Ari Kokko

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Papers by Ari Kokko

Regional Integration and Foreign Direct Investment

Oxford University Press eBooks, Mar 7, 2002

This paper deals with the investment effects of regional integration agreements and discusses how... more This paper deals with the investment effects of regional integration agreements and discusses how such arrangements may affect inward and outward foreign direct investment flows in the integrating region. After setting up a conceptual framework for the analysis, we provide three studies focusing on different kinds of regional integration: North-North integration (Canada joining CUSFTA), North-South integration (Mexico's accession to NAFTA), and South-South integration (MERCOSUR). The main conclusion of the study is that the responses to an integration agreement largely depend on the environmental change brought about by the agreement and the locational advantages of the participating countries and industries. Moreover, the findings suggest that the most positive impact on FDI has occurred when regional integration agreements have coincided with domestic liberalization and macroeconomic stabilization in the member countries.

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Technology upgrading in Chinese manufacturing - a cross-industry perspective

International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation and Development, 2022

Innovation and export performance of emerging market enterprises: The roles of state and foreign ownership in China

International Business Review

Evolution Path of Business Model in China's New Energy Vehicle Industry: Policy Impact and Technology Drive

Morphological Analysis on Business Model of Electric Vehicles Charging Infrastructure in China

Sverige och EU: Handel och tillväxt: EUs effekt på handel och ekonomisk tillväxt bland medlemsländerna

Research on Technology Innovation of China's NEV Industry Based on Patent Analysis

Journal of Intelligence, 2016

Wholesale firms: A catalyst for Swedish exports?

This paper examines the role of wholesale firms as facilitators of exports for small and medium-s... more This paper examines the role of wholesale firms as facilitators of exports for small and medium-sized Swedish businesses. Our findings suggest that wholesale firms do facilitate access to difficult markets located outside Europe. For exports of a particular good to a given market, we observe a positive correlation between the export volumes of wholesale and manufacturing firms. Finally, we present evidence that supports a prediction from recent trade models with differentiated firms, namely that wholesale firms can facilitate exports for firms that are not themselves capable of direct exports.

Which Antidumping Cases Reach the WTO

This article examines the distribution of antidumping (AD) disputes across countries and industri... more This article examines the distribution of antidumping (AD) disputes across countries and industries, and examines which AD cases reach the dispute settlement system of the WTO. Our general finding is that neither the country nor the industry distribution of AD cases remains constant across the different levels of disputes, as cases proceed from notifications to requests for consultations and third party adjudication at the WTO. The US is the main user of AD measures, as well as the main target for complaints at the WTO’s Dispute Settlement Body. However, emerging markets have increasingly started using AD law to protect their domestic firms. We find that the typical AD notification is submitted by an upper middle-income country, and it focuses on a medium low-technology industry with differentiated products, but low relationship-specificity. The most typical complainant at the WTO is also an upper middle-income country, challenging a high-income country (most likely the US) that is ...

Home-Country Effects of FDI

A Festschrift in Honor of Robert E. Lipsey

Sweden

Governments, Globalization, and International Business, 1999

The purpose of this case study is to describe the traditional Swedish model of industrial policy ... more The purpose of this case study is to describe the traditional Swedish model of industrial policy and FDI (foreign direct investment) policy, to discuss why the trade unions were so positive towards Swedish investment abroad, and to speculate about the reasons for the changes that have occurred, or are under way. In doing this, some of the channels through which governments and institutions influence the globalization of private firms are also illustrated. After an introduction, the second section of the chapter discusses the role of inward and outward investment for the Swedish economy. The third section looks at Swedish industrial policy, and its role in the globalization of Swedish industry. The fourth section focuses on the Swedish labour movement's (trade unions’) attitudes towards FDI, and the fifth concludes the chapter by discussing why the Swedish model of FDI policy began to fade away in the late 1980s.

Second Use Value of China’s New Energy Vehicle Battery: A View Based on Multi-Scenario Simulation

Sustainability, 2020

Nowadays, many countries are actively seeking ways to solve the energy crisis and environmental p... more Nowadays, many countries are actively seeking ways to solve the energy crisis and environmental pollution. New Energy Vehicle (NEV) has become an important way to solve these problems. With the rapid development of NEV, its batteries need to be replaced with new batteries after 5–8 years. Therefore, whether the second use of NEV’s battery has commercial or social value becomes a research hotspot. The innovation of this paper is to use the cost-benefit method to determine the value influencing factors of NEV’s battery second use, and use system dynamics to perform scenario simulation analysis. The methods used in this paper are the cost-benefit method and system dynamics method. Firstly, this paper systematically analyzes the cost and benefit factors that affect the second use value of China’s NEV batteries and uses system dynamics to establish the relationship and value model among various factors. Then, this paper compares the value of battery energy storage between old batteries a...

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Foreign Direct Investment

Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks, 2000

Governance of New Energy Vehicle Technology in China: The Case of Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Policies to Encourage Inflows of Technology through Foreign Multinationals

Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks, 2000

Do host counthes aiming to maximize the inflows of technology through foreign multinationals have... more Do host counthes aiming to maximize the inflows of technology through foreign multinationals have any policy alternatives to formal technology transfer requirements arid performance requirements? To answer this question, the present paper examines some possible determinants of the technology imports of U.S. majority-owned foreign affiliates in 33 host countries. The results show that the affiliates' technology imports increase with the host countries' domestic investment levels and education levels, but that various performance requirements are negatively related to technology transfer. This suggests that policies promoting local investment, competition, and education may sometimes be alternatives to direct controls and requirements.

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FDI and spillovers in China: non-linearity and absorptive capacity

Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, Feb 1, 2011

Using a fixed effect variance decomposition model, we estimate SUR models to analyze FDI spillove... more Using a fixed effect variance decomposition model, we estimate SUR models to analyze FDI spillovers from contagion and spillovers from competition on local firms in China. While the former type of spillover mainly depends on the degree of foreign presence in the local industry, the latter kind is related to how foreign and local firms interact. The main conclusion is that FDI has been beneficial for the Chinese economy, but that spillovers are not evenly distributed across firms and industries. Spillovers from contagion tend to exhibit an inverse U-shaped pattern with respect to the degree of foreign presence at the industry level, whereas spillovers from competition are more linear with respect to the level of technological sophistication of foreign firms. Industries with high absorptive capacity and/or high efficiency are the ones best equipped to take advantage of spillovers from foreign-owned firms. Moreover, there are signs of substantial competition between foreign-owned firms.

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Now Open For Business: Joint Development Initiatives between the Private and Public Sectors in Development Cooperation

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Who Uses the EU's Free Trade Agreements? A Transaction-Level Analysis of the EU–South Korea FTA

World Trade Review, 2021

The tariff preferences in FTAs do not apply automatically to all imports. Instead, importers can ... more The tariff preferences in FTAs do not apply automatically to all imports. Instead, importers can request to use the tariff preferences, but must then show that the imported goods fulfil the formal requirements (e.g. rules of origin) of the FTA. This is costly, which is a likely reason why tariff preferences are not always used. This research note examines preference utilization under the FTA between the EU and South Korea, which was formally ratified in 2015 (but had been provisionally applied from 2011). We use firm and transaction level data for Swedish imports from South Korea during November 2016 to answer the question ‘Who uses the EU's FTAs?’ With information on firm size, product category, import mode (direct imports or customs warehousing), preference margin, potential duty savings, and transaction size, we provide a detailed picture of when firms choose to utilize the tariff preferences. The results suggest that the differences across importers are not primarily related...

Nya svenska exportörer i Asien år 2013: Vilken roll har exportfrämjandet spelat?

I denna studie analyseras hur företag inleder export till svåra marknader och vilken roll statlig... more

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SEZs and poverty reduction: evidence from Andhra Pradesh, India

International Journal of Emerging Markets, 2021

PurposeThe present study evaluates the impact of special economic zones (SEZs) on poverty, both r... more PurposeThe present study evaluates the impact of special economic zones (SEZs) on poverty, both rural and urban with special reference to Andhra Pradesh in India, using household consumption expenditure data. In addition to estimating the effects of the SEZs on poverty, the authors explore some of the possible mechanisms generating these effects.Design/methodology/approachThe authors apply a difference-in-differences (DID) technique on a pooled, cross-sectional, district-level dataset based on official annual household surveys for the period from 2001 to 2012 to estimate the average effects of SEZs on household expenditure per capita, a commonly used measure of household poverty.FindingsThe establishment of the SEZs constituted a major exogenous shock to rural economies by creating demand for large chunks of land, which had an immediate impact on the economic and social settings of these economies and aggravated rural poverty. However, over time the poverty aggravating effects of SE...