. To better understand students' issues and working practice with RP, and gather requirements for the tool, we followed a user-centered design approach and performed a usability test with an early prototype. The findings suggest the presence of a gap between some of the modern object-oriented development practices and engineering students' values: some techniques, like RP, presuppose design skills that are alien to our students. To bridge this gap our tool aims at making design-specific skills optional, enhancing the conceptual analytical skills that software analysis shares with design. Further studies will be conducted to assess the impact of the tool on learning.

The project we propose is a console-based, multi-player game in a client/server environment with a political theme.  The server application will act as the referee/moderator and alert players when a new player arrives and a challenge of combat is made.  The client portion of the application will prompt the player to choose a character class from a potential list of players that can include famous modern political figures such as; John Boehner, Sarah Palin, Michelle Bachman, President Obama, Harry Reid, Mitch McConnell, Richard Durbin, John Cornyn and others.  Also the player will have the option to create their own character class from scratch at game start.
The idea of the game is to cause your opponent to run out of money (energy) before you do.  The one left with money when all players are broke is the winner.  A potential list of weapons will include the following; launch a television ad denouncing your opponent (A list of actual issues can be presented), launch a public scandal disparaging your opponent (a list of actual modern scandals can be presented), launch a political scandal against your opponent, taunt your opponent from a list of actual issues that the particular character faces in modern times or from a generic list of actual modern issues.  Defenses can include; counter with a television ad disproving the ads against you, appear in public and kiss babies, donate money to a good cause or show up at a fund-raising rally for a good cause, announce a new platform for your campaign (this can be a random counter-measure that has the potential of losing money as well as gaining money).  Taunts will include modern day claims made about the particular character a player has chosen.  Special wildcard (zombie) characters will come out of the woodwork during game play who will be actual modern day political figures that will present modern day political challenges to each player.

This article is a theoretical contribution to the debate about which qualitative intervention methodology is best suited to building stronger partnerships between researchers and practitioners in educational research. In the first part of this article, two types of intervention methodologies gaining impact in the field are contrasted in light of Yrjö Engeström’s criticism. This discussion lays the groundwork for the main claim in the second part of this article that dialogical work between researchers and practitioners focusing on ‘contradictions’ and the ‘object of activity,’ can provide analytical tools to improve understanding of challenges in intervention research.

A shorter version of this article was published in May 2021 in volume 78 of For the Record, the journal of the City of London Phonograph & Gramophone Society. This version, slightly expanded, includes more illustrations than the print format permitted and incorporates research which has come to light since publication. I have added a Post-script.

Let's summarize the rules of thumb for good object-oriented design. The programmer is concerned with writing class definitions, while at run time, it is appropriate to talk of objects and their interactions: 1. Each class should be self-contained, providing a complete service of some kind. 2. Each should have a simple and small interface couched in the language of the application domain. If this is so, users of the class are able to ignore the details of its internal structure and implementation and concentrate on the interface. We call this abstraction. See Fig. 3. 3. Classes should hide their data, we call this encapsulation, only providing a small number of controlled methods or functions in the interface for accessing that data. These factors taken together enable separation of interface from implementation. The actual designs of the algorithms employed inside the classes can be changed as better, more efficient algorithms are found. After a design is complete, changes in a class implementation must not affect its interface. The effect on current and future users is then only in terms of efficiency: their applications need not be recoded to take advantage of the new class implementation. The advantages of separation of interface from implementation include rapid prototyping and graceful refinement. See Fig. 3. 4. The majority of the work at run time should be within objects, not in between objects. 5. The complexity of the system should be evenly spread amongst the objects. 6. Classes should be written with reuse in mind. This requirement impacts the interfaces, and may cause us to spend more time on design that we otherwise would. 7. Systems of classes should be written to solve a wide range of problems from the domain of the actual task at hand. We do not set out to write a program to solve a single problem, but a system of classes that solves a wide range of problems of similar type. The code that tailors the system to solve the specific problem at hand should be localized to a small number of classes. 8. Our designs should be easy to extend. We should ask how easy it is to add new data types and functionality. For example, in a 3D graphics program that deals with a small set of graphical objects, how easy is it to add graphical objects? If the program doesn't implement shadows, how easy will it be to add them (assuming the math is not too complex)? 9. We should try to minimize the number of classes in a design. This requirement may be subordinate to those of keeping the class interfaces small and simple, and of minimizing the inter-object communication.

UML has emerged as the de facto standard for object oriented analysis and design. It is a complex notational and symbolic language with many features and functions that is methodology independent. A qualitative and quantitative survey of UML users was conducted to determine the extent to which UML meets their needs. This research evaluates the qualitative responses to provide a basis to examine; to what extent do we need to include UML within IT curriculum?

This paper focuses on the importance of using object oriented approach in teaching software engineering which using UML [unified modeling language] as supporting tools, the references in this place textbooks, lab manuals and other supplementary materials to teach these topics and how to implement these methodologies to get a very high quality education output. In this paper we discuss the OO Approach Design Models, also giving literature review about using OOA in teaching in addition to discussion about implementation of IS Engineering learning in KAU, ending with our conclusion. This paper also emphasizes: 1) the growing concerns of software engineering and its technologies applications. 2) existing books and supporting materials, and 3) King Abdulaziz university's approach to teaching these topics. At KAU [king abdulaziz university] we incorporate software engineering into one course.

Abstract: The demand for educational software is growing exponentially with the surge of interest in educational reform, the Internet and distance education. A Web-based Interactive Course Tool was developed at West Virginia University. The tool provides components for instructors, administrators, and students to interact effectively through the Internet. This paper presents an object-oriented software architecture model of this tool. Keywords: Distant Teaching and virtual classroom, Internet University, Object-Oriented Analysis and Design ...

The UML (Unified Modeling Language) has been widely accepted as a standard language for object-oriented analysis and design. Among the UML diagrams, one of the most difficult and time-consuming diagrams to develop is the object interaction diagram (OID), which is rendered as either a sequence diagram or a collaboration diagram. Our experience shows that developers have significant trouble in understanding and developing OIDs. In this paper, we present an effective ten-step heuristic for developing sequence diagrams and illustrate the technique with a case study. In this technique, we show a proper use of control objects and boundary objects when developing sequence diagrams. In our heuristic the relationships among multiple sequence diagrams in a single use case are elegantly represented using control objects. We found that developers effectively developed sequence diagrams using this heuristic method.

The NL-OOPS project started in 1994 as a joint project between the Computer and Management Science Department of Trento University (I) and the Laboratory for Natural Language Engineering, Department of Computer Science, of Durham University (UK). NL-OOPS, acronym for Natural Language - Object-Oriented Production System, is a tool that supports requirements analysis by generating object-oriented models from natural language requirements documents. Our goal was to develop a system capable of generating OO models analysing natural language requirements. As we do not assume that the language used by the analysts and users has to be a subset of NL, it is necessary to use a ‘real’ NL processing system, able to tackle a full range of NL problems (e.g., the quantification problem).