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The global spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has challenged most countries worldwide. It was quickly recognized that reduced activities (lockdowns) during the Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic produced major changes in air quality. Our objective was to assess the impacts of COVID-19 lockdowns on groundlevel PM2.5, NO2, and O3 concentrations on a global scale. We obtained data from 34 countries, 141 cities, and 458 air monitoring stations on 5 continents (few data from Africa). On a global average basis, a 34.0% reduction in NO2 concentration and a 15.0% reduction in PM2.5 were estimated during the strict lockdown period (until April 30, 2020). Global average O3 concentration increased by 86.0% during this same period. Individual country and continent-wise comparisons have been made between lockdown and business-as-usual periods. Universally, NO2 was the pollutant most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. These effects were likely because its emissions were from sources that were typically restricted (i.e., surface traffic and non-essential industries) by the lockdowns and its short lifetime in the atmosphere. Our results indicate that lockdown measures and resulting reduced emissions reduced exposure to most harmful pollutants and could provide global-scale health benefits. However, the increased O3 may have

The contemporary scene of borders and border space in Europe is composed of a series of parameters: (a) the eastward enlargement of the European Union; (b) the European Neighbourhood Policy launched by the European Union’s new strategy; and (c) the 9/11 terrorist attack, which, imperatively, addressed the issue of security. These developments have triggered a discussion concerning the future borders of European Union. What are Europe’s borders and where do they end? How far should the European Union’s borders extend following the next round of enlargement? What is the European Union’s approach with regard to its external surroundings? What is considered to be European and what is not? All the above are merely questions that are brought to the fore, initiating a series of dilemmas and syllogisms. The present article attempts firstly to examine the political and economic geography responsible for synthesizing the new image of borders in Europe in general, and in Southeastern Europe af...

We acknowledge financial support from the research programme ‘Environmental Policy, Economic Reform and Endogenous Technology’, funded by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). We gratefully acknowledge useful comments by Egbert Jongen, Richard Nahuis, Michiel de Nooij and Bob van der Zwaan on an earlier version of this paper. Of course, the usual disclaimer applies. Research Memorandum 0105

This paper compares Japan and the US as they provide different types of capital to the developing world, focusing especially on foreign aid and, to some extent, also on remittances and the role of NGOs. The main focus is on the quality of aid and on past conceptual differences and on an emerging convergence between these two major donors, with Japan having the potential advantage of being able to bring its own historical experience in development to bear.

This study was conducted at four localities (Maseef, Naseem, Oleya and Industrial City) in Riyadh city, KSA to determine the effect of increased tropospheric gases on responses of in situ soil respiration (Rs) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Giza 68), broad bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Lara), kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Giza 3) and pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Perfection) rhizosphere soil. These plants were grown to a full-season in pots to recieve four air quality localities treatments. Daily mean of O 3 , SO 2 , NO 2 and CO 2 concentrations were recorded by portable gas analyzers in the center of studied localities. The Rs values were measured monthly before seed germination, during all growth stages and after harvesting (October, December, February, April and June) at three times during the day (morning, noon and afternoon) for each stage. The maximum values recorded for O 3 in mid June, 2007 were 39, 77, 95 and 166 nL L −1 , in Maseef, Naseem, Olea and Industrial City localities, respectively. Significant decreases in Rs were observed for all polluted localities in compared Maseef site (less polluted). The greatest decreases in Rs were found at Industrial City followed by Naseem and Oleya. More reductions in Rs were observed for the Industrial City treatments during flowering and grainfill stages, while normal respiration at Maseef area was recorded. This study concluded that O 3 injury can reduce the R s by decreasing the activities and reactions in soil supporting plants.

Employee allocation is a part of the process of workforce formation (staffing) in organisations. Its aim within hiring new employees and internal mobility is to have an adequate, stable and satisfied employee in the shortest possible time, and its key objective within employment termination is to ensure a fair departure. Employee allocation results in the optimal usage of financial means of the organisation as well as in the development of abilities of employees and teams in accordance with the aims of the organisation. The aim of our research conducted in 2012 was to find out whether organisations operating in Slovakia realize the importance of employee allocation. Research results imply that only 14% of organisations deal with adaptation com prehensively, i.e. at all three levels. And only 8% of the interviewed organisations deal with outplacement.

Se escribe siempre en primer lugar el símbolo del elemento o radical menos electronegativo (metal o grupo que actúe como tal) y a continuación el del elemento o radical más electronegativo; sin embargo, al nombrarlos se hace en orden inverso (empezando a nombrar por la derecha).

This paper presents the results of a survey of over 4100 works created under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) and over 4800 randomly selected users across 100 villages in 20 districts in Maharashtra. It has two goals: the first was to verify the existence of the assets and the second was to elicit user perceptions of the problems and benefits they associate with the work. The survey indicates that 87 of the works exist and function and over 75 of them are directly or indirectly related to agriculture. A bulk of the rest constitutes rural roads that connect habitations to farms and provides access to agricultural markets. The study also finds that 92 of the randomly selected users paper that their main occupation is farming; half of them are small and marginal farmers, owning less than 1.6 hectares of land. An overwhelming 90 of respondents considered the works very useful or somewhat useful; only 8 felt the works were useless. There is some eviden...

Se escribe siempre en primer lugar el símbolo del elemento o radical menos electronegativo (metal o grupo que actúe como tal) y a continuación el del elemento o radical más electronegativo; sin embargo, al nombrarlos se hace en orden inverso (empezando a nombrar por la derecha).

Pancasila sebagai Ideologi Nasional merupakn cara pandang dan juga metode bagi seluruh bangsa indonesia untuk mencapai cita-citanya, yaitu masyarakat yang adil dan makmur sesuai dengan nilai-nilai yang terkandung dalam pancasila.seperti kita ketahui, selain sebagai Dasar Negara, ia juga menjadi ideologi bangsa. Sebagai ideologi nasional, Pancasila berfungsi menggerakkan masyarakat untuk membangun bangsa dengan usaha-usaha yang meliputi dalam semua bidang kehidupan. Pancasila tidak menentukan secara apriori sistem ekonomi dan politik, tetapi sistem apa pun yang dipilih harus mampu menyalurkan aspirasi utama tersebut.

Using objective measures of business regulations in 135 countries, we establish that countries with better regulations grow faster. Improving from the worst quartile of business regulations to the best implies a 2.3 percentage point increase in annual growth.

In this paper, we attempt to provide a comprehensive portrait, over the last two decades, of gender and racial wage gaps across the entire wage distribution and of the impact of gender and racial occupational segregation on wage determination in the context of the Brazilian labour market. Adopting an occupational classification consistent over twenty years, our analysis particularly focuses on the evolution of the impact of female and non-white occupational intensity on wage disparities. We first employ quantile regression analysis in order to investigate the role of female and non-white occupational intensity at different points along the conditional wage distribution. We then apply two different decomposition techniques, proposed by Machado and Mata (2005) and Melly (2006) and by Firpo, Fortin and Lemieux (2009) in order to investigate the determinants of wage disparities at these different points in the wage distribution, and in order to understand how these determinants vary at ...

Crude vote buying is a frequent practice during election time in many parts of the world, namely in Africa. But no research has been done to quantify its effects on voters' electoral behavior. To address this challenge, we designed and conducted a randomized experiment during the presidential elections of July 2006 in Sao Tome and Principe. This is a newly found oil-rich West African country that has been facing an increase in door-to-door vote buying. Our research design included a randomized campaign against vote buying sponsored by the Electoral Commission of the country, and pre-electoral campaign/postelection panel surveys in treatment (exposed to the campaign) and control locations, including 1034 subjects across 50 different areas. We observe a significant effect of the campaign on perceptions of vote buying, which constitutes the exogenous variation we use to identify effects on voting behavior. We characterize determinants of vote buying (more frequent in swing and rural locations), and find that vote buying energizes the electorate by increasing turnout. Crucially, we capture real effects on candidates' relative performance, by identifying the challenger to be driving more votes through vote buying (after the treatment), which is consistent with the timeline of events (late challenger candidacy). These results control (by design) for conformity biases induced by the treatment upon respondents, and are robust to changes in information about the candidates (e.g. policy platforms) and location-specific minutes spent by international electoral observers.

It has often been argued that oil, gas and minerals may have a negative impact on development as measured by income per capita. This does not say much about sustainability, which is critical for developing countries whose economic growth derives primarily from the exploitation of exhaustible resources. We take adjusted net savings (ANS) per capita as an indicator of weak sustainability to examine the link between resource dependence and sustainable development, and look at specific governance and armed violence indicators. Since it is hard to dis-entangle the direct effect of governance on development in empirical studies, we use the relative size of the youth bulge as instrument. Our results highlight a negative relationship between natural resource exraction and ANS but indicate that this is not inevitable. Effective checks on the power of the executive appears to be critical for sus-tainable outcomes. Effective legislative chambers, an independent judiciary and broad acceptance o...

The effect of nominal tariff cuts on industry wage differentials has been the subject of a number of recent empirical studies. In this paper we investigate the latter relationship with respect to the South African trade reform experi-ence using micro-level labor data for the period from 1995 to 2004. Our study extends on the existing literature in two respects: firstly, we control for the po-tential effect of labor market institutions, such as collective bargaining power, in assessing the relationship between tariffs and industry wages. Secondly, we account for general equilibrium effects by controlling for the effect of changes in effective tariffs rates. We find that on the one hand, only wages in industries with levels of unionization beyond a certain threshold were adversely affected by tariff cuts. The negative association between tariff declines and industry wages is exacerbated by the extent of sectoral union power. This result is consistent with the notion that wage adjustme...

Page 1. TUGAS AKHIR PANCASILA SEBAGAI IDEOLOGI NASIONAL Nama : ARIS MUNANDAR NIM : 11.11.5086 Kelompok : D Program Studi : Strata Satu Jurusan : Teknik Informatika Nama Dosen : Thajudin Sudibyo,Drs. Disusun Untuk Memenuhi Tugas Akhir Pancasila ...

The main purpose of the paper is to explain what measures can be taken in order to fix the trade deficit, and the pressure that is upon a country by imposing such measures. The international and the national supply and demand conditions change rapidly, and if a country doesn’t succeed in keeping a tight control over its deficit, a lot of factors will affect its wellbeing. In order to reduce the external trade deficit, the government needs to resort to several techniques. The desired result is to have a balanced current account, and therefore, the government is free to use measures such as fixing its exchange rate, reducing government spending etc. We have shown that all these measures will have a certain impact upon an economy, by allowing its exports to thrive and eliminate the danger from excessive imports, or vice-versa. The main conclusion our paper is that government intervention is allowed in order to maintain the balance of the current account.

We use a household bargaining model to provide a rationale for gender discrimination in pay to disappear. In societies where women have a credible outside option to marriage and have the right to bargain with their future husband over the benefits of their union, the elimination of gender discrimination in pay is likely to come as a Pareto improvement. If

In this paper, we investigate international demand spillovers brought about by a global middle class and their impact on trade patterns and industrialization. We propose a multi-industry and two-country trade model featuring demand complementarities propagating increasing returns across industries and national boundaries. We show how the international extent of demand spillovers depends upon asymmetries in domestic income distribution, labor efficiency, and labor force size; that is, on the global distribution of real income.

The reaction of [MoO 2 Cl 2 (pypzEA)] (1) (pypzEA = ethyl[3-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]acetate) with water in a Teflon-lined stainless steel autoclave (100°C) or in an open reflux system leads to the isolation of the molybdenum oxide/pyrazolylpyridine composite material [Mo 2 O 6 (HpypzA)] (2; HpypzA = [3-(pyridinium-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]acetate). The solid state structure of 2 was solved through single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction analyses in conjunction with information derived from FT-IR and 13 C CP MAS NMR spectroscopies and elemental analyses. In the asymmetric unit of 2, two crystallographically distinct Mo 6+ centers are bridged by a syn,syncarboxylate group of HpypzA. The periodic repetition of these units along the a axis of the unit cell leads to the formation of a one-dimensional composite polymer, ∞ 1 [Mo 2 O 6 (HpypzA)]. The outstretched pyrazolylpyridine groups of adjacent polymers interdigitate to form a zipper-like motif, generating strong onset π−π contacts between adjacent rings of coordinated HpypzA molecules. The composite oxide 2 is a stable heterogeneous catalyst for liquid-phase olefin epoxidation.

In recent years the Republic of Moldova has implemented a set of reforms in order to increase the efficiency of agricultural production. The main purpose of this paper is to highlight economic advantages and disadvantages of large and small scale farms, and also to focus on the multidimensional role of the small scale farming for rural areas. The methodology used in the article is based on analysis of statistical data, as well as on results of relevant qualitative and quantitative surveys. The main expected results of this paper lay in the proposals of ways in which agriculture can make a contribution to the vibrancy of rural communities from the Republic of Moldova.

There is enough consensus to show that India’s economic performance since 1991 is a direct result of the economic liberalization measures that have been put in place. One of the outcomes of this improved performance is the growth of innovations in the country. This was accompanied by or caused by the emergence of a number of technology-based enterprises. This paper takes a critical look at the available quantitative evidence on the growth of knowledge or technologybased entrepreneurship. It then looks at five facilitating factors for the emergence of this phenomenon in terms of the existence of increased market opportunities, availability of financial support schemes in the form of venture capital funds, existence and enlargement of a number of government programmes, a number of private sector initiatives and education, and training leading to the supply of technically trained personnel. The paper concludes with certain policy suggestions for the continued sustenance of this activity.

Using objective measures of business regulations in 135 countries, we establish that countries with better regulations grow faster. Improving from the worst quartile of business regulations to the best implies a 2.3 percentage point increase in annual growth.

We examine a model of social learning in networks following the lines of Bala and Goyal (1998, 2001). As a model of agents’ behaviour we have chosen the model of informational cascades of Bikhchandani et al (1992). Similarly to Bala and Goyal we find that the higher the ’degree of integration’ within the society is, the more likely it is that conformity of actions will arise. However, unlike their results our model suggests that in the presence of informational externalities globalisation of informational flows, expressed in the increasing density of communication channels in a network, may drive down the expected social welfare.

In recent years it has been published a wide range of research on income inequality and economic growth, although there is still no unanimity on the fact that the former exerts on the second or on the underlying type of correlation between both variables. On this basis, this paper aims to answer the following question: What is the role of income inequality in the process of economic growth?, and, therefore, ¿it also tries to identify the correlation between the two variables? Empirical research centers in 12 developed European countries for the period 1975-2009. The final conclusion indicate that inequality when is not extreme can promote the process of economic growth.

This paper analyses potential internal and external determinants of institutional change as measured by the World Bank Governance Indicators (WBGI) based on a panel of 25 transition countries for the period from 1996 to 2005. We show that natural resources and capital inflows exert an insignificant or negative influence and that economic policy allows to break path-dependency. Most importantly, however, we are able to show that incentives provided by NATO membership are important for institutional development and even more robust than variables measuring the integration into the EU. This allows for some optimism about the effectiveness of ENP policies and supports the argument that NATO, offering regional security, may provide significant additional incentives for good governance.

Abstract: Lao PDR has shown a strong record of economic growth and poverty alleviation since the early 1990s. Yet, the pace of economic development has varied significantly between different parts of the country–the rate of growth was initially faster in more developed areas, but after the mid-1990s growth has been stronger in poorer rural areas. Here it is shown that this pattern of regional development has been driven by the nature of market integration. This is highlighted in three case studies covering:(i) the effect of ...

This paper analyzes the economics of external reference pricing (ERP), a policy under which the price that a …rm is allowed to charge in one country depends upon its prices in other countries. In our model, a single …rm produces a patented product that it can potentially sell in two countries (home and foreign). The …rm has an incentive to price discriminate internationally because home consumers are assumed to have a greater willingness to pay than foreign ones. Homes optimal ERP policy is to permit a level of international price discrimination at which the …rm is just willing to export. Even though homes ERP policy generates a negative price spillover for foreign consumers, its equilibrium policy maximizes joint welfare of the two countries. If foreign can impose a price control (PC) on the …rm, homes ERP policy not only undermines the PC by raising the minimum price at which the …rm is willing to sell abroad, it also partly transmits it back to domestic consumers. There exist cir...

This paper presents a single unified framework that integrates the theoretical literature on Schumpeterian endogenous growth and major strands of the empirical literature on R&D, productivity growth and productivity convergence. Starting from a structural model of endogenous growth following Aghion and Howitt (1992, 1998), we provide microeconomic foundations for the reduced-form equations for total factor productivity (TFP) growth frequently estimated empirically using industry-level data. R&D affects both innovation and the assimilation of others’ discoveries (‘‘absorptive capacity’’). Long-run cross-country differences in productivity emerge endogenously, and the analysis implies that many existing studies underestimate R&D’s social rate of return by neglecting absorptive capacity.

This research is formulated in the context of increasing global recognition that creative industries are becoming progressively more important components of modern post-industrial knowledge-based economies. As momentum builds to prioritize this field of a