Conceptual Modelling

Sourcing is evolving into a strategic process for organizing and fine-tuning the firm's value chain. Companies need to strategic sourcing in order to survive within the industry, particularly hospitals which are facing rapidly competition to provide high quality services in healthcare. Healthcare organizations need to leverage the right capabilities from the right source, and the right shore, at the right cost to improve their competitive position. Capability sourcing is an organizing process to execute strategic sourcing and improve the firm's competitive position through gaining access to best-in-class capabilities across the value chain to ensure long-term competitive advantage. The main problem is a lack of technique to explore sourcing alternatives (insourcing, co-sourcing and outsourcing) and choose the right sourcing model. Our research solution is applying conceptual modeling as a technique to create schematic descriptions of alternative solutions based on organization's capabilities to facilitate strategic sourcing decision making. The fundamental requirement of capability sourcing conceptual modelling is a language as a carrier for modeling intermediate artifacts of sourcing alternatives. Our position is introducing service-dominant logic conceptualisation as a well-defined language for capability sourcing conceptual modeling.

This book uses sports as a metaphor for research methods. It focuses on how to use and build frameworks for empirical research. The frameworks are analogous to a "play", which is connected to a unique purpose and directs the movement of players during the game. Examples from award winning student research support the chapters that introduce 4 different conceptual frameworks. Before a player can enter the game, he or she should be in shape and understand the rules. Effective teams have systems in place that help their players achieve top physical abilities. Likewise, student scholars need systems in place to ensure they have the necessary skills and preparation to conceptualize and write a strong paper. To do this, it is helpful to bring project management skills to the task of writing a paper. A project management system organizing a scholar's time, materials and Ideas is presented. The book is written using John Dewey and Charles Sanders Pierce's philosophy of science and theory of inquiry.

With increased globalization and modernization of people’s lives, lifestyle behavior has changed substantially in many countries around the world. This change has brought two key behavior modifications: a reduction in physical activity and an increase in unhealthy eating patterns. Consequently, non-communicable diseases have overtaken communicable diseases as a key health risk area. In response to this issue, healthy lifestyle initiatives and sport-for-development (SFD) programs are now implemented across the world, including projects in the heavily affected Pacific Islands region. In this paper, the authors critically reflect on their lived experiences and the underpinning management processes of the Wokabaot Jalens, a health-focused SFD initiative in Vanuatu. The authors propose the sport-for-health model as a flexible conceptual tool that establishes the nexus between sport management, health promotion, sociocultural development, policy, and sustainability. The authors provide practical and theoretical implications and suggest that the model can underpin and conceptually support other SFD initiatives—and specifically health-related development projects—in the Pacific region and beyond.

In this paper, we expose the legal theories underlying two important classes of Legal Core Ontologies and show how these ontologies inherit both limitations and benefits (such as explanatory power) of their underlying theories. We do that with the help of a real case study in which we have normative omission and collision of principles. We use this case study to conduct an ontological analysis of the support for judicial decision-making in LKIF-Core (representing Kelsen’s Pure Theory of the Law) and UFO-L (representing Robert Alexy’s Theory of Constitutional Rights). We show that UFO-L is able to articulate the semantics of the content of judicial decisions by making explicit the individual’s legal positions that are raised in argumentation along a legal process. The same cannot be said of LKIF-Core that is based on the Kelsenian stance and focuses on the representation of general norms (norm types) and subsumption of facts to these norms.

By examining the trans-disciplinary neologisms called "terminological junctions" in writings of Arakawa and Gins, one may find adequate conditions for making visible, and perhaps resolving a central paradox in the thinking of Gilles Deleuze, who exhorts us to "forge alliances" across scientific percepts, philosophical concepts and artistic constructs, and yet denies the adequacy of metaphor specifically, and tropes generally, because of the taint of representation and transcendence. Drawing on my earlier work which emphasizes the "agency" of tropes (by reference to Peter Galison and Bruno Latour) I attempt to recuperate tropes from within a Deleuzean frame, through an analysis of of "terminological junctions" as "shocks of thought."

Conceptual models are used in a variety of areas within Computer Science, including Software Engineering, Databases and AI. A major bottleneck in broadening their applicability is the time it takes to build a conceptual model for a new application. Not surprisingly, a variety of tools and techniques have been proposed for reusing conceptual models, eg ontologies, or for building them semi-automatically from natural language (NL) descriptions. What has been left largely unexplored is the impact of such tools on the ...

The digitalization of the economy and technological innovations are pushing central banks to investigate new forms of digital money. The concept and design of digital currencies have been investigated by central banks for some time. Although much progress has been made towards a convergence on definitions, the term Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) is still used to refer to a number of concepts. In this paper we address this issue by extending and refining our previous work, the Reference Ontology of Money and Virtual Currencies, to provide a semantic foundation for the concept of CBDC.

Data warehouses (DW) play a decisive role in providing analytical information for decision making. Multidimensional modeling is a special approach to modeling data, considered the foundation for building data warehouses. With the explosive growth in the amount of heterogeneous data (most of which external to the organization) in the latest years, the DW has been impacted by the need to interoperate and deal with the complexity of this new type of information, such as big data, data lakes and cognitive computing platforms, becoming evident the need to improve the semantic expressiveness of the DW. Research has shown that ontological theories can play a fundamental role in improving the quality of conceptual models, reinforcing their potential to support semantic interoperability in its various manifestations. In this paper we propose the application of ontological patterns, grounded in the Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO), for conceptual modeling in multidimen-sional models, in or...

Recently, viewpoint resolution methods which make conflicts productive for requirements engineering have gained popularity in organisational information systems. However, when extending such methods beyond organisational boundaries to inter-organisational social networks, sociological research indicates that a delicate balance of trust in individuals, confidence in the network as a whole, and watchful distrust becomes a key success factor. We capture these relationships in the socalled TCD (Trust-Confidence-Distrust) approach and demonstrate how this approach can be supported by a dynamic requirements engineering environment that combines the structural analysis of strategic dependencies and rationales, with the interaction between planning, tracing, and communicative action. An example drawn from an ongoing case study in entrepreneurship networks illustrates our approach, complemented by a brief sketch of a prototypical implementation of a simulation environment based on our methodology.

This paper explores the influence of electronic governance (e-governance) on sustainable development. Using a soft systems methodology, it maps the impact of information and communication technologies (ICTs) on the decision-making process. The paper further discusses the role of information technologies as a way for residents to contribute to this decision-making process, and explores the mechanisms by which information sharing can help to overcome bounded rationality problems within urban governance. E-governance mechanisms can increase policy effectiveness, accountability, transparency and ownership within urban systems. The resulting conceptual systemigram model shows how communication and collaboration within an urban system can result in more effective governance structures and practices and the improvement of sustainable development process.

— It is no surprise that the notion of situation is key to situation awareness. The development of the discipline can thus benefit from careful analysis of the notion. In this paper, we approach this by proposing an ontology of situations and scenes. The main contribution of this ontology is that it accounts for how situations progress in time changing qualitatively, constituting what we call scenes. The ontology is built by reusing basic elements from the Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO). It addresses objects, occurrences, and their formal relations to situations and scenes. We use the theory of embodiment proposed by the philosopher Kit Fine to explicate how scenes and situations form wholes constituted of parts.

Project-centered learning increasingly demands for communication tools to enhance learners' virtual interaction. In the context of the COOPER EU project a model-based approach has been conceived to support and facilitate the introduction of a set of VoIP (Voice over IP) services within collaborative environments. This paper discusses the integration of two up-to-date technologies enabling Web application design and VoIP services, which have been adopted for the development of the COOPER collaborative environment.

This is my graduate thesis book. My thesis develops systematic methods in interaction design using three case studies. I am focusing on two systematic models - the conceptual model and the mental model. A  conceptual model is the model that is given to the user through the interface of the product. It is the model in the designer's mind. A mental model is the model that a user develops in his or her mind from the interface of the product. It is a model in the user's mind. My thesis relates and combines these two models in the design process, exploring three questions: How can we designers find the right way and the most efficient way find out  a user's mental model? How can we represent these models? How can we use these models in the design process?

The advent of socio-technical, cyber-physical and artificial intelligence systems has broadened the scope of requirements engineering, which must now deal with new classes of requirements, concerning ethics, privacy and trust. This brings new challenges to Requirements Engineering, in particular regarding the understanding of the non-functional requirements behind these new types of systems. To address this issue, we propose the Ontology-based Requirements Engineering (ObRE) method, which aims to systematize the elicitation and analysis of requirements, by using an ontology to conceptually clarify the meaning of a class of requirements, such as privacy, ethicality and trustworthiness. We illustrate the working of ObRE by applying it to a real case study concerning trustworthiness requirements.

Ontology design patterns have been pointed out as a promising ap- proach for ontology engineering. The goal of this paper is twofold. Firstly, based on well-established works in Software Engineering, we revisit the notion of ontology patterns in Ontology Engineering to introduce the notion of ontolo- gy pattern language as a way to organize related ontology patterns. Secondly, we present an overview of a software process ontology pattern language.

Literaturauszug aus Frederic Vester: Neuland des Denkens. Vom technokratischen zum kybernetischen Zeitalter, Stuttgart 1980.
Disclaimer: Der Literaturauszug wurde rein subjektiv anhand der Interessen des Verfassers (Manfred Bundschuh) zusammengestellt. In der Regel wurden komplette Sätze aus dem Original übernommen. Es gibt keine Garantie auf Korrektheit.

Literaturauszug: Die Ansätze einer Neuorientierung in unserer Ausbildung, im Bereich der Schule und des Lernens, hatte ich zu positiv gesehen und die mitspielenden gesellschaftlichen und strukturellen Hemmnisse unterschätzt. Was verspreche ich mir von diesem Buch ? Ich habe ein unbeirrbares Vertrauen in die Macht der Information, das durch die Reaktion vieler Menschen bestätigt ist, sich einsichtigen Argumenten letztlich doch nicht verschließen zu können. Das Buch ist so aufgebaut, dass wir uns zunächst mit einem neuen Verständnis der Wirklichkeit befassen werden. Im ersten Teil, unter dem Stichwort "Organisation", versuche ich, die Welt als lebendes System nahezubringen und daraus, von der Kybernetik über Computer und Verkehr, einen neuen Ansatz für gesellschaftspolitische Programme und ihre Planung zu skizzieren. Das führt im zweiten Teil "Die belebte Materie" zu der Frage, wo Organisation und damit Information und Kommunikation ihren Ursprung haben, wie sie in die einst tote materielle Welt überhaupt Eingang fanden, zur Urzeugung von Leben. Auf dieser Basis wird im dritten Teil, "Nahrung und Lebensraum", das Verhältnis zwischen Mensch und Biosphäre beleuchtet. Fast zwingend ergibt sich daraus der Einstieg in den vierten Teil, "Energie und Stoff". Im letzten, dem fünften Teil des Buches, "Bewußtsein", scheint es mir wichtig aufzuzeigen, dass solche Wandlungen eine neue Art des Lernens und Wissens verlangen. Während bei einfachen mechanischen Vorgängen ein Fehler meist unmittelbar zutage tritt, wird bei komplexen Systemen das falsche Handeln lange nicht bemerkt. Auch das ist eine ihrer Eigenschaften, dass sie Störungen zunächst auffangen, auszugleichen versuchen, sodass eine Rückwirkung oft erst über viele Stationen zutage tritt, und dies dann oft auf Gebieten, in die wir bewusst gar nicht eingegriffen haben. In

War has always been one of the most serious problems of mankind. Although conventional wars are still with us, we have so far succeeded in avoiding an all out nuclear war. Nevertheless, civil wars and terrorism have now replaced classical wars as the main large scale violence in the world.
This unstable political situation in the world can still escalate into large interstate wars and ultimately nuclear catastrophe, so it behooves us to see how prevent it.
This preliminary study attempts to look into that critical problem in a general, holistic, interdisciplinary perspective, by focusing on a policy oriented, synthetic and systematic process of social problem solving, particularly applied to war.

This paper provides an integrated approach to the analysis of the geological, hydrological and hydrogeological characteristics of the Cape Flats: a coastal plain sand formed within the mountains of the Cape Town metropolitan area. The study is mainly based on evaluation of available data, on surface water and groundwater, rainfall and selected springs, to describe the Cape Flats aquifer. Qualitative analysis has shown that both surface water and groundwater of the investigated area are of good quality; whereas sources of contamination indicated are restricted to certain parts of the area. Interpretation of hydrogeological data and aquifer parameters revealed that the Cape Flats aquifer has good storage characteristics to support its development for water supply, although the generally unconfined conditions render it highly susceptible to pollution from the surface. From the analysis of long-term climate data in Cape Town, it is evident that fluctuation exists in the pattern of rainfall; this rainfall pattern has implications for recharge and water management issues in the city. Therefore, a conceptual hydrogeological model was developed to elucidate groundwater flow and recharge mechanisms in the Cape Flats.

Every tool builds a conceptual box. This cognitive box means a situation within which the tool is useful. Outside of that context, that particular conceptual box, the tool ignores everything else. Thus, it is useless in its ability to guide you in thinking and exploring outside of that contextual and conceptual box. To believe that you can successfully use that tool outside of the circumstance for which it has its use is to become tool trapped. The very tool you are supposedly the wielder of, will, if used out of context, wind up metaphorically wielding you. This is what being tool trapped means.
Our most important conceptual tool is common sense logic. Where does that logic come from and what are its limitations?
This paper explores the trap create by common sense logic and thus how to avoid being trapped within its limiting box.

RESUMO O reconhecimento de que a cidade deve ser tratada como problemática multidisciplinar vem sendo sistematicamente reafirmado na literatura. Este reconhecimento remete à importância da maneira como devemos abordar o planejamento deste fenômeno. A cidade, como mais do que a soma de suas partes, exige mais do que a junção de esforços de planejamentos paralelos. Infere-se que abordar o fenômeno urbano como problemática única, com múltiplas dimensões integrando disciplinas diversas, permitiria construir uma metodologia de planejamento que contemple sua essência sistêmica. Este trabalho pretende identificar e avaliar as dificuldades e deficiências da integração nos processos de planejamento do uso do solo e transportes, a partir do levantamento histórico das propostas de planejamento urbano do último século, de modo a permitir destacar insuficiências nos esforços de integração, apontando lacunas no entendimento e contextualização do fenômeno urbano assim como a desvalorização da discussão crítica sobre estes.

The Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO) was developed over the last two decades by consistently putting together theories from areas such as formal ontology in philosophy, cognitive science, linguistics, and philosophical logics. It comprises a number of micro-theories addressing fundamental conceptual modeling notions, including entity types and relationship types. The aim of this paper is to summarize the current state of UFO, presenting a formalization of the ontology, along with the analysis of a number of cases to illustrate the application of UFO and facilitate its comparison with other foundational ontologies in this special issue. (The cases originate from the First FOUST Workshop – the Foundational Stance, an international forum dedicated to Foundational Ontology research.)

As system complexity is on the rise, there is a growing need for standardized building blocks to increase the likelihood of systems’ success. Conceptual modeling is the primary activity required for engineering systems to be understood, designed, and managed. Modern modeling languages enable describing the requirements and design of systems in a formal yet understandable way. These languages use stereotypes to standardize, clarify the model semantics, and extend the meaning of model elements. An Internet of things (IoT) system serves as an example to show the significant contributions of stereotypes to model construction, comprehension, error reduction, and increased productivity during design, simulation, and combined hardware–software system execution. This research emphasizes stereotype features that are unique to Object-Process Methodology (OPM) ISO 19450, differentiating it from stereotypes in other conceptual modeling languages. We present the implementation of stereotypes in ...

As a subsequent step of the conceptual modelling and the information modelling involving the specification of the knowledge content of the decision processes and the involved data imbedded in the information entities, a derivation of the functional requirements was carried out to support and guide the selection of the technological infrastructure of a dedicated farm management information system (FMIS). The study employed the core-task analysis (CTA) method involving a combination of science-based modelling, practice-based modelling, and integrated information modelling.

Database and data model evolution cause significant problems in the highly dynamic business environment that we experience these days. To support the rapidly changing data requirements of agile companies, conceptual data models, which constitute the foundation of database design, should be sufficiently flexible to be able to incorporate changes easily and smoothly. In order to understand what factors drive the maintainability of conceptual data models and to improve conceptual modelling processes, we need to be able to assess conceptual data model properties and qualities in an objective and cost-efficient manner. The scarcity of early available and thoroughly validated maintainability measurement instruments motivated us to define a set of metrics for Entity-Relationship (ER) diagrams. In this paper we show that these easily calculated and objective metrics, measuring structural properties of ER diagrams, can be used as indicators of the understandability of the diagrams. Understandability is a key factor in determining maintainability as model modifications must be preceded by a thorough understanding of the model. The validation of the metrics as early understandability indicators opens up the way for an in-depth study of how structural properties determine conceptual data model understandability. It also allows building maintenance-related prediction models that can be used in conceptual data modelling practice.

This theoretical article aims to draw up an inventory of the latest advances in medical knowledge engineering in the specific area of ontologies and knowledge based systems design. Echoing the debates that animated the landscape of Artificial Intelligence (AI) from the 1970s under the impetus of Dreyfus HL, it aims to show that most of the difficulties currently faced by medical knowledge engineering are inherent in the nature of AI, whose project is the mechanization of cognitive activity. As such it promotes the idea that only a fair understanding of what machines can do, given their machinic character itself, and remains, despite its cognitive finitude, a property of human being, may offer to balancing the scales between tasks that can be allocated to machines and those that have to be left in charge of humans.

Lo scopo di questa relazione è quello di illustrare come sia possibile creare e far funzionare una piattaforma online basata sulla raccolta di tutti i feedback dei consumatori dell'intero comparto agroalimentare, potenzialmente l'intera popolazione mondiale, e di come tale piattaforma possa diventare un potente e versatile mezzo a disposizione delle azienda per impostare e/o modificare la propria strategia di comunicazione.

As one of the main disciplines, science is very important for people to make sense of their life. The appropriate use
of the models in science classrooms to promote children’s understanding, imagination and creativity definitely depends on the teachers
who have experience of differentiating the scope and the limitations of the models. From this respect, the education given to preservice
student teachers in teacher education institutions as a base of the teaching profession should be considered carefully.
Therefore, in this paper, the main aim is to indicate the importance of modelling in science education and in teacher education.

En este trabajo se indagó en aspectos conceptuales y operativos vinculados a la elaboración de instrumentos de gestión patrimonial en Uruguay, poniendo énfasis en los bienes y espacios costeros que se destacan por su contribución al mantenimiento de la biodiversidad. El objetivo general de la investigación fue proponer un modelo conceptual que integrara y representara cuestiones clave de la Conservación de la Biodiversidad y del Patrimonio Cultural y que hiciera factible que tal integración pudiera hacerse operativa mediante instrumentos concretos de Ordenamiento Territorial y Desarrollo Sostenible previstos en la Ley 18.308 (Uruguay, 2008).
El abordaje metodológico se basó en la Teoría de los Sistemas Complejos y en las Ciencias de la Integración e Implementación (I2S). La síntesis de los conocimientos se realizó por medio de mapas y modelos conceptuales. Los datos primarios se obtuvieron a través de entrevistas y talleres. El principal resultado fue la extensión del Modelo conceptual de referencia abstracto del Patrimonio Cultural (CHARM) para la elaboración de instrumentos de protección patrimonial enfocada en especies, ecosistemas, paisajes y servicios ecosistémicos. El modelo está expresado en lenguaje ConML que permite su traducción a bases de datos para el registro y gestión de la información.
El enfoque del Manejo Costero Integrado podría contribuir a la integración de los distintos sectores y niveles del gobierno y de la academia así como a la incorporación de otros actores que deberían ser tenidos en cuenta a la hora de elaborar una política pública. Se destaca un aspecto esencial de la función del manejador costero como potencial articulador y catalizador de dichos procesos.

La investigación que da origen a los resultados presentados en la presente publicación recibió fondos de la Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación bajo el código POS_NAC_2013_1_11414

The research focuses upon the development of a simulation conceptual modelling methodology for SCM applications (termed the 'SCM 2 '). The originality of the SCM 2 is that it combines a prescribed procedure for simulation conceptual modelling with supply chain domain-specific knowledge. This procedure is used to guide participants to create a non-software specific description of the simulation model to be developed, in the context of SCM applications.

In conceptual models of Enterprise Architecture, a key component is the model of Business Architecture. The term is frequently used and the concept is well accepted, however in practice definitions of Business Architecture are surprisingly poorly articulated.

CAPSICUM proposes a comprehensive, semantic meta-model for a Business Architecture, inserted into a framework for an executable Enterprise Architecture, explicitly aligned with a model of business strategy and models for the technical and platform designs of an Information System.

In this paper, we present a Knowledge Based System for describing
and storing dances that takes advantage of the expressivity of Description Logics.
We propose exploiting the tools of the Semantic Web Technologies in
representing and archiving dance choreographies by developing a Dance Ontology
in OWL-2. Description Logics allow us to express complex relations and
inference rules for the domain of dance movement, while Reasoning capabilities
make it easy to extract new knowledge from existing knowledge. Furthermore,
we can search within the ontology based on the steps and movements of
dances by writing SPARQL queries. The constructing elements of the ontology
and their relationships to construct the dance model are based on the semantics
of the Labanotation system, a widely applied language that uses symbols to denote
dance choreographies.

Teori sistem umum sebagai disiplin ilmu dasar baru merupakan sebuah bidang logis-matematis yang memiliki pokok bahasan pada perumusan dan pengambilan kesimpulan prinsip-prinsip yang berlaku untuk sistem secara umum. Teori sistem umum berlaku untuk semua ilmu yang terkait dengan sistem. Sebagai contoh, peran teori sistem umum seperti teori probabilitas, yang dengan sendirinya merupakan doktrin matematika formal namun bisa diterapkan sangat berbeda pada bidang termodinamika, eksperimen biologis dan medis, genetika, statistik asuransi jiwa, dll. Pentingnya teori sistem umum dapat dicirikan dengan cara yang berbeda. Sejauh ini, ilmu pasti yang berupa sistem hipotetis-deduktif matematis, hampir identik dengan fisika teoritis karena merupakan satu-satunya hukum ilmiah sistematis yang telah diakui secara universal dan tanpa batasan hukum fisika dan kimia. Meskipun demikian, dasar-dasar sistem hukum yaitu hipotetis-deduktif juga terdapat pada bidang lain seperti ekonomi nasional, demografi, dan bidang biologi tertentu. Contohnya, rujukan yang sering digunakan untuk bidang biologi ataupun ekonomi yaitu 'equilibria'. Terminologi ini sesungguhnya masih tetap tidak jelas mengenai makna dari konsep 'keseimbangan'. Jika diterapkan di luar bidang besaran fisik, maka konsepsi semacam ini tetap tidak lebih dari sekedar metafora yang kabur dan menimbulkan berbagai persepsi. Beberapa upaya untuk menyatukan hukum-hukum di bidang non-fisik telah mendapat pengakuan universal. Namun hukum-hukum tersebut tetap tidak memiliki konsistensi sistem fisika dan mengandung ketidakjelasan latarbelakang metodologi. Sebagai konsekuensi dari perkembangan ilmu fisika yang dominan, untuk menyatakan hukum yang pasti pada bidang apapun dan menjadikannya sains yang tepat harus direduksi menjadi fisika dan kimia. Ini tentu saja merupakan prinsip metodologis dari apa yang disebut pandangan mekanistik. Terlepas dari pertanyaan apakah prinsip mekanistik dibenarkan, fakta tersebut tidak berlaku di bidang sains yang luas. Sebagai contoh, proses yang terjadi pada organisme hidup dapat diisolasi dan digambarkan dalam istilah dan hukum fisika-kimia. Hal ini telah dilakukan melalui biofisikan dan biokimia modern. Tatapi ketika sampai pada suatu titik vital, ditemukan bahwa pada dasarnya biofisikan dan biokimia modern adalah persoalan organisasi, ketertiban, dan keteraturan yang diakibatkan oleh interaksi sejumlah besar fenomena fisis-kimiawi yang sangat rumit. Untuk memahami secara rinci, organisasi fisis-kimiawi dari sel yang paling sederhana sekalipun jauh diluar kapasitas biologi. Kesimpulannya adalah tidak mungkin untuk menyatakan hukum yang tepat untuk fenomena biologis dasar, seperti metabolisme, pertumbuhan, morfogenesis, perilaku, dan lain-lain, karena hal-hal tersebut terlalu rumit untuk memungkinkan pemahaman menyeluruh dan analisis terhadap semua proses yang terlibat. Hal ini pada kenyataannya merupakan pendapat umum dalam biologi saat ini. Hal yang sama pun berlaku, bahkan lebih untuk fenomena sosiologis karena kompleksitas mereka yang lebih tinggi dan ketidakmungkinan menyelesaikannya menjadi peristiwa fisis-kimiawi.