Mutual Fund

The paper aims to realize a general image of the collective investment funds acting on the Romanian and European capital markets. Collective investment funds, classified in open-end funds (mutual funds or UCITS – Undertaking for Collective Investment in Transferable Securities) and closed-end funds (or Non UCITS) offer the investors the advantage of direct access on capital and monetary markets with less money, effort and risks. Further we have analyzed the regulations that operate the Romanian and European funds market, the size of Romanian funds market compared to other countries in the region in detailed statistical data and also the growing potential.

Traditional accounting performance measures, such as EPS, ROI, ROE, have long been used by investors to evaluate companies' implemented and future strategies. However, in recent years the appearance of shareholder value approach and its modern value-based performance measures, such as EVA ® and SVA, gave an incentive to investors to consider those measures as important ones to evaluate companies' strategies. This is the first study in Greece on the practice of investment management in terms of stock market forecasting and stock selection. Our respondents come from six different groups of investors: official members of the Athens Stock Exchange (ASE), mutual funds management companies (MF), portfolio investment companies (PIC), listed companies (LC), brokers (BR), and individual investors (ININ). ASE has become one of the developed stock market centres thus, it is important for international investors to acquire a better knowledge and understanding of how investors in Greece practice their trades. Results of this study confirm the importance of traditional accounting performance measures but at the same time reveal the significant attention investors should pay to modern value-based performance measures. For limitation reasons this study focuses only on EPS and EVA ® .

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a relação entre comomentos de terceira e quarta ordens e fatores de risco e sua adequação aos retornos, ao desempenho e à captação líquida de fundos de investimento. Os fatores utilizados para determinar a performance dos fundos e, consequentemente, sua relação com a captação são: retorno de mercado, tamanho, book-to-market, lucratividade, investimento, coassimetria e cocurtose. Os fundos que constituem a amostra são aqueles classificados como Ações Livre (no período de abril de 2001 a abril de 2015). Metodologicamente, este estudo apresenta duas fases. A primeira se refere à estimação dos parâmetros que representam a sensibilidade dos fundos aos fatores e à comparação dos capital asset pricing models (CAPM), 4 fatores Fama-French-Carhart (FFC), 5 fatores Fama-French (FF5) e 5 fatores Fama-French com momentum (FF5M), acrescidos ou não dos comomentos, por meio de procedimento de efeitos fixos. A segunda trata da verificação da relação entre a performance e a captação líquida dos fundos. Procedeu-se à reestimação dos modelos por meio de janelas temporais móveis, de modo que o alfa calculado em cada uma delas representasse a performance do fundo no período imediatamente subsequente. Também se estimou a relação captação-performance por meio de regressões transversais, com taxas e idade como variáveis de controle. Os resultados demonstraram que os coeficientes de coassimetria e cocurtose são pouco relevantes para a determinação do desempenho e da captação líquida de fundos de investimento. Dentre os fatores de risco, mercado, tamanho e momentum são os parâmetros que se mostram importantes para os retornos dos fundos. Os modelos FFC e FF5M são aqueles que apresentam maior poder explicativo à especificação dos retornos. Há, ainda, indícios de convexidade na relação entre desempenho e captação. Palavras-chave: fundos de investimento, performance, captação líquida, modelos de precificação de ativos, risco de mercado.

This study examines the selectivity and market-timing ability of international mutual fund managers. Ninety-seven international mutual funds with a minimum of five-year return history selected from the Morningstar OnDisc database are analyzed. Our findings suggest that managers of international mutual funds possess good selectivity and overall performance. We also find weak evidence of poor market-timing ability. Consistent with prior findings from domestic mutual funds, there is a negative correlation between the international fund managers' selection ability and market-timing ability. Finally, managers for European funds show poorer performance than those managing the other three international fund groups.

We investigate the relationship between performance and portfolio management team structure of open-end mutual funds during 1997–2004. We first analyze differences in performance and risk taking between single-manager and multiple-manager mutual funds and find that the latter underperform the single-manager funds in terms of risk-adjusted returns during the 2001–2004 bear market. This underperformance is more evident among growth-oriented funds. There are no differences observed in the 1997–2000 bull market. Not all multiple-manager funds, however, are managed by pure teams. When we compare the performance of single-manager and pure-team funds we do not find any differences in performance. The underperformance of multiple-manager funds documented in previous studies comes from multiple-manager funds that employ many investment advisors and, therefore, their exact management structure is unknown. We also document differences in management structure reporting between Morningstar and CRSP.

Historically, mutual funds have often calculated their asset values for international mutual funds using stale prices, because some fund components finish trading before the market close. This caused daily fund returns to be predictable. This allows an arbitrage opportunity for investors who move their money at the end of the US trading day to reflect the next day change in European equities. We quantitatively trace the history of this phenomenon, known as time-zone arbitrage, in various mutual funds, particularly the Vanguard Fund Family, before and after the phenomenon became well known. The opportunity for TZA has diminished but not disappeared.

We define cultural entrepreneurship as the process of storytelling that mediates between extant stocks of entrepreneurial resources and subsequent capital acquisition and wealth creation. We propose a framework that focuses on how entrepreneurial stories facilitate the crafting of a new venture identity that serves as a touchstone upon which legitimacy may be conferred by investors, competitors, and consumers, opening up access to new capital and market opportunities. Stories help create competitive advantage for entrepreneurs through focal content shaped by two key forms of entrepreneurial capital: firm-specific resource capital and industry-level institutional capital. We illustrate our ideas with anecdotal entrepreneurial stories that range from contemporary high-technology accounts to the evolution of the mutual fund industry. Propositions are offered to guide future empirical research based on our framework. Theoretically, we aim to extend recent efforts to synthesize strategic and institutional perspectives by incorporating insights from contemporary approaches to culture and organizational identity.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho é calcular os índices de desempenho dos fundos de ações no mercado brasileiro e determinar qual é a probabilidade de um fundo, que venha apresentando bom desempenho em relação a seus pares, conseguir manter essa posição no período seguinte. Como objetivo específico, buscou-se investigar quais índices de desempenho estão mais associados à expectativa de boa performance. A principal contribuição deste trabalho consiste em desenvolver um modelo para análise de fundos de investimento em ações no mercado brasileiro que pudesse ser utilizado pelos investidores para selecionar os melhores fundos para aplicação de seus recursos. Buscou-se analisar quais métricas de desempenho são melhores para discriminar os fundos com bom desempenho, por meio da técnica estatística de regressão logística binária, cuja resposta permite estabelecer a probabilidade de ocorrência de fundos com desempenho superior e a importância das variáveis para essa ocorrência. A abordagem é inovadora. Os resultados do trabalho mostraram que o modelo computou um índice de acertos de 81% em sua matriz de classificação e definiu as variáveis com significância estatística que devem ser consideradas na escolha dos fundos, pela ordem de importância: taxa de administração, índice de Treynor, índice de Sharpe generalizado, índice de Modigliani e taxa de performance.

. Today there are around 40 mutual funds and over 300 schemes with total assets of around Rs. 6.4 lacs crores. Since the mutual funds involve a huge amount of retail investors, therefore, this paper attempts to analyse whether SEBI is able to regulate the activities in Mutual Fund Market and whether its regulatory role is capable to protect the interest of huge investors. This study also attempts to analyse the shortcomings (if any) in the regulatory regime and suggest some measure to increase its effectiveness.

Tmt. K. Hemalatha, M.Com., M.Phil., PGDCA., M.B.A., NET., Assistant Professor of Commerce (Research Scholar) Sri Bharathi Arts and Science College for Women, Pudukkottai. ABSTRACT The success story of any economy can only be scripted on the basis of sound financial system of the country. Economic reform process of 1991 had a great impact on the financial system of the country leading to the overall development of the Indian economy. The Mutual fund sectors are one of the fastest growing sectors in Indian Economy and have awesome potential for sustained future growth. Mutual funds make saving and investing simple, accessible, and affordable. The advantages of mutual funds include professional management, diversification, variety, liquidity, affordability, convenience, and ease of recordkeeping-as well as strict government regulation and full disclosure. Mutual funds increase the mobilization of investable funds of the society by pooling the interest of a great number of small investors.

We present a detailed study of portfolio optimisation based on cointegration, a statistical tool that here exploits a long-run equilibrium relationship between stock prices and an index price. We compare the theoretical and empirical properties of cointegration optimal equity portfolios with those of portfolios optimised on the tracking error variance. From an eleven year out of sample performance analysis we

We analyze 1,607 investors who switched from phone-based to online trading during the 1990s. Those who switch to online trading perform well prior to going online, beating the market by more than 2% annually. After going online, they trade more actively, more speculatively, and less profitably than before-lagging the market by more than 3% annually. Reductions in market frictions (lower trading costs, improved execution speed, and greater ease of access) do not explain these findings. Overconfidence-augmented by self-attribution bias and the illusions of knowledge and control-can explain the increase in trading and reduction in performance of online investors.

We are indebted to the mutual funds for providing access to their detailed data. Also, we are indebted to the Ontario Securities Commission, and in particular Minami Ganaha, Rhonda Goldberg, Chantal Mainville, and Dennis Yanchus, for their help with facilitating data collection.

(Gulbarga). Therefore, I kindly request you to fill up this questionnaire with your valuable attention and cooperation , which will help me to complete my research work effectively and efficiently. This information is provided by you are kept for confidential and only for the research purpose.

The research study attempts to make the mutual fund (MF) investor understand how the various risk parameters like Alpha, Asset under management, Beta, Expense Ratio, R-Squared, Sharpe Ratio, Sortino Ratio, and Standard deviation impact the returns of the MF. This information is instrumental to make dynamic investor choices. To narrow down the scope of the study analysis of 193 schemes of the top 15 MFs was considered. Only MFs with a minimum of 5 years of existence were considered. The relationship between the funds’ parameters was found using correlation and multiple regression statistical techniques. It was observed that the Sharpe ratio and Sortino ratio had a high positive correlation with the returns of the MF. The highest contributing regression predictor to explain the performance of the MF was the Sharpe ratio followed by Alpha, Expense ratio, & Asset under management.

Abstract: Set in the autumn of 2005, this case recounts the remarkable performance record of Value Trust, a mutual fund managed by William H." Bill" Miller III at Legg Mason, Inc. The case describes the investment style of Miller, whose record with Value Trust has beaten ...

Mutual Funds offer various investment options like open-ended schemes, close-ended schemes, Liquid funds, Debt funds and Equity-linked saving schemes (ELSS). People are attracted to Equitylinked saving schemes investments because of the tax exemption offered by the government under section 80C of the income tax act. Mutual fund investment helps the investor to diversify the risk. The mutual fund industry is working for almost fifty years in India. During this period, it has made tremendous growth in the market. An attempt is made to study the performance evaluation of selected open-ended ELSS schemes in the background of the covid pandemic in terms of risk and return relationship. For the purpose of this study, the rate of return method, Standard Deviation, Beta and Sharpe ratio method has been used. Nifty 500 Total Index has been used as a benchmark to study the performance of ELSS schemes in India. The period selected for the study is from 1 st April 2019 to 31 st March 2022. The findings of the study reveal that there are different schemes available in the market for different mindsets of investors.

Securities" at ICICI Securities Limited, Hubli Branch. The focus fund in the title represent few of the schemes that ICICI Securities were striving to offer to customers because these focus funds as observed by them have been earning good consistent return and have low risk.

The Indian capital market has shown tremendous momentum during last few years. With the reforms of economy, reforms of industrial policy, reforms of public sector and reforms of financial sector, the economy has been opened up and many developments have been taking place in the Indian money market and capital market. In order to help the small investors, mutual fund industry has come to occupy an important place. The main objective of this paper is to examine the importance and growth of mutual funds and evaluate the operations of mutual funds and suggest some measures to make it a successful scheme in India.

Purpose -One of the implications of Islamic investment principles is the availability of Islamic financial instruments in the financial market. The main aim of this research is to observe the differences in terms of performance between Islamic and conventional mutual fund in the context of Malaysian capital market. Design/methodology/approach -To achieve the major objectives of this paper standard methods wereused for evaluating the mutual funds performance, for example, Sharpe index and adjusted Sharpe index, Jensen Alpha, Timing and selectivity ability. The scope of the paper is to measure the relative quantitative performance of funds which was managed based on two different approaches. Findings -The basic finding of the paper is that Islamic funds performed better than the conventional funds during bearish economic trends while, conventional funds showed better performance than Islamic funds during bullish economic conditions. In addition to that finding, both conventional and Islamic funds were unable to achieve at least 50 per cent market diversification levels, though conventional funds are found to have a marginally better diversification level than the Islamic funds. The results also suggest that fund managers are unable to correctly identify good bargain stocks and to forecast the price movements of the general market.

A central and contentious debate in many literatures concerns the relationship between financial and social performance. We advance this debate by measuring the financial-social performance link within mutual funds that practice socially responsible investing (SRI). SRI fund managers have an array of social screening strategies from which to choose. Prior studies have not addressed this heterogeneity within SRI funds. Combining modern portfolio and stakeholder theories, we hypothesize that the financial loss borne by an SRI fund due to poor diversification is offset as social screening intensifies because better-managed and more stable firms are selected into its portfolio. We find support for this hypothesis through an empirical test on a panel of 61 SRI funds from 1972 to 2000. The results show that as the number of social screens used by an SRI fund increases, financial returns decline at first, but then rebound as the number of screens reaches a maximum. That is, we find a curvilinear relationship, suggesting that two longcompeting viewpoints may be complementary. Furthermore, we find that financial performance varies with the types of social screens used. Community relations screening increased financial performance, but environmental and labor relations screening decreased financial performance. Based on our results, we suggest that literatures addressing the link between financial and social performance move toward in-depth examination of the merits of different social screening strategies, and away from the continuing debate on the financial merits of either being socially responsible or not.

Previous studies have documented that Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) could be a good tool to evaluate fund performance, especially the performance of hedge funds as it can incorporate multiple risk-return attributes characterizing hedge fund's non normal return distribution in an unique performance score. The main purpose of this paper is to generalize this framework and to extend the use of DEA to the context of hedge fund selection when investors must face multi-dimensional constraints, each one associated to a relative importance level. Unlike previous studies which used DEA in an empirical framework, this research puts emphasis on methodological issues. I showed that DEA can be a good tailor-made decision-making tool to assist investors in selecting funds that correspond the most to their financial, risk-aversion, diversification and investment horizon constraints.

This article examines practice diffusion in an environment where competing logics exist, specifically investigating how trustee and performance logics that were rooted in different locations (Boston and New York) led to variation in how mutual funds established contracts with independent professional money management firms. This focus on competing logics redirects institutional research away from isomorphism and the segregation of institutional and technical forces and toward an appreciation of how multiple forms of rationality underlie change in organizational fields. Implications for the dominant two-stage institutional model of diffusion and for research on institutions, organizations, and professions are discussed.

Individuals are increasingly put in charge of their financial security after retirement. Moreover, the supply of complex financial products has increased considerably over the years. However, we still have little or no information about whether individuals have the financial knowledge and skills to navigate this new financial environment. To better understand financial literacy and its relation to financial decision-making, we have devised two special modules for the DNB Household Survey. We have designed questions to measure numeracy and basic knowledge related to the working of inflation and interest rates, as well as questions to measure more advanced financial knowledge related to financial market instruments (stocks, bonds, and mutual funds). We evaluate the importance of financial literacy by studying its relation to the stock market: Are more financially knowledgeable individuals more likely to hold stocks? To assess the direction of causality, we make use of questions measuring financial knowledge before investing in the stock market. We find that, while the understanding of basic economic concepts related to inflation and interest rate compounding is far from perfect, it outperforms the limited knowledge of stocks and bonds, the concept of risk diversification, and the working of financial markets. We also find that the measurement of financial literacy is very sensitive to the wording of survey questions. This provides additional evidence for limited financial knowledge. Finally, we report evidence of an independent effect of financial literacy on stock market participation: Those who have low financial literacy are significantly less likely to invest in stocks.

Abstract: The global economic crisis of 2008 has opened some old questions related to limits of export-oriented growth, including in the Asian and Pacific reiong, In that context, stronger regional integration has been put forward as one of the alternative sources of growth. This volume ...

This paper studies the performance of mutual funds around the world using a sample of 10,568 open-end actively managed equity funds from 19 countries between 1999 and 2005. Performance is measured using four alternative benchmark models, including an international version of the Cahart four-factor model. We regress abnormal performance on fund attributes such as age, size, fees, management structure, and management tenure. We also investigate whether country characteristics such as economic development, financial development, familiarity, and investor protection have additional explanatory power. The results show that large funds tend to perform better, which suggests the presence of significant economies of scale. When investing abroad, young funds are more able to obtain better performance. Performance is higher in funds with higher fees and that are managed by an individual manager with more experience. Mutual fund performance is better in countries with stronger legal institutions. Domestic funds located in developed countries, in particular with liquid stock markets, perform better. When investing abroad, familiarity and proximity enhances the performance of mutual funds.

Imperfectly imitable resources are central in contemporary analysis of sustainable competitive advantage. While prior work has focused on limitations on the ability to imitate, we argue that it is only a third step in an imitation procedure that also involves the identification of what to imitate and the willingness to imitate. In this study we focus on this last step of unwillingness to imitate due to institutionalized professional norms on product appropriateness. Drawing on institutional theory, we test hypotheses and discuss the complex relationship between institutionalized norms, core competences, and systematic differences in the willingness to imitate.

We present a simple overlapping generations model of an asset market in which irrational noise traders with erroneous stochastic beliefs both affect prices and earn higher expected returns. The unpredictability of noise traders' beliefs creates a risk in the price of the asset that deters rational arbitrageurs from aggressively betting against them. As a result, prices can diverge significantly from fundamental values even in the absence of fundamental risk. Moreover, bearing a disproportionate amount of risk that they themselves create enables noise traders to earn a higher expected return than do rational investors. The model sheds light on a number of financial anomalies, including the excess volatility of asset prices, the mean reversion of stock returns, the underpricing of closed end mutual funds, and the Mehra-Prescott equity premium puzzle.

The purpose of this paper is to identify ex ante fund statistics that can be related to future performance of European equity funds. In an efficient market setting, actively managed portfolios cannot outperform a passive benchmark strategy. However, purely by chance, some funds outperform their benchmark ex post, making the identification of performance determinants a difficult task. To alleviate this problem, we decompose the return deviation from its expected return into a noise component and an efficiency term, which is 100% if the fund exhibits no underperformance. The decomposition is based on the Bayesian frontier approach. We find evidence that fund efficiency is positively related to fund size and historical performance, the latter being solely due to the poorly performing funds. We fail to find a link between fund age and performance.

International mutual funds are key contributors to the globalization of financial markets and one of the main sources of capital flows to emerging economies. Despite their importance in emerging markets, little is known about their investment allocation and strategies. This article provides an overview of mutual fund activity in emerging markets. It describes their size, asset allocation, and country allocation and then focuses on their behavior during crises in emerging markets in the 1990s. It analyzes data at both the fund-manager and fund-investor levels. Due to large redemptions and injections, funds' flows are not stable. Withdrawals from emerging markets during recent crises were large, which is consistent with the evidence on financial contagion.

Individuals are increasingly put in charge of their financial security after retirement. Moreover, the supply of complex financial products has increased considerably over the years. However, we still have little or no information about whether individuals have the financial knowledge and skills to navigate this new financial environment. To better understand financial literacy and its relation to financial decision-making, we have devised two special modules for the DNB Household Survey. We have designed questions to measure numeracy and basic knowledge related to the working of inflation and interest rates, as well as questions to measure more advanced financial knowledge related to financial market instruments (stocks, bonds, and mutual funds). We evaluate the importance of financial literacy by studying its relation to the stock market: Are more financially knowledgeable individuals more likely to hold stocks? To assess the direction of causality, we make use of questions measuring financial knowledge before investing in the stock market. We find that, while the understanding of basic economic concepts related to inflation and interest rate compounding is far from perfect, it outperforms the limited knowledge of stocks and bonds, the concept of risk diversification, and the working of financial markets. We also find that the measurement of financial literacy is very sensitive to the wording of survey questions. This provides additional evidence for limited financial knowledge. Finally, we report evidence of an independent effect of financial literacy on stock market participation: Those who have low financial literacy are significantly less likely to invest in stocks.

Increased concern for the environment has increased the number of investment opportunities in mutual funds specialized in promoting responsible environmental attitudes. This paper examines the performance and risk sensitivities of US green mutual funds vis-à-vis their conventional peers. We also analyze and compare this performance relative to other Socially Responsible Investing (SRI) mutual funds. In order to implement this analysis, we apply a CAPM-based methodology and find that in the 1987-2009 period, environmental funds had lower performance than conventional funds with similar characteristics. However, if we focus on a more recent period (2001-2009), green funds achieved adjusted returns not significantly different from the rest of SRI and conventional mutual funds. JEL Classification: F30; G11; G15; G23; M14

This paper proposes two quadratic-constrained DEA models for evaluation of mutual funds performance, from a perspective of evaluation based on endogenous benchmarks. In comparison to previous studies, this paper decomposes two vital factors for mutual funds performance, i.e. risk and return, in order to define mutual funds' endogenous benchmarks and give insights and suggestions for managements. Of the two quadratic-constrained DEA models, one is a partly controllable quadratic-constrained programming. The approach is illustrated by a sample of twenty-five actual mutual funds operating in the Chinese market. It identifies the root reasons of inefficiency and ways for improving performance. The results show that although the market environment in year 2006 was much better than that in 2005, average efficiency score declines in year 2006 due to relaxing of system risk control. The majority of mutual funds do not show persistence in efficiency ranking. The most important conclusion is that the ranking of mutual funds in China depends mostly on system risk control.

Recent years have witnessed an increasing growth in mutual funds that invest according to social criteria. As a consequence, the financial performance of these portfolios has attracted the interest of academics and practitioners. This paper investigates the performance of a sample of socially responsible mutual funds from seven European countries investing globally and/or in the European market. Using unconditional and conditional models, we assess the performance of these funds in comparison to conventional and socially responsible benchmark portfolios. The results show that European socially responsible funds present in general neutral performance in relation to both conventional and socially responsible benchmarks. However, performance estimates seem to be slightly higher when funds are evaluated in relation to socially responsible indices. Our results also show that socially responsible funds are more exposed to conventional than to socially responsible indices. Furthermore, conventional benchmarks are better able to explain fund returns than socially responsible benchmarks. These findings are robust to both unconditional and conditional models of performance. We also observe that conditional models lead to a slight improvement of performance estimates and to the explanatory power of the models, both when conventional and socially responsible benchmarks are considered. This is consistent with most previous empirical findings on conditional performance evaluation. Our results show that investors who wish to hold European funds can add social screens to their investment choices without compromising financial performance.

In this contribution we propose a model which can be used to define a measure of the relative performance of mutual funds that takes into account all the different aspects considered by the traditional performance indexes. In addition, the model proposed can take into account also the subscription and redemption costs. This model adopts a data envelopment analysis approach. In particular, among the inputs considered by the model we have different risk measures of the portfolio and the subscription costs and redemption fees. The set of outputs taken into account comprise the portfolio expected return, the traditional performance indexes and a stochastic dominance indicator. An average cross efficiency measure is also suggested, in order to give a measure of the rating of a fund from the point of view of the styles of all the funds under consideration. The generalized performance attribution techniques proposed are tested using data of the Italian mutual funds market.

Fees charged by mutual funds include front-end load charges, deferred sales charges that decrease over time, redemption fees that are imposed whenever shares are sold, and 12b-1 fees. Fees may be justified if they allow the fund to lower other costs or improve performance. In this paper, we find that, on average, 12b-1 fees, deferred sales charges, and redemption fees increase expenses whereas funds with front-end loads generally have lower expenses. We also find that funds with 12b-1 fees and redemption fees, on average, earn higher risk adjusted returns but funds with front-end load charges earn lower risk adjusted returns.