Natural Heritage

The traditional pilgrimage route through India towards the holy mountain of Kailash in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China represents a timeless example of nature-culture linkage where the exquisite terrain is an integral part of the local cultural practices. With multiple generations of pilgrims passing through, adding continuous layers of interpretation and memories, it is a living heritage which continues building its reputation and legend. The paper will look at the nature-culture connections that make the Indian section of the pilgrimage trail unique while acknowledging its continuity with the larger transnational landscape of pilgrimage to Mt. Kailash spread across India, Nepal and China. It will also correlate learnings from the Capacity Building Workshop on Nature-Culture Linkages 2019 organized by the University of Tsukuba and the site visit to Mt. Fuji to their parallels in the Indian pilgrimage route and landscape.

As part of a forum discussion of Ian Tyrrell’s "America's National Parks: The Transnational Creation of National Space in the Progressive Era" in the Journal of American Studies, this paper compares the transnational dynamics observed by Tyrrell to other forms of heritage internationalism and discusses why the transnational history of the national park has been remembered as a primarily American one, and why the American side of the story has been reduced to a narrative about American love for wilderness.

In this article, I characterise the definitions of nature and culture by providing examples from nature
conservation and conservation of cultural heritage. I also propose how to overcome the distinction of two definitions by
using the concept of common heritage. Overcoming the dilemma of nature and culture, at least in heritage management,
does not mean developing more clever and ungrounded theoretical constructions but instead creating a practical
combination of the two management systems that have been separate so far. Intertwined nature and culture have,
therefore, created a whole new environment in which we need to cope as equal participants. Instead of one-sided
relationships, either human activity harming nature or nature’s negative effects on humans (natural disasters, zoonotic
diseases), we have to cope with a complicated dialogue that presumes both understanding and listening. The relationship
between humans and nature, and its reflections and treatments in culture, has differed throughout history and culture.
Nature, humans, and culture are constantly changing and developing, and these processes of change are happening
concurrently, conditioning and creating each other.

Preface


Nowadays, responsibility for the heritage, broadly understood as human and environmental coexistence, is the most important challenge of humanity.
The Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage proclaimed in 1972 by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) reinforced and popularized the Western thought that divided the nature and the culture, which had its beginning in the thought of Enlightenment (MacCormack and Strathern 1980). The nature vs. culture dichotomy, understood as contrasting those two qualities, had huge consequences often depreciating the value of the one for the another. In Articles 1 and 2 of the Convention (UNESCO 2005), the criteria allowing for qualifying properties as examples of cultural or natural heritage were defined. Sandra Pannell lists definitions of cultural heritage we can find in Convention as ‘‘monuments’, ‘groups of buildings’ and ‘sites’, the last ones being the ‘works of man or the combined works of nature and of man’’ (Panell 2006). Definitions of natural heritage are put as ‘‘physical and biological formations’, ‘habitats of threatened species’ and ‘natural sites or natural areas’, which are of ‘outstanding universal value’ from the point of view of science, conservation and/or aesthetics’’(Panell 2006). We can also find ‘mixed heritage’ understood as combination of cultural and natural ones.
Nowadays UNESCO proclaims a new way of understanding heritage, a new vision which ‘strives to recognize and protect sites that are outstanding demonstrations of human coexistence with the land as well as human interactions, cultural coexistence, spirituality and creative expression’ (UNESCO 2008). That approach wins more and more supporters not only in the scientific world but also in people all over the world.
The discussed process is taking place on numerous planes. Starting from the discussion of specialists on universal values and defining the basic notions, through changes in legal regulations e.g.: connected to implementation of the European Landscape Convention, which is to be accepted by every signing country, to a purely social plane connected with popularization of a new way of understanding, viewing and protecting the Heritage.
The term ‘Cultural landscape’ is the actual sample of such a new thinking, and therefore we have decided to focus mostly on the elements of cultural landscape. The subject, approached from various perspectives, from a theoretical (defining and situating cultural landscape in the social space) to a practical one (revitalizations of historically and culturally valuable objects, the value of which forms the identity of the region, winning the sources of financing), from the municipal (examples of Cittaslow towns, urban parks, or ‘The Holy Cemetery’ in Romania) to the rural one (‘Village Renewal’), from a French (an excellent sample of the Parc Naturel Régional de la Brenne ) to a Polish one (examples of Warmia and Mazury, as well as Podlasie) constitutes the first part and the core of this publication.
The further part deals with the subjects connected with difficult/dissonant heritage basing on the example of Warmia and Mazury, where, due to political and historical conditions, the regional cultural landscape was subjected to ideologization in favour of Polish raison d’état. The authors have presented how important and more and more common it is in that ‘difficult’ environment to discover and build identity of a human being based on the heritage of the region. The final part of the following monograph discusses particular actions taken by various organizational units (the University, societies, funds) to put theory into practice. We let those who make that theory work in practice speak. Launching the cultural and natural studies as well as the Centre for Cultural and Natural Heritage at the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, together with work of specific people in associations and organizations show us how important it is to be aware of and to take care for the cultural heritage and what difficult this work it is. The collected examples, however, prove that it may be done successfully.
We realize that we have not discussed in this publication numerous important issues and areas of heritage or we have not devoted as much time to them as they deserve. Our intention is to inspire with the expertise and experience of this book as much people, organizations, and self-governments to notice the cultural and natural heritage and to take measures for its protection. The international exchange of experiences presented in this publication would not be possible without personal involvement by the authorities of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, the Association France-Pologne de l'Indre and the management of the Parc Naturel Régional de la Brenne.
We believe that that every initiative to be born under the influence of this publication, which aims at showing how it is possible to take care together for heritage understood according to the UNESCO World Heritage Centre as ‘our cultural and natural heritage are both irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration. They are our touchstones, our points of reference, our identity’ (UNESCO 2008), is to serve well for the local societies building, at the same time, a relation with the place of living.

M. Śliwa, K. Glińska-Lewczuk

Zwykło się mawiać, że Nowa Huta to najbardziej zielona część Krakowa. I rzeczywiście, jeśli spojrzeć na zdjęcie satelitarne miasta, wydaje się, że nie jest to tylko pusty slogan. Zieleń zdaje się dominować nad przestrzenią przekształcaną przez człowieka w ciągu wieków, szczególnie zaś w ostatnich kilkudziesięciu latach. Całe założenie Nowej Huty tworzy unikatowy krajobraz kulturowy, będący twórczym połączeniem działalności człowieka i sił natury. Jest coś paradoksalnego w tym, że w pobliżu kombinatu metalurgicznego, który przyczyniał się do katastrofalnego stanu środowiska naturalnego w Krakowie i okolicach, przyroda rozwinęła się tak bujnie i reprezentuje ogromną różnorodność. Publikacja jest próbą holistycznego spojrzenia na fenomen zieleni, która analizowana jest przez zespół autorów w różnych swoich formach na obszarze pięciu tzw. nowohuckich dzielnic Miasta Krakowa. Krzysztof Wielgus opisuje nowohuckie parki i ich genezę w szerokim ujęciu krajobrazowym. Katarzyna Fabijanowska koncentruje się na opisie zieleni nowohuckich podwórek na wybranych przykładach. Idee ogrodów działkowych na przykładzie Rodzinnego Ogrodu Działkowego „Hutnik” analizuje Magdalena Zych. Poprzez nowohuckie nieużytki w okolicach zalewu w Zesławicach prowadzi Kasper Jakubowski. Miejskie lasy, a szczególnie Las Mogilski, jest tematem tekstu Przemysława Szwałki. Marcin Pawlik charakteryzuje zieleń ciągów rzecznych w odniesieniu do jurajskiej Dłubni. W tematykę użytków ekologicznych wprowadza Jakub Kałużny, a wątek w odniesieniu do Łąk Nowohuckich będących także Obszarem Natura 2000 rozwijają Maciej Kozak (w ujęciu botanicznym) i Joanna Kajzer-Bonk (w ujęciu ornitologicznym). Każdy rozdział posiada streszczenie w języku angielskim i jest zilustrowany fotografiami Katarzyny Ładny i Elżbiety Urbańskiej-Kłapy oraz Kamila Sorockiego, który wykonał je z drona.

Purpose: Using the cable car project proposed in Son Doong Cave (the world’s largest cave with outstanding heritage values), Vietnam as a case study, the dissertation aims to analyse the impacts of expanding access to natural heritage sites in four elements: economy, environment, social culture and conservation heritage value.
Design/Methodology/Approach: This research will follow a deductive study. Firstly, it reviews the concept of sustainable tourism, natural heritage value, management effectiveness evaluation at the protected area and stakeholder behaviour. Afterwards, it will discuss sustainable tourism in developing countries, heritage sites; stakeholder behaviour about the linkage; management effectiveness and expanding access to heritage area. This paper will be able to evaluate the current adventure tour in Son Doong compare with the potential outcome of the cable car project might bring to the region by analysing stakeholder perception. Assessing and maintaining high conservation value areas is central to compliance with several critical voluntary sustainability standards. The author conducted ten in-depth semi-structured interviews in the case of Son Doong cave from three groups of stakeholders: local people, visitors and expert. 
Findings: The paper proves that sustainable tourism and heritage can coexist for long term development. The research finds out that the different behaviour of stakeholders does not depend on the type of group but depend on their understanding of sustainable tourism, natural heritage value, their knowledge about the cave, education and background. The current adventure tour in Son Doong cave has some success but still have issues. The cable car project is perceived negatively and refused by all groups of stakeholder.
Practical implications: Tour company, local authority and heritage site manager need to consider to have a proper long term plan for the region. Reviewing local communities’ perceptions and experts’ suggestions are one of the factors that contribute to the success of the tourism plan. However, the education and raising awareness of local people and visitors about the conservation value are necessary and the priority mission.

El itinerario transcurre en primer lugar por la cuenca del río Limia para adentrarse posteriormente en el valle del río Támega. Comienza en la Alta Limia siguiendo en dirección sureste; entramos así en la comarca conocida tradicionalmente como A Veiga de Antela, terrenos desecados de la antigua laguna; la ruta continúa por el sector central de A Limia hacia la Baixa Limia donde se encuentra el Parque Natural de la Baixa Limia-Serra do Xurés, uno de los enclaves geográficoscon mayor personalidad histórica, etnográfica y medioambiental. Desde Verín llegamos a la divisoria de aguas del Támega y su valle.

O património natural, enquanto recurso não renovável, encontra-se exposto a diversas situações de vulnerabilidade designadamente a que resulta da ação antrópica.
Uma das formas de proteger mas, também, de valorizar e reconhecer a singularidade, raridade ou representatividade do património natural de um determinado território é através da sua classificação que, em Portugal, decorre do Sistema Nacional de Áreas Classificadas.
No caso dos Penedos de Góis, a sua singularidade e importância são atestadas, entre outros, pela sua elevada importância nos domínios paleontológico, tectónico-estrutural, geomorfológico e paisagístico, o que justifica a sua classificação como Monumento Natural.

Heritage is the legacy of tangible objects and intangible attributes of a group or society. It is inherited from past generations, maintained in the present and bestowed for the benefit of future generations. This prospective benefit, interest or value is an intrinsic characteristic of heritage: we do not consider heritage something with little or no value, or from which we expect no future benefit or interest. This also implies that: (1) not everything may be considered heritage (because not everything has interest), (2) the value given to heritage may change with time, and (3) heritage value may be estimated (not all heritage elements have the same value). Simply defined, heritage refers to elements with value. The type of element is fixed and its value may change, so the classification of heritage necessarily needs to be based on the type of element, not on the type of value. Thus, depending on the elements under consideration, heritage may include tangible elements, either immovable (such as buildings, monuments, outcrops or landscapes) or movable elements (such as organisms, books, artifacts or fossils), as well as intangible elements (such as knowledge, traditions or language). Value is what determines if an element is heritage or not. The value or interest of an element is always biased and subjective depending on cultural aspects such as human experience, demand, knowledge, etc. Geological elements (including all natural abiotic features such as structures, rocks, sediments, landforms, fossils, minerals, etc.) originate by natural processes, so if such an element is given sufficient value, it may be considered geoheritage. An outstanding landform such as the only moraine remaining from a former glacier system, or a unique fossil such as the holotype of an extinct species, would respectively be geomorphologic and paleontological heritage. Both are different kinds of geological heritage, which is a kind of natural heritage. Furthermore, non-geological elements such as trees affected by floods or plaques indicating flood height may be of geological interest but should still be considered biological heritage or cultural heritage according to the type of element.

Özet Mekân-insan etkileşiminin farklı boyutlara ulaştığı bir süreçte, benzersiz ve yeniden üretilemeyecek doğal, sosyo-kültürel miras değerlerine sahip alanların ivedilikle koruma altına alınması gereklidir. Ortaköy (Şapinuva-Çorum) ilçesi de böylesi alanlar içerisinde yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, günümüze kadar akademik anlamda yeterince incelenmeyen Ortaköy ilçesinin doğal, sosyo-kültürel miras değerlerini coğrafî bakış açısıyla incelemektir. Böylesi bir araştırma, ilçenin Şapinuva-İncesu Kanyonu odaklı sosyo-kültürel-ekonomik kalkınmasının doğa ve kültür tahribatından uzak bir yapılanma içerisinde yürütülmesine katkı sağlayabilecektir. Ortaköy, özgün doğal (İncesu Kanyonu gibi); somut sosyo-kültürel (Hitit başkenti Şapinuva, geleneksel giyim-kuşam, yemek kültürü-el sanatları gibi) ve somut olmayan sosyo-kültürel (geleneksel düğünler-halaylar, halk ozanları-şairler, yöre türküleri, bilmeceler-efsaneler, yöreye özgü kelimeler, halk hekimliği, çocuk oyunları, festival-şenlikler) miras değerlerine ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Ortaköy'ün doğal, sosyo-kültürel miras değerlerinin bir uzman ekip tarafından envanterinin çıkartılması ve planlanması gereklidir. Bu değerlerin turizm arzına dönüşebilmesi ve ilçe ekonomisine katkı sağlaması resmi, sivil kurum-kuruluşların ve ilgili kişilerin işbirliği yanında arazilerin kabiliyet sınıflarına göre kullanılmasıyla mümkündür. Abstract In a period in which space-human interaction has achieved different dimensions, it is necessary for spaces having natural, socio-cultural heritage values which are unique and would not be able to reproduce to be put urgently under protection. Also Ortaköy

This paper is a preliminary form of the Catalogue of palaeontological sites from Hăghimaş Mts., sites found in Cheile Bicazului -Hăşmaş National Park (CBHNP) area or bordering it. The first part presents a data sheet pattern for the site and the catalogue structure. In the second part there are summarised the palaeontological sites inventoried during the project GEOBIOHAS, some of these discovered on this occasion. The paper is a partial revision of the natural heritage (palaeontological one) of Hăşmaş Massif (i.e. of Cheile Bicazului -Hăşmaş National Park).

Many western countries deal with a longstanding division between natural and cultural heritage when it comes to landscape management, which is mainly attributable to the fact that both sectors have developed independently and now operate separately. Such divide is further aggravated by the diversity of national and international regulations and administrative procedures. Over the past years, research carried out in both fields made it clear that this divide is counterproductive for managing future climate and economic challenges and safeguarding natural and cultural values as well as the well-being of inhabitants. This volume contributes to the ongoing discourse regarding the natural and cultural divide with a broad perspective that includes an academic, policy and societal point of view. It has aimed for both conceptual as practical approaches to the topic, as well as the motives for crossovers such as safeguarding and active contributions to broader societal issues. These motivati...

The critique of the separation of natural and cultural heritage is now well established. Rather than repeat arguments against what many would now acknowledge as an artificial separation, this paper considers the implications of working within the expanded field that is created for heritage when the dissolution of the boundaries between natural and cultural heritage is taken as given. I argue that embracing this dissolution allows us to reorient and reconceptualize heritage. Heritage is understood here as a series of diplomatic properties that emerge in the dialogue of heterogeneous human and non-human actors who are engaged in practices of caring for and attending to the past in the present. As such, heritage functions towards assembling futures, and thus might be more productively connected with other pressing social, economic, political, and ecological issues of our time. Indeed, we need not look far to comprehend alternative forms of heritage-making that already model such connectivity ontologies. Fundamental to understanding the value of these alternative heritage ontologies is the recognition of ontological plurality: that different forms of heritage practices enact different realities and hence work to assemble different futures. Following on from this point, I sketch out an ontological politics of and for heritage—a sense of how heritage could be oriented towards composing “common worlds” or “common futures”, whilst maintaining a sensitivity to the ways in which each domain of heritage relates to a particular mode of existence. At stake here is the acknowledgement that each such mode of existence produces its own particular worlds and its own specific futures. I do this within the context of a consideration of the implications of the recognition of a certain set of entanglements of culture with nature, the folding together of what we used to term the human and the non-human, which characterizes our contemporary moment. To illustrate these points, I introduce the framework for a new collaborative research program, “Assembling alternative futures for heritage,” which considers the implications of working across an expanded field of heritage practices and attempts to reconfigure the relationship between heritage and other modalities of caring for the future.

Wer sich einmal in der Rolle des exkursionsfreudigen Studenten, der Austauschwissenschaftlerin, des Welterbetouristen, des Sibirienenthusiasten, der Irkutsker Schülerin des Faches „Landeskunde“ (stranovvedenie), oder des Klaus-Bednarz-Doku-Zuschauers befunden hat, wer einmal mit dem hochkarätigen Zug „Zarengold“ oder mit dem Gemeinschaftswaggon „Plackart“ auf der Strecke der Transsibirischen Eisenbahn unterwegs war, die bzw. der hatte früher oder später eine, zunächst indirekte, Begegnung mit dem Baikalsee. Alle diese Menschen sind mit den zahlreichen blumigen Umschreibungen der „Blauen Perle Sibiriens“, mit der Mythenwelt dieses Gewässers konfrontiert worden, und die allermeisten können noch für sehr lange Zeit den grundlegenden Steckbrief herunterbeten: „In Südostsibirien gelegen, ist der 3,15 Millionen Hektar große Baikalsee, der älteste (ca. 25 Millionen Jahre) und tiefste (1700 m) See der Welt. Er enthält 20 % des gesamten nicht gefrorenen Süßwasservorrats der Erde.“
Um eine persönliche Erkundung dieses weltweit bekannten Naturreservates, das etwa 5000 km östlich von Moskau liegt, vorzunehmen, wird es sich anbieten, am Westufer, in der ca. 60 km entfernten Stadt Irkutsk Station zu machen. Die kleinteiligere Routenplanung wird sodann nahelegen, von der Gebietshauptstadt Irkutsk in die direkt am Seeufer gelegene Siedlung Listvjanka aufzubrechen, und vielleicht auf halber Strecke der am Flussufer der Angara entlang führenden Straße noch im Freilichtmuseum „Talcy“ halt zu machen.
Selbstverständlich gäbe es für Touristen, Historikerinnen oder andere Reisende gute Gründe, die sibirische Metropole Irkutsk aus eigenem Recht heraus zu besuchen und sich erst sodann an die Entdeckung der Naturschönheiten zu wagen. Durch die genannten Reise-, Informations-, Bildungs- und Unterhaltungsmöglichkeiten wurden und werden jeweils sich wandelnde Bilder des Sees, der Stadt, der Region oder der imaginierten Landschaft „Sibirien“ generiert und kommuniziert. Die historischen Akteure, welche diese Vorstellungen produzierten und nutzten, setzten sie flexibel ein und beteiligten sich zuweilen an mehreren, überlappenden Narrativen. Im Folgenden skizziere ich Narrative der Gefährdung und des Wandels bei der Präsentation des Baikalbildes und der Vorstellung über das Verhältnis von Mensch und Natur, etwa im Rahmen der Nominierung für das UNESCO-Weltnaturerbe 1996. Ich zeige, wie diese Erzählungen mit den sich seit Mitte der 1990er Jahre ausweitenden Gefahrenszenarien und Niedergangsdiskursen für die Stadt Irkutsk und ihr kulturelles Erbe verwoben sind.

The coherence of official environmental discourse in Singapore is torn apart by the continued existence of two conflicting visions of the state-led landscaping project. On one hand, the idea of the " man-made garden " favors exotic lifeforms at the expense of native biodiversity. On the other hand, the increasingly popular notion of the " ecological garden " seeks to create a sacred space for native species at the total exclusion of foreign ones. This ideological incoherence directly contradicts the Foucauldian paradigm of ecological biopolitics which takes rational governmentality as its axiom. Consequently, this paper argues for a paradigmatic shift in the field of ecological biopolitics by proposing the " gardening paradigm " as a replacement for the mainstream Foucauldian paradigm of ecological biopolitics. Rejecting the Foucauldian paradigm's assumption of a rationalist state, the gardening paradigm demonstrates how the aesthetic and ecological imperatives of gardening influence state biopolitical management of non-human populations. The ecological imperative seeks to create a nativist utopia for local biodiversity by entirely excluding all exotic species while the aesthetic imperative seeks to create a cosmopolitan microcosm which often privileges exotic ornamentals at the expense of native species. This zero-sum situation forces the state to practice biopolitics by making non-human populations live and die based upon their overall contribution to the garden. At the same time, this paper will also account for the emergence of biopolitical tensions between the aesthetic and ecological imperatives by using the " gardening paradigm " to trace the historical evolution of official environmental discourse in Singapore. This narrative will illustrate how the ecological imperative, in the guise of " natural heritage, " has broken the continuity of Singapore's environmental discourse. By creating a parallel discourse alongside the predominant aesthetic imperative, this discontinuity has resulted in the two discordant visions of the garden city.


Citation: Goh, Ngee Chae Joshua, “Ecological Biopolitics in the Garden City: Cosmopolitanism, Nationalism and the Discourse of Natural Heritage”. Yale-NUS Undergraduate Journal. (2017):  80-98

This paper is focused on creating an efficient workflow process for high dynamic range spherical panoramas for preserving heritage sites taking the Tempurung Cave as a working model. Although there are several methods for producing HDR spherical panorama, higher-resolution images impose new problems in handling and creating such large size detailed output. Furthermore, high-resolution detail photographic documentation is essential for preservation purposes, as it will serve as a reference for interested parties. With today's technology, achieving higher resolution images is not entirely impossible however, an efficient workflow process is needed to ensure quality output especially when involve combination of multiple techniques. The hundred million years old cave is one of the largest limestone caves in Peninsular Malaysia. The tunnel cave runs down through two hills, covering a distance of two kilometers deep made up of five large domes previewing a magnificent display of stalagmites and stalactites. While the naturally form heritage was kept safe before, the increasing number of tourists and visitors today saw constructions built within the caverns such as the walkway and electric lighting for viewer’s better sightings. The heritage is very well known and protected; the digitization of the cave is an effort to keep a digital copy of such natural heritage not only for visitors to experience but also for interested parties to study the formations and habitat within through detailed documentation of the site. High Dynamic Range (HDR) photography is adapted into a user-navigable spherical virtual environment as a method to reveal details hidden within dark areas while the interactive panorama is a way to let the viewer be immersed into the environment seeing as if on site. Exploration in this technique will show the possibilities of HDR to display beyond what can actually be seen with human eyes. The immersive visual experience is enhanced with detailed luminance between the lightest and darkest areas. Todays capture devices, which can capture in high number of pixels while enhancing details and quality of images does impose some issues in the workflow of HDR spherical panorama. The very large file size of each image that needs more computing resources lead to a search for a more efficient workflow process. This paper outlines an efficient workable process method of creating a HDR gigapixels spherical panorama using the Tempurung Cave in Ipoh, Malaysia as a case study.

Las formas de erosión fluvial poseen un carácter de patrimonio natural y cultural. Nuestro objetivo es presentar los referentes conceptuales y metodológicos a tener en cuenta en las primeras fases de una investigación sobre patrimonio geomorfológico en cauces rocosos. El enfoque responde al interés del tema en el contexto del Campus del Agua (Universidad de Vigo, Campus de Ourense), de las actividades del Grupo de Investigación GEAAT (Universidad de Vigo) y de la colaboración interdisciplinar en la línea de trabajo sobre ríos del IIM (Vigo CSIC).

We are here proposing as scientific reserve four palaeontological sites in the area of the Cheile Bicazului -Hăşmaş National Park. Three of them are located on the northern and western sides of Ghilcoş Mountain and the fourth in the northwest of Hăşmaşul Mare Mountain. Two sites are important for Kimmeridgian biostratigraphy, bearing a rich fauna of ammonites. Another site is a lumachelle with brachiopods and is unique in the country due to the Lacunosella species contained. The fourth is an Early Cretaceous reef "in situ", peculiar through its exceptional preservation of fossils. There are discussed the reasons for protection, based on scientific evaluation of each site.

Resumo

O presente projeto pretende, a partir da caracterização patrimonial da Reserva Natural do Paul de Arzila (RNPA) e da sua situação atual, expor um conjunto de medidas que visam a sua revalorização. Num primeiro momento, analisar-se-á o Paul, bem como os processos que originaram a sua classificação. De seguida, desenvolver-se-á uma análise crítica da situação presente na RNPA. Esta centra-se na existência de uma problemática patrimonial e identitária relacionada com o Paul, em grande parte consequência do modo como se operou a sua classificação como património natural. A classificação contribuiu para a existência de um
afastamento em relação ao Paul por parte das populações, cessando, assim, a maioria das suas práticas que contribuíam para o sustento das famílias. Algumas dessas práticas relacionavamse com a existência de manifestações artesanais, como a construção de instrumentos de pesca
e a manufatura de esteiras.
A ausência de atividades agrícolas no Paul, aliadas à situação financeira da Reserva Natural, contribuíram para um desleixo da sua manutenção. A Reserva apresenta, também, problemas ao nível da sua divulgação e dos programas e atividades direcionados aos visitantes. Estas situações originaram críticas de ambas as partes e uma monotonia que se reflete no decréscimo do número de visitantes.
Numa tentativa de resolução dos problemas existentes, o projeto propõe um plano de valorização. Este plano apresenta possíveis soluções de financiamento, promoção, divulgação e diversidade de programas. Estas propostas têm como principais objetivos a captação de visitantes, a reaproximação das populações ao Paul e a preservação das manifestações culturais que representam a identidade das populações.

Palavras-chave: Património Natural, Património Cultural, Identidade, Valorização, Turismo de Natureza, Atividades

Abstract

The present project intends to, from the patrimonial characterization of the Natural Reserve of the Paul de Arzila (RNPA) and their current situation, expose a set of measures for its revalorization. At first, analyze the Paul, as well as the processes that led to its classification. Then, will develop a critical analysis of the present situation in RNPA. The situation focuses on the existence of a heritage and identity problems related to Paul, largely as a result of the way they operated their classification as natural heritage. The classificatio has contributed to the existence of a removal from Paul on the part of the populations, ceasing, as well, most of its practices that contributed to the sustenance of families. Some of these practices related with the existence of craft demonstrations, such as the construction of fishing instruments and manufacture of mats.
The absence of agricultural activities in Paul, combined with the financial situation of the Natural Reserve, contributed to a neglect of its maintenance. The reservation features, too, problems at the level of its dissemination and the programs and activities targeted to visitors.
These situations led to criticism from both parties and a monotony that is reflected in the decrease of the number of visitors.
In an attempt to resolve the existing problems, the project proposes a valorization plan.
This plan presents possible solutions for financing, promotion, disclosure and diversity of programs. These proposals have as main objectives the attraction of visitors, the rapprochement of the peoples to Paul and the preservation of the cultural events that represent
the identity of the populations.

Keywords: Natural Heritage, Cultural Heritage, Identity, Valorization, Nature Tourism, Activities

The value of natural heritage within urban areas is nowadays gaining recognition, but there are still no clear reference frameworks to confront the complexities of their management. In this discussion, the challenges of the association of historical preservation and urban nature are explored through the analysis of the management of Kyoto's waterways. The conflicts caused by the rapid modernization of Japan at the end of 19 th century find in Kyoto a remarkable expression in the tensions between renovation and conservation, providing a fertile frame for discussion. Relevant achievements and shortcomings of Kyoto´s experience are here analyzed, considering how the preservation of historic landscapes affected the protection of urban rivers, the relationship between sustainability and heritage, and the new environmentally aware approaches to river improvement.

Located in South Eastern Europe, the Ohrid Region (OR) is the result of a variety of sub-regions, complex geological history and interactions between populations and species that have all resulted in a remarkable natural and cultural diversity.
Only in recent generations has the fragility of this equilibrium been exposed as local development pressures have taken their toll on the environment and heritage values of the OR. Problems have arisen from the lack of respect for the established legal mechanisms and insufficient involvement of stakeholders. One of the biggest issues is that responsibilities over the site are distributed among different local and national institutions that work separately, turning heritage management in such a large and diversified site a bureaucratic and time-consuming process.
This makes us question if a strong legal framework for heritage protection solely guaranties a long-term protection of this WH Site, or would a more integrated and holistic approach open a path to find the necessary solutions for the maintenance of the outstanding universal value of the property? Although establishing a joint committee is a first step to address such issues, community participation must not be put aside as this is crucial to understand and assess values, interlinkages, and the attributes required to secure an equitable and long term protection of the site’s natural and cultural heritage as a whole.
It is hoped that by exploring the OR with this lens, we will provide an insight on how to increase the sensibility of stakeholders on threats to be managed and opportunities to be seized as we believe a people-centered approach is crucial for the welfare of the mixed heritage and the provision of its long-term protection, as well for the sustainable development of the region and its communities.

Foto oleh: Meutia Farida Hatta Swasono © UNESCO/National Geographic Indonesia-Dwi Oblo © UNESCO Office, Jakarta Desain grafis oleh Ritchie Ned Hansel Cover: Kampung tradisional Waerebo Foto oleh UNESCO/National Geographic Indonesia-Dwi Oblo Buklet ini dapat diperbanyak dengan menyebutkan sumbernya.

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This study introduces dialectical critical realism into museology as a philosophical underlabourer for the development of new theoretical potentials for the transformation of museum practice. The idea of the museum is in a moment of fluidity evident in emergent decolonial and ecological perspectives and in the International Council of Museum’s process of redefinition of the museum. The potential to reimagine the museum lacks a coherent philosophical and theoretical foundation. The persistence of museological dualism separates the social from the ecological and absents the emergence of relational modes of thinking and practice. This study conceives an ecological-decolonial or eco-decolonial mode of museology that is disruptive of dualism and generative of relationality, and is thus generative of agency for deeper, more effective and enduring social-ecological justice.
The core of this thesis is the development of the eco-decolonial mode of museology through the DCR onto-axiological chain or ‘MELD’ schema. At 1M a depth ontological analysis augmented by interviews with key informants establishes a dialectic of society and ecology in the museological context. 1M surfaces capitalism and the implicit neoliberal ontology of museology as deep causal mechanisms of the 2E persistence of museological human-nature dualism. The paradox of ‘emancipatory neoliberalism’ is a policy-practice contradiction that absents potentials for transformation of the museum and that is held in place by the grounding ontological activity of museology, collection.
The 2E perspective on absences enables the emergence of new transformative pathways towards the 3L vision of the eco-decolonial mode of museology as a (4D) new way of thinking and working to resolve neoliberal restrictions. The fundamental 4D change envisioned for museum philosophy, theory and practice is an ontological transformation from traditionalist human-nature dualism to a progressive human-nature dialectic. A case study considers instances where museum workers exercised the agency to expand practice in this way.
Future work using the expansive learning methodology of Change Laboratories will develop and implement the potentials generated by the onto-axiological chain for the eco-decolonial mode to bring real change to traditional, dualist museum practice, in order to ensure the relevance and the agency of the museum as a social structure in and for a changing world.

Natural and cultural heritage are considered key resources in the ever-growing sustainable tourism market. A number of recently studied sites evince a strong potential for positively stimulating local and regional development. Others represent interesting types of Hit and Run Tourism with considerable impact on natural and cultural heritage. So-called ‘Hit and Run Tourism’ leads to mass tourism in short periods, producing negative socio-economic and environmental impacts. During the workshop, discussions focused on the opportunities for and the limitations of valorising natural and cultural resources. Key Success Factors, Carrying Capacity Analyses and Sustainability Profile Matrices can be used to improve the management of the heritage and to plan, evaluate, monitor and lead sustainable development processes.
To foster sustainable development and ensure the success of a project, it is important to establish participatory strategies that involve public institutions, local people and stakeholders. Some steps for achieving a balanced holistic approach, protecting heritage and fostering socio-economic development should be considered before initiating a development process.

This paper aims to raise a debate about the patrimonialising processes among Brazilian Conservation Units, bringing clarity to the problems concerning the local communities on the creation of the Serra da Capivara National Park and the solutions presented by their managers to overcome them. For this purpose, this work initially addresses the concepts of patrimonialising processes, Conservation Units and cultural heritage. Alongside, a discussion is presented about the heritage status in the Brazilian Conservation Units. Subsequently, the specific case of the Serra da Capivara National Park is analyzed. At last, the complexity of the cultural and environmental management of a heritage property is illustrated, pointing out the importance of this management to be inclusive and broad based.


Este trabalho almeja levantar um debate sobre os processos de patrimonialização em Unidades de Conservação brasileiras, jogando luz sobre as problemáticas que envolveram as comunidades na criação do Parque Nacional da Serra da Capivara e as soluções apresentadas por seus gestores para contorná-las. Para isso, em um primeiro momento, são abordados os conceitos de patrimonialização, Unidades de Conservação e patrimônio cultural. Em seguida, apresenta-se uma discussão acerca do status de patrimônio em Unidades de Conservação brasileiras. Posteriormente, analisa-se o caso específico do Parque Nacional da Serra da Capivara. Por último, demonstra-se a complexidade da gestão cultural e ambiental de um bem patrimonial, apontando para a importância de que essa gestão seja feita de forma ampla e inclusiva.

In 2008, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has published the book, “World Heritage Caves & Karst, A global review of karst World Heritage properties: present situation, future prospects and management requirements”. This book provided a comprehensive review of karst landscapes in the World Heritage List. Its aim was to provide a better understanding of the karst World Heritage properties inscribed at that time and IUCN has given recommendations for dealing with future nominations with the same geological typology. One of the properties listed in this book was the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park (PPSR), which is an outstanding karst formation but the property also protects a bigger biological system in the Palawan Biogeographic Province.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate weather PPSR is still an outstanding representation of a geological phenomenon, 14 years after its inscription to the World Heritage List.  The paper critically reviews the site based on the concepts of Outstanding Universal Value, as elaborated in the 2011 Operational Guidelines of the World Heritage Convention.

Studies on heritage as a social construct are usually focused on adults. However, we were interested in children's perception of natural and cultural heritage in their local environment. We asked primary school pupils to take photographies of their surroundings, which was followed by interviews, in which they explained what they captured. We were interested in how children perceieve heritage and what meanings do they attribute to it. The article attempts to shed an alternative light on the understanding of heritage through children's perspective.

Le but de cet article est de faire la caractérisation et l’analyse du contexte au sein duquel se déroulent, depuis la fin des années 80, la restauration et la mise en valeur patrimoniale des Marais de Santoña,  Victoria et Joyel, situés sur le littoral oriental de la communauté autonome de Cantabrie et qui  constituent la plus vaste zone humide et l’un des écosystèmes le plus importants du nord de  l’Espagne. Cet Espace naturel occupe actuellement plus de 6.600 ha répartis sur onze municipalités.  Son processus de patrimonialisation apparait très lié à celui de sa protection et de sa restauration  écologique, entamées à la fin des années 80. Pourtant cette évolution a eu lieu dans un contexte assez  polémique, entrainant des conflits récurrents entre les différents agents impliqués.