Papers by Enrique Díaz Martínez
De Re Metallica, 2021
As a contribution to the history of geoconservation in Spain, this work summarizes the main miles... more As a contribution to the history of geoconservation in Spain, this work summarizes the main milestones of Spanish participation in the advancement of geoconservation at the international level. In the 1990s, we participated in the first geoconservation initiatives, including the first explicitly geoconservation-oriented scientific organizations, the constitution of working groups, and the organization of international meetings on the subject. We were the first country to complete the inventory of geological sites of international relevance (Global Geosites) and to later incorporate it into our own legislation. At the beginning of the century, we participated in the founding nucleus of the European Geoparks Network (EGN) and later in that of the Global Geoparks Network (GGN), as well as in the exhaustive development of the geopark model, currently being the second country in the world with more UNESCO Global Geoparks (UGG). As a strategy to promote the development of geoconservation actions and change policies at the national and international level, we participated in working groups of international organizations (IUGS, IUCN, Antarctic Committee), we have achieved the adoption of international resolutions for geoconservation, and we continue working on their development. Our results have been published in international scientific journals and specialized books on the subject, and all this has been without an explicit national geoconservation policy and without adecuate funding for it. The future is uncertain, as we have achieved visibility and recognition abroad that is not compensated with the necessary official support to maintain it.
Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 2000
Permian marine sedimentary rocks that crop out in northern Chile are closely related to the devel... more Permian marine sedimentary rocks that crop out in northern Chile are closely related to the development of a Late Paleozoic magmatic arc. A study of Upper Paleozoic units east of Iquique (208S) identi®ed three members within the Juan de Morales Formation, each of which were deposited in a different sedimentary environment. A coarse-grained terrigenous basal member represents alluvial sedimentation from a local volcanic source. A mixed carbonate-terrigenous middle member represents coastal and proximal shallow marine sedimentation during a relative sea-level rise related with a global transgression. Preliminary foraminifer biostratigraphy of this middle member identi®ed a late Early Permian (late Artinskian±Kungurian) highly impoverished nodosarid±geinitzinid assemblage lacking fusulines and algae, which is characteristic of temperate cold waters and/or disphotic zone. The upper ®ne-grained terrigenous member represents shallow marine siliciclastic sedimentation under storm in¯uence. The Juan de Morales Formation consists of continental, coastal and shallow marine sediments deposited at the active western margin of Gondwana at mid to low latitudes. A revised late Early Permian age and similar paleogeography and sedimentary environments are also proposed for the Huentelauque Ân Formation and related units of northern and central Chile, Arizaro Formation of northwestern Argentina, and equivalent units of southernmost Peru. q 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 2004
Fossil plants belonging to the morphogenera Glossopteris, Pecopteris and Asterotheca were collect... more Fossil plants belonging to the morphogenera Glossopteris, Pecopteris and Asterotheca were collected from the upper part of the Chutani Formation (Titicaca Group), near the town of San Pablo de Tiquina, on the southeastern shore of Lake Titicaca (northern Altiplano, Bolivia). This paper presents the first description of specimens of the morphogenus Glossopteris from Bolivia. The Bolivian specimens of Glossopteris consist of poorly-preserved impressions, although they present the diagnostic features of this morphogenus. They are fragments of leaves with secondary veins of taeniopterid-type, typical of glossopterids from Late Permian deposits of Gondwana. The only species of Pecopteris confirmed in the first part of this study, i.e. P. dolianitii Rösler and Rohn (see , was previously reported from the Late Permian beds of the Rio do Rasto and Estrada Nova formations in the Paraná Basin (southern Brazil). Therefore, a Late Permian age is proposed for the fossil plant-bearing beds of the Chutani Formation based on the analyzed assemblage. The phytogeographic implications of this new find are briefly analyzed.
Por primera vez en la historia de España, la reciente Ley 42/2007 del Patrimonio Natural y la Bio... more Por primera vez en la historia de España, la reciente Ley 42/2007 del Patrimonio Natural y la Biodiversidad incluye mención explícita al patrimonio geológico y la geodiversidad. La transposición de la directiva europea de hábitats ha servido no sólo para actualizar y mejorar la legislación relativa a la biodiversidad (hábitats y especies), sino también para empezar a considerar como se merece al patrimonio geológico: aquellos elementos abióticos de mayor singularidad e interés que también requieren una adecuada protección y gestión para la conservación. El nuevo Inventario Español de Lugares de Interés Geológico que establece esta ley y que actualmente se encuentra en sus primeras fases de desarrollo, va a requerir la participación de numerosos profesionales en todas las comunidades autónomas. Sobre ellas recaen las competencias para hacer y actualizar su inventario, proteger lo más valioso, y planificar el aprovechamiento sostenible y uso público de este patrimonio natural, así com...
RESUMEN La Comisión de Patrimonio Geológico de la Sociedad Geológica de España ha participado en ... more RESUMEN La Comisión de Patrimonio Geológico de la Sociedad Geológica de España ha participado en el trá-mite de exposición pública de las Directrices de Conservación de la Red Natura 2000 en España con una serie de alegaciones y puntos de vista que se recogen en este trabajo. Estas opiniones y conside-raciones son extrapolables a la conservación y gestión de cualquier espacio natural protegido, por lo que esperábamos que la propuesta se hubiera tomado en consideración en esta ocasión y para futuras normas y directrices que afecten al conjunto del patrimonio natural de España. Sin embargo, pese a que la legislación española lo obliga y las instituciones internacionales lo recomiendan, la propuesta no fue considerada. Esta experiencia indica que queda mucho por hacer y que la comunidad que trabaja en geoconservación debe seguir velando, convenciendo y exigiendo, que el patrimonio geológico sea considerado parte del patrimonio natural, de acuerdo con la legislación vigente, y en especi...
Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 2001
Striated and faceted clasts found within the diamictites of the San Gaba Ân Formation immediately... more Striated and faceted clasts found within the diamictites of the San Gaba Ân Formation immediately north of Ayaviri (southeast Peru) are interpreted as evidence for the late Ashgill±Llandovery glaciations in the Peruvian Altiplano, an area where this unit was previously considered not to be deposited. The Lower Paleozoic stratigraphic sequence cropping out in the area includes the Sandia, San Gaba Ân, and Ananea Formations, and thus belongs to the Eastern Cordillera tectonostratigraphic domain, but within the Altiplano morphotectonic region. The marked difference between the Lower Paleozoic sequences of the Altiplano and Eastern Cordillera tectonostratigraphic domains suggests important tectonic shortening along the boundary fault zone during Andean Cenozoic deformation. q
Trabajos de …, 2006
Resumen: La participación activa de España en diferentes proyectos internacionales de Geoconserva... more Resumen: La participación activa de España en diferentes proyectos internacionales de Geoconservación, así como la ratificación de normativas internacionales que aconsejan la protección de la Geodiversidad, entran en contradicción con la ausencia de regulación de la preservación de elementos geológicos en la legislación vigente sobre Protección del Patrimonio Histórico y Conservación de la Naturaleza. Por otro lado, las iniciativas sobre inventarios de Puntos de Interés Geológico, promovidas por diversos organismos públicos de investigación, junto con el gran número de visitantes que tienen los espacios naturales protegidos en los que los rasgos geológicos son relevantes, denotan un interés tanto de los científicos como de la sociedad por la protección y divulgación de la Geodiversidad. Estos hechos aconsejan la elaboración de una normativa específica que contemple estos aspectos.
For the first time in the history of Spain, several important laws passed during year 2007 by the... more For the first time in the history of Spain, several important laws passed during year 2007 by the Spanish Parliament explicitly mention geological heritage and geodiversity. Law 5/2007 (National Parks Network) incorporates a list of geological contexts most representative of Spanish geodiversity. Law 42/2007 (Natural Heritage and Biodiversity) elaborates on the conservation and management of geological heritage and geodiversity, and incorporates the list of geological frameworks identified for Spain under UNESCO's Geosites Program, as well as an improved version of the list previously included in Law 5/2007. Law 45/2007 (Sustainable Development of Rural Environment) establishes that rural development plans must consider the conservation and sustainable use of archaeoindustrial and geological heritage. These new laws will require important changes in our society regarding geological heritage and geodiversity. These changes affect (1) professional geologists, who must update their...
Evidence for wall vitrification at the Late Bronze Age settlement of Passo Alto (Vila Verde de Fi... more Evidence for wall vitrification at the Late Bronze Age settlement of Passo Alto (Vila Verde de Ficalho,Serpa,Portugal) Enrique Díaz-Martínez,António M.M.Soares,Peter Kresten e Liudmila Glazovskaya Evidence for wall vitrification at the Late Bronze Age settlement of Passo Alto (Vila Verde de Ficalho,Serpa,Portugal)
Journal of Archaeological Science, 2008
The age of cooling of a vitrified wall at the Late Bronze/Second Iron Age settlement of Misericor... more The age of cooling of a vitrified wall at the Late Bronze/Second Iron Age settlement of Misericordia (Serpa, Portugal) has been determined using archaeomagnetic dating. Vitrification occurred in the Late Bronze Age (842e652 BC), in agreement with archaeological constraints based on the style of the potteries recovered at the site. This demonstrates the suitability of vitrified structures for archaeomagnetic dating and the potential for developing absolute chronologies for similar structures in Iberia and across Europe as a whole. Magnetite, low Ti-content titanomagnetite and, to a lesser extent, metallic Fe carry the archaeomagnetic signal, thus representing phases formed during the heating event. Native Fe was preserved due to it being isolated within the glassy matrix. The vitrified structure underwent at least one strong heating event which led to partial melting of the rocks used in its construction. Both microprobe and archaeomagnetic data support a single heating event, although multiple heating to temperatures >600e800 C cannot be excluded on archaeomagnetic grounds.
This study is a synthesis of all the pyrolysis data
concerning the Sub Andean Zone, the Chaco an... more This study is a synthesis of all the pyrolysis data
concerning the Sub Andean Zone, the Chaco and the
Madre de Dios basin that are available at YPFB
(Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales Bolivianos) where
they have been recently compiled in a database. This
database contains actually more than 3000 data which
have been used to build the present maps. The data
come from more than 100 internal regional reports as
well as from the final well reports; a few of them have
been gathered by international oil companies and institutions working on Bolivia.
This paper presents new data about Early Permian (Cisuralian) strata, palynostratigraphy and abso... more This paper presents new data about Early Permian (Cisuralian) strata, palynostratigraphy and absolute dating from the
Copacabana Formation in central Bolivia. Recent stratigraphic and palynologic data from marine and transitional rocks at
Apillapampa refine the age of Cisuralian palynomorphs in South America. Twelve samples interbedded with five volcanic
ashes (processed and productive) yielded 94 palynomorph species arranged in two informal palynoassemblages: the lower
assemblage Vittatina costabilis corresponds to one sample near the base of the Copacabana Formation and the upper
Lueckisporites virkkiae assemblage occurs in overlying marine and coal-bearing transitional intervals. Ages were also
independently refined by a modern review of conodonts, fusulinids, along with those U–Pb radiometric ages (Isotope
Dilution Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry [ID-TIMS] of zircon-bearing interbedded tuffs). These data suggest that the
lower marine member of the Copacabana Formation at this location is Asselian and Sakmarian. Lueckisporites virkkiae is a
key species of palynomorph utilised in South American and global Permian biostratigraphic reconstructions. Hence, a
thorough global comparison of these palynofloras and correlations is addressed in this contribution, considering first
appearances of mainly cosmopolitan diagnostic taxa. Correlations are established with many similar Permian palynofloras,
some also constrained with radiometric data, in South America (Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina) and elsewhere.
Late Devonian glaciation is well-documented in three Brazilian basins, and newer work has shown a... more Late Devonian glaciation is well-documented in three Brazilian basins, and newer work has shown a wider extent for this event, reaching Bolivia, Peru, Central African Republic, Niger, and the USA. Physical evidence for this event includes glacial pavements and polymict striated, and faceted clasts as dropstones and within marine resedimented deposits. Late Devonian (Frasnian? and Famennian) onset of Gondwanaland's glaciations resulted in fundamental changes in coeval and later (Mississippian) depositional systems worldwide. Palynomorphs date the more widespread event within the Retispora lepidophyta (miospore) palynozone, which often occurs with the marine acritarch Umbellasphaeridium saharicum. This initial glaciation continued into earliest Carboniferous (Tournaisian) time. There were several consequences from the short-term glacioeustasy. In North America, central Europe and southern China there is a coeval sea-level fall that exhumed and eroded carbonate platforms, deposited siliciclastics, and generated lacunae in the Famennian record. The lowstand resulted in extensive carbonate breccias, shallow-water deposits and evaporites in western U.S.A. Lowstand clastic wedges were deposited in a regression (eastern U.S.A.) with widespread black shales. In Moravia, Famennian siliciclastic influx increased as a result of subaerial weathering in newly-emergent highs that resulted from sea-level drop. Partial sea-level drops were also manifested by ferruginous oolites, which developed in nearshore environments and were subsequently dispersed down adjacent slopes by storm resedimentation. In southern China, aggradation, siliciclastic influx, reflux-dolomitization from evaporation, and shallow-water carbonate resulted from Famennian sea-level fall. The coupling of glacial and lowstand events explains the sudden appearance of shallow-marine, as well as subaerially-affected features after the Frasnian transgression that breached the North American craton.
Western Gondwana underwent a steady drift from mid-latitudes (~50°S, Early Carboniferous) to lowe... more Western Gondwana underwent a steady drift from mid-latitudes (~50°S, Early Carboniferous) to lower latitudes (<40°S) by Late Carboniferous time, and glacial deposition had ended in Bolivia by the early Pennsylvanian (Morrowan). At this time, carbonates and evaporates were being deposited across the Perú-Bolivia Basin. The Pennsylvanian and Permian Titicaca Group represents an Andean transgressive marine to restricted carbonate and regressive red bed megasequence (Cuevo Super-sequence or Subandean Cycle). The transgressive part of this Pangean fi rst-order sequence records inherited basement controls and ephemeral pericratonic seaways into the interior of a western landmass. The well-dated Copacabana Formation records many high-frequency sequences and meter-scale cycles that form larger, third-and second-order composite sequences in the central Andes. Diverse car bonates, compo-sitionally immature but texturally more mature arkosic and lithic sandstones, shales, tuffs, and evaporites characterize Copacabana Formation lithologies, which have been dated using foraminifera, fusulinids, conodonts, and palynomorphs. Estuarine barrier sands and cross-bedded, fossiliferous marine sandstones with limestone litho-clasts were derived by reworking of semilithifi ed Copacabana rocks during lowstands and transgressive fl ooding events. Sedimentation rates in Bolivia were relatively low (7–25 m/m.y.) compared with the thicker and shale-rich Copacabana Formation in Perú. Stacked transgressive systems tracts and highstand systems tracts with significant hiatuses formed in open-marine and restricted to semiarid coastal depositional systems. Twelve second-and third-order, 30–100 m composite sequences have incise-ment or protosol development above marine limestone of the underlying sequence; extensive siliciclastic lowstand and/or transgressive shoreline facies occur above these sequence boundaries. Thick accumulations of progradational carbonate characterize †
Although the origins of geoheritage studies in Europe date back to the second half of the 20th ce... more Although the origins of geoheritage studies in Europe date back to the second half of the 20th century, many initiatives had been implemented long time before but towards the protection of unique sites with aesthetic interest. Since then, each of the 50 European nations has designed and implemented different strategies and methodologies towards the study and conservation of geoheritage, but with different degrees of development and advance. This has generally relied on the geoscientists initiative, but also the interest shownby public administrations in the conservation of natural heritage, so that, even if each country has its own specific problems, there are also many common situations. Some global programs promoted from Europe, such as the Global Geopark Network and Global Geosites, have promoted inventories and public outreach on geoheritage. Nowadays, there is not a common European directive promoting the conservation of geoheritage, which would certainly promote geoconservation. Some countries may serve as examples of the implementation of national inventories, legislation or design of methodologies towards geoconservation, but in general terms, geoheritage in Europe has always gone behind biodiversity conservation initiatives. There is still much to be done in order to develop geoheritage assessment systems(valuing) and geoconservation strategies in all countries.
The Geological Survey of Spain (IGME) has developed a methodology for the incorporation of geoher... more The Geological Survey of Spain (IGME) has developed a methodology for the incorporation of geoheritage and geosites into environmental impact assessment protocols. The handbook was published in 2012 and helps the develpment of the recent Law 21/2013 on EIA.
Summary of geoconservation activities promoted by ProGEO at the 6th World Parks Congress in Sydne... more Summary of geoconservation activities promoted by ProGEO at the 6th World Parks Congress in Sydney (2014). This was the first time ever that such topic is dealt with at this congress.
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2008
Late Devonian glaciation is well-documented in three Brazilian basins, and newer work has shown a... more Late Devonian glaciation is well-documented in three Brazilian basins, and newer work has shown a wider extent for this event, reaching Bolivia, Peru, Central African Republic, Niger, and the USA. Physical evidence for this event includes glacial pavements and polymict striated, and faceted clasts as dropstones and within marine resedimented deposits. Late Devonian (Frasnian? and Famennian) onset of Gondwanaland's glaciations resulted in fundamental changes in coeval and later (Mississippian) depositional systems worldwide. Palynomorphs date the more widespread event within the Retispora lepidophyta (miospore) palynozone, which often occurs with the marine acritarch Umbellasphaeridium saharicum. This initial glaciation continued into earliest Carboniferous (Tournaisian) time. There were several consequences from the short-term glacioeustasy. In North America, central Europe and southern China there is a coeval sea-level fall that exhumed and eroded carbonate platforms, deposited siliciclastics, and generated lacunae in the Famennian record. The lowstand resulted in extensive carbonate breccias, shallow-water deposits and evaporites in western U.S.A. Lowstand clastic wedges were deposited in a regression (eastern U.S.A.) with widespread black shales. In Moravia, Famennian siliciclastic influx increased as a result of subaerial weathering in newly-emergent highs that resulted from sea-level drop. Partial sea-level drops were also manifested by ferruginous oolites, which developed in nearshore environments and were subsequently dispersed down adjacent slopes by storm resedimentation. In southern China, aggradation, siliciclastic influx, reflux-dolomitization from evaporation, and shallow-water carbonate resulted from Famennian sea-level fall. The coupling of glacial and lowstand events explains the sudden appearance of shallow-marine, as well as subaerially-affected features after the Frasnian transgression that breached the North American craton.
Uploads
Papers by Enrique Díaz Martínez
concerning the Sub Andean Zone, the Chaco and the
Madre de Dios basin that are available at YPFB
(Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales Bolivianos) where
they have been recently compiled in a database. This
database contains actually more than 3000 data which
have been used to build the present maps. The data
come from more than 100 internal regional reports as
well as from the final well reports; a few of them have
been gathered by international oil companies and institutions working on Bolivia.
Copacabana Formation in central Bolivia. Recent stratigraphic and palynologic data from marine and transitional rocks at
Apillapampa refine the age of Cisuralian palynomorphs in South America. Twelve samples interbedded with five volcanic
ashes (processed and productive) yielded 94 palynomorph species arranged in two informal palynoassemblages: the lower
assemblage Vittatina costabilis corresponds to one sample near the base of the Copacabana Formation and the upper
Lueckisporites virkkiae assemblage occurs in overlying marine and coal-bearing transitional intervals. Ages were also
independently refined by a modern review of conodonts, fusulinids, along with those U–Pb radiometric ages (Isotope
Dilution Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry [ID-TIMS] of zircon-bearing interbedded tuffs). These data suggest that the
lower marine member of the Copacabana Formation at this location is Asselian and Sakmarian. Lueckisporites virkkiae is a
key species of palynomorph utilised in South American and global Permian biostratigraphic reconstructions. Hence, a
thorough global comparison of these palynofloras and correlations is addressed in this contribution, considering first
appearances of mainly cosmopolitan diagnostic taxa. Correlations are established with many similar Permian palynofloras,
some also constrained with radiometric data, in South America (Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina) and elsewhere.
concerning the Sub Andean Zone, the Chaco and the
Madre de Dios basin that are available at YPFB
(Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales Bolivianos) where
they have been recently compiled in a database. This
database contains actually more than 3000 data which
have been used to build the present maps. The data
come from more than 100 internal regional reports as
well as from the final well reports; a few of them have
been gathered by international oil companies and institutions working on Bolivia.
Copacabana Formation in central Bolivia. Recent stratigraphic and palynologic data from marine and transitional rocks at
Apillapampa refine the age of Cisuralian palynomorphs in South America. Twelve samples interbedded with five volcanic
ashes (processed and productive) yielded 94 palynomorph species arranged in two informal palynoassemblages: the lower
assemblage Vittatina costabilis corresponds to one sample near the base of the Copacabana Formation and the upper
Lueckisporites virkkiae assemblage occurs in overlying marine and coal-bearing transitional intervals. Ages were also
independently refined by a modern review of conodonts, fusulinids, along with those U–Pb radiometric ages (Isotope
Dilution Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry [ID-TIMS] of zircon-bearing interbedded tuffs). These data suggest that the
lower marine member of the Copacabana Formation at this location is Asselian and Sakmarian. Lueckisporites virkkiae is a
key species of palynomorph utilised in South American and global Permian biostratigraphic reconstructions. Hence, a
thorough global comparison of these palynofloras and correlations is addressed in this contribution, considering first
appearances of mainly cosmopolitan diagnostic taxa. Correlations are established with many similar Permian palynofloras,
some also constrained with radiometric data, in South America (Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina) and elsewhere.
La propuesta surge tras observar en los diferentes expedientes la carencia reiterada de una descripción de los impactos que, en el ámbito de la Gea, podrían producirse sobre el patrimonio geológico de las zonas afectadas. Las modificaciones efectuadas por la ejecución de proyectos, algunos de ellos sometidos por el Real Decreto Legislativo (RDL) 1/2008 sobre Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (E.I.A.) a dicho procedimiento, podrían provocar la destrucción total o parcial de aquellos rasgos geológicos que caracterizan este patrimonio. La Ley 42/2007 del Patrimonio Natural y la Biodiversidad obliga además a las Administraciones Públicas a la conservación de la geodiversidad y los recursos naturales (entre ellos el patrimonio geológico) (Art. 5.2.f).
Por esta razón se ha elaborado esta guía metodológica para facilitar la integración del patrimonio geológico en el procedimiento general de la evaluación del impacto ambiental derivado de la ejecución de proyectos.