Middle Euphrates (Archaeology)

Research on interregional networks during the Early Bronze Age in Northern Mesopotamia and Syria developed from the latter half of the twentieth century with large scale archaeological excavations in the region. Details of the politico-economic history, religious practices and cultural history in the region have been revealed not only by the archaeological finds but also by the study of the textual findings from urban sites such as those in Mari and Ebla. With an overwhelming number of archaeological finds representing the material culture, we can assume the state of interregional networks included small settlements. However, previous studies often dealt with large-scale networks relating to the exchange of luxury goods and unique/special finds, and sometimes overlooked small-scale interregional networks and their significance. This paper discusses the interregional network during the Early Bronze Age focusing on the case of the small site of Tell Ali al-Hajj on the Middle Euphrates.

It is generally agreed that during the first century BC the Euphrates River came to represent a negotiated boundary of Roman and Parthian power in the Near East, and that this remained the case until the overthrow of the Parthians by the Sassanians in the third century AD. It was during the first century BC that the term imperium began to be used in the context of expressions of corporate Roman power; this eventually saw an additional important usage of the term evolve to that of an expression of physical territory, that is, empire, by the end of the reign of Augustus. 1 This paper argues that it is possible to link the development of the Euphrates as a boundary of Roman and Parthian power in the first century BC with developments and changes in the usage of the term imperium . It traces the history of Roman and Parthian agreements and conflicts throughout the first century BC in the context of the development of the Euphrates as a boundary. The paper also argues that only the upper section of the Euphrates came to play this role and that previous analyses of the middle Euphrates have produced a misleading understanding of Roman and Parthian activity on this section of the river. The analysis of archaeological evidence from the first centuries BC and AD from the middle Euphrates site of Dura Europos is employed to illuminate the analysis of the Euphrates as a boundary. We arrive at a better understanding of Dura's history during this period if we considert Dura in the broader context of the Euphrates' role in dividing Roman and Parthian power.

The Uruk Expansion, which took place during various phases throughout the 4 th millennium BC, also developed in Northern Mesopotamia. In the area of Birecik, in eastern Turkey, on the edge of the Euphrates, various archaeological sites have been discovered, showing different phases of expansion of the Uruk culture. We focus this study on the Surtepe site, a 8 ha settlement, where we have distinguished a possible Late Calcolithic 5 ritual building, in a phase that we consider Terminal Uruk within the chronology of this Mesopotamian culture.

Irak Türkmenleri denildiği zaman hafızamızda ilk olarak Kerkük ve Musul canlanır. Fakat Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun dağılmasından sonra maalesef Türkler için hüznün ve acının adeta merkezi haline gelmiştir. Bu acılar dokunaklı bir şekilde halk edebiyatına ve o bölgenin türkülerine de yansımıştır;

“Yıktılar kal’amızı
Sürdüler balamızı
Daha can boğazdayken
Çektiler sâlamızı
Ah Kerkük yüz ah Kerkük
Her zaman yüz ak Kerkük
Ölseydim düşmeseydim
Men senden uzak Kerkük...”
 
Türkünün dizelerinden de anlaşılacağı gibi Türkmenler maalesef kaderine terkedilmiş ve geçen yıllar boyunca adeta bir mum gibi yavaş yavaş bölgede asimile politikaları ile erimektedirler. Bu konuya değinmeden önce bölgedeki Türk varlığını incelemekte fayda vardır. Türklerin Irak’a ilk girişleri H. 54 / M. 674 tarihlerine kadar uzanmaktadır. Emevi Halifesi Muaviye tarafından Horasan’a gönderilen Ubeydullah bin Ziyad ile Buhara prensesi Hatun emrindeki Türk kuvvetleri arasında yapılan çarpışmadan sonra bir barış yapılmıştır. Bu barıştan sonra Ubeydullah yanına aldığı Türk askerlerini Irak’a götürüp, Basra’ya yerleştirmiştir. Türklerin Irak’a gelişleri Abbasi döneminde, Halife Memun ve Halife Mutasım’ın iktidarı sırasında meydana gelen siyasi gelişmelerden dolayı daha da sıklaşmıştır. Emevi ordularında olduğu gibi Abbasi ordularında da yer alan Türkler, üstün savaşçı yetenekleri ile maharetlerinden dolayı üst mevkilere getirilmişlerdir. Ayrıca H. 211 / M. 836 ’da Halife Mutasım’ın emriyle Türk kumandanı Türk hassa askeri için Somerna şehri kurulmuştu. 25 Aralık 1055’te Bağdat’a giren Selçuklu hükümdarı Tuğrul Bey Büveyhoğulları’nın Irak’taki hakimiyetine son verilmiştir. Tuğrul Bey Bağdat ve Oğuzların yayıldığı Irak’ı Selçuklu Ülkesine katmıştır. Bu tarihten sonra Oğuz boylarına mensup birçok Türk, bu bölgeye yerleştirilmiştir. Böylece bölgede Büyük Selçuklular ile Türk hakimiyeti başlamıştır. Türklere daha önce yalnızca Etrak (Türkler) diyen Araplar, “Etrak-u Bağdat” (Bağdat Türkleri) demeye başlamışlardır.  1258 Moğol istilası ile Abbasi hilafeti son bulmuş, bölge Moğolların eline geçmiştir. Ayrıca bu bölgede Moğollarla birlikte çok sayıda Türk askeri gelmiştir. 1258 – 1336 İlhanlılar, 1338 – 1360 Celayirliler, 1360 – 1469 Karakoyunlular ve 1470 tarihinden itibaren de Akkoyunlular hakimiyetinde kalan bölge 1508 yılında Safevilerin eline geçmiştir. Safeviler’in Çaldıran’da (1515) Yavuz Sultan Selim Han’a yenilmesi ve Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Han’ın da 1534’te Bağdat’ı almasıyla bugün Irak olarak anılan bölge Osmanlı hakimiyetine geçmiştir. Osmanlılar Irak’ı, Bağdat, Basra, Musul, Şehrizor ve el-Ahsa olmak üzere beş bölgeye ayırarak idare ettirmişlerdir. 1623’te bölge tekrar Safeviler’in eline geçmiş ve Safeviler binlerce kişiyi katletmişlerdir. Sultan IV. Murad Han’ın 1638’de Bağdat’ı tekrar geri almasıyla Kasr-ı Şirin Antlaşması yapılmış ve kesin sınır çizilmişti. Böylece Musul-Kerkük bölgesi de dahil olarak I. Dünya Savaşı sonuna kadar bölge Osmanlı hakimiyetinde kalmıştır. Sonuç olarak Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Han ve Sultan IV. Murad Han zamanında Anadolu’dan getirilen çok sayıda Türk de bölgeye yerleştirilmiştir. I. Dünya Savaşından itibaren Irak’ın işgal edilmesi ve 1926 Musul Meselesi görüşmeleri sonucu Musul ve Kerkük’ün Irak’a bırakılmasıyla Musul ve Kerkük Irak’la birlikte İngiliz sömürgesi haline gelmiştir. 1920 – 1932 yılları arasında Irak’ın İngiliz Mandası altında bulunduğu dönemde Türkler baskı ve zulüm dolu bir devre yaşamışlardır. Irak’ın 1932 ’de Milletler Cemiyeti’ne kabul edilip bağımsızlığına kavuşmasından sonra da Irak Türkleri rahat yüzü görmemiş, baskı ve şiddet daha da artmıştır. Bütün bu baskı ve sindirme politikalarının Irak’ta bulunan Türk varlığını yok edemediği 1937 Sadâbâd Paktı’yla ortaya çıkmıştır. 27 Haziran 1937’de imzalanan Sadâbâd Paktı için bölgedeki Türkler büyük bir sevinç yaşasalar da pakttan sonra polis tarafından yapılan işkence ve zulme maruz kalmışlardır. II. Dünya Savaşı’nın sıkıntıları sebebiyle savaşı sakin geçiren Türkler savaştan sonra yeni bir katliamla karşılaştılar. 1946 yılında Gavurbağı’nda Kerküklü işçiler polis kuvvetleri tarafından yaylım ateşine tutulmuşlardır. Yine Bağdat Paktı’nın imzalanacağını duyan Türkler, bölgelerinde büyük bir sevinç yaşamışlardır. Fakat yine paktın imzalanmasından sonra Türklere yapılan baskılar artmıştır. Irak’ta 14 Temmuz 1959 Cumhuriyet’in birinci yılı kutlamalarında sokağa dökülen Kerkük Türkleri komünistler tarafından katliama uğramışlardır. 3 gün süren bu katliamda soydaşlarımız inanılmaz derecede zulüm ve işkenceye maruz kalmışlardır. Yaklaşık 1500 yıl kadar bu topraklarda varlığını gösteren Türkler I. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra batılı devletlerin bölgedeki çıkarlarından dolayı sistematik olarak çeşitli haksızlık, baskı ve katliama uğramışlardır. Emperyalist güçlerin özellikle yer altı bakımından zengin olan kuzey Irak’taki emellerinden dolayı bölgede yaşayan Türkler birçok zorlukla karşılaştıysa da bunlar karşısında Türk hükümeti ise maalesef hiç bir etkinlik göstermemiştir.

The semantic context of the cultural patterns of the past is beyond our perception. This fact, regardless of time and space, thus, makes any type of social organizations that existed in the past complex and transitive. Bearing in mind this fact, this study aimed to analyze the Late Chalcolithic period (ca. 4500-3000 BC) in an extensive area of north Mesopotamia with archaeological traces of an increasing socio-cultural, socio-economic, and socio-political complexity through the Annales School of History paradigm, which divides time into geographical time, social time, and individual time. Within this division, geographical time (longue durée) refers to the role of environment and geography on the nature and development of the northern communities at the regional level. Social time (conjoncture) provides a perceptible rhythm of indigenous cultural phenomena in north Mesopotamia (ca. 4500-3700 BC) prior to the Uruk culture of southern Mesopotamian origin, and a certain degree of social mobility, history of communities and their ideologies (mentalité) after the Uruk expansion (ca 3700-3000 BC). The Uruk phenomenon in north Mesopotamia can be perceived in social time. At another level, individual time (évènement), which takes historical events as the reference, coincides with the establishment of the Uruk colonies at Tell Sheikh Hassan, Habuba Kabira Süd, and Jebel Aruda in the Middle Euphrates Basin. In comparison with the earlier assessments, this analysis shows that an interpretation of continuity and change in total history (histoire totale) of the Late Chalcolithic period of north Mesopotamia is possible with the Annales paradigm. It also shows that north Mesopotamia, in the long term, hosted a number of cultural patterns; thus, provides culturally accumulated continuity, while different cultural influences and interactions, in several cases, played a key role in cultural changes. The interpretation of this thesis based on archaeological excavations, surveys carried out in north Mesopotamia, as well as previous views on the Late Chalcolithic period.

This paper aims to analyse some social dynamics which occurred during the late Iron Age in the Syro-Anatolian region from a particular point of view, i.e. that of clay figurine finds. The coroplastic production under consideration is a uniform corpus composed of two main subjects: the Handmade Syrian Horse and Riders (HSHR’s) and the Syrian Pillar Figurines (SPF’s). These figurines are inscribed within the Middle Euphrates coroplastic tradition with Karkemish as the primary productive centre. They are attested since the mid-eighth century BC, reaching a peak during the seventh century BC, a historical period corresponding to the Neo-Assyrian expansion in the Northern Levant. The close relationship among these figurines with social changes which took place with the Neo-Assyrian political and military influence is here presented through different aspects. On one hand, throughout the contextual study both in productive and widespread regions, contexts provide interesting data on the use of these artefacts and the involvement of the local populations in activities supporting the Neo-Assyrian Empire. On the other hand, the gradual acculturation of the Assyrian reality to local traditions is further attested through the iconographic analysis of figurines. A remarkable “Assyrianization” is observable in their costumes and decorations both on human and animal subjects.

This is a study concerning the Iron Age coroplastic production in the Northern Levant. The research is mostly based on new data gathered from the Joint Turco-Italian Expedition at Karkemish (Gaziantep, Turkey). Figurines presented in this study are limited to the 2011-2015 excavation seasons and they are analyzed from a range of aspects. The work in fact primarily focuses on contextual data, being the starting point for the research. A preliminary typological and chronological framing is also provided, while a tentative functional interpretation is suggested by means of a careful examination of the local iconographic and written repertoires. Furthermore, ethnographic comparisons are sometimes used in order to better define the semantic meaning beyond this production. Comparisons with other key sites located in the Middle Euphrates basin are also presented with the main aim to define a peculiar regional pattern. A minor part of this dissertation is also dedicated to the study of the coroplastic art in the entire northern Levantine region. The aim, in this case, is evidently that of identifying different regional productions, which at the state of the research could be traced back just for a few regions. Thus new important data are provided for the Amuq Plain, the Islahiye Valley and the rest of Inner Syria.

This is a first paper on data gathered from the analysis of the Syrian Pillar Figurines recovered at Karkemish and other sites in the Middle Euphrates region. These standing figurines are characterized by applied ornamental bands and blobs representing jewelry and hairstyles. Nevertheless, the proposed analysis concerns all physical and iconographic aspects linked to this production. Their characteristics allow distinguishing this typology from every other contemporary North Syrian production dating to the first millennium BC. A general description of technical characteristics is provided, while a preliminary typological and chronological framing is proposed here in order to prepare the groundwork for a detailed discussion. With regard to this, the interpretation of figurines is proposed just in relation with the funerary context. Furthermore, their semantic meaning is tentatively suggested by means of a careful analysis of gestural patterns and on the basis of a cross-cultural iconographic approach.

A study of the ways with which ancient societies confronted death is of great interest also for modern societies. The strategies to overcome mourning
and deal with the end of a human life are numerous and varied. This volume chooses as specific area of inquiry the Middle Euphrates valley between Syria and Turkey in the period from the end half of the third to the beginning of the second millennium BC: aim of the book is to shed some light on the funerary practices of the region trying to reconstruct their cultural and historical context and to understand the ritual dynamics behind them, through a joint analysis of the archaeological and textual evidence.
http://www.lelettere.it/site/e_Product.asp?TS02_ID=

Handmade Syrian Horses and Riders figurines (hereafter HSHR) appeared in the Middle Euphrates approximately at the beginning of the seventh century B.C.E  This production was first recognized as “snowman” figurines by L. Woolley during the excavation at the ancient Karkemish (1911-1920), together with the Syrian Pillar-shaped type (SPFs). Indeed, the Syrian types are characterized by several applied ornamental bands and medallions representing harnesses, while the horse figurines of the southwestern Levant were highly standardized. This paper focuses on data gathered from the analysis of the HSHR recovered especially at Karkemish by the new Turkish-Italian excavations. Both the contextual study and the technical characteristics are here considered to provide a preliminary typological and chronological frame for this class of artefacts.
The expansion of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in the West and the resulting conflicts may have caused deep changes within the local population, also affecting the social dynamics. The majority of Iron Age figurines produced by Levantine cultures are zoomorphic, precisely equids. Nevertheless, most of the scholars dealt mainly with anthropomorphic specimens. This contribute highlights this preponderance, trying to relate it to the new socio-political scenario after the Assyrian takeover.

Thèse de Doctorat d'Archéologie par Mouheyddine OSSMAN soutenue le 26 janvier 2013 La culture matérielle de la Mésopotamie du Nord et de ses voisins, d'après l'étude de la céramique, de l'Uruk récent au Bronze ancien I/II Volume I : Texte ----------Directeur de thèse : Olivier ROUAULT Jury : Rémy BOUCHARLAT, Directeur de Recherches, C.N.R.S. Catherine BRENIQUET, Professeur des Universités, Clermont-Ferrand 2 Pascal BUTTERLIN, Professeur des Universités, Paris I Michèle CASANOVA, Professeur des Universités, Lyon 2 Maria Grazia MASETTI-ROUAULT, Directrice d'études, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Sorbonne Olivier ROUAULT, Professeur des Universités, émérite, Lyon 2 ii iii À tous les miens, connus et inconnus iv v

Thapsacus figures prominently in Hellenic and Hellenistic Greek literature as a famous crossing place on the Euphrates in northern Syria associated with the Achaemenids Cyrus and Darius III, and with Alexander the Great. In Roman literature the name was still familiar but there was confusion about its location and the commonest crossing place was now the Hellenistic and Roman cities of Seleucia and Apamea facing one another across the river and known as Zeugma. In the post-Roman period knowledge of the location of Thapsacus was lost entirely; indeed, even the location of Zeugma was contentious till quite recently. A re-examination of the evidence and the geography of the region may suggest a solution.

Among the 6,637 beads found within the cache in the cella of the Temple of Ninkarrak at Tell ´Ašara / Terqa in 1979–80 (Area C), nine scarabs were discovered. The scarabs from Terqa represent the easternmost archaeological attestation of this specific type of object found in a sealed deposit dating to the later part of the Middle Bronze Age (i.e. late Old Babylonian period or “Khana Period”) discovered so far. It is in this perspective that the scarabs acquire special chronological significance.

Nel 1989 Denis Feissel e Jean Gascou davano notizia di un lotto di ventuno documenti su materiale deperibile, pergamene e papiri, fatti pervenire loro da un collezionista che li aveva acquistati sul mercato antiquario 1 . Si tratta di papiri documentari, tutti sufficientemente conservati da risultare pubblicabili con due sole eccezioni, diciassette in greco e due in siriaco. La pubblicazione del materiale non ha seguito la cronologia dei documenti, ma la loro tipologia: l'edizione delle pergamene siriache (PMesopotamia A e B) 2 ha preceduto quella dei documenti greci. Per quanto riguarda questi ultimi, dopo l'edizione preliminare di PEuphr. 1 3 , si è avuta la pubblicazione dei cinque documenti pubblici (PEuphr. 1-5) 4 , quindi degli atti di compravendita (PEuphr. 6-10) 5 , mentre si aspetta l'imminente pubblicazione degli altri tipi di atti legali e delle lettere private (PEuphr. 11-17), il cui contenuto è comunque noto, grazie alla tempestiva comunicazione degli editori 6 . Dei diciannove documenti definiti 'pubblicabili' ben I papiri dell'Eufrate. Studio di geografia storica.

The mound of Zeytinli Bahçe is 2 km south of the town of Birecik, on the left bank of the river Eufrates, in the Şanliurfa province, South-Eastern Turkey. The investigations of the Italian team have documented a long occupation starting with the Late Chalcolithic period (4 th millennium BC) and ending in medieval times. The long sequence at the site brings light to many chronological and cultural characters of the region and thus contributes greatly to the knowledge of the history of this western region of Upper Mesopotamia in the moments of formation and development of the fi rst urban societies. It is, above all, with the Middle Bronze, at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC, that we assist at a radical change at Zeytinli Bahçe, testifi ed by the presence of a monumental structure on the highest point of the mound. It is a mud brick fortifi ed structure, with a wide tower and adjacent rooms, in which in situ materials have been found. A street appears to follow, on the exterior, the walls of the structure, that could be considered a kind of citadel, or rather a military outpost, the interior of which, though, we still do not know. In this period Zeytinli Bahçe takes part in the strong cultural connections and economic-commercial relations of the neighbouring reign of Carchemish, and it evidences strong contacts with the contemporary sites of Northern Syria and South-Eastern Turkey. This Middle Bronze occupation at Zeytinli Bahçe ends with a devastating fi re, that destroyed the whole structure.

EU_SPF holding a child from Karkemish. The British Museum, London (museum no. 108757). Euphrates Syrian Pillar Figurines The Euphrates Syrian Pillar Figurines (EU_SPF's) are anthropomorphic clay figurines dating from the late Iron Age period (mid 8th-7th centuries BCE) and produced in the Middle Euphrates region. These figurines are part of a greater coroplastic production mainly composed of handmade horse-rider figurines, i.e. the Euphrates Handmade Syrian Horses and Riders (EU_HSHR's). Other names in literature Technical characteristics Modelling Decorations and colours Geographical spread Chronology Museums collections See also Notes References The actual nomenclature adopted for this class of figurines has been recently proposed in a doctoral research. [1] Their current name recalls both their geographic origin and the shape of their bodies, which are hollow, tubular, and sometimes twice grooved at the base. However, one may find their appearance in literature with different nomenclatures: Baked Clay Handmade Freestanding Figurines or Syrian Terracottas-Free-standing handmodelled [2] Nordyrische Pfeilerfigurinen (NPF) [3] Contents Other names in literature EU SPF's headdresses decorations. Graphic B.Bolognani.

Étude soutenue en novembre 2017 en tant qu'Habilitation à Diriger des recherches à l'École d'Histoire de la Sorbonne, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne.
Le travail se concentre sur le Sūhu depuis Harradu jusqu'à Harbê au Ier millénaire mais remonte ponctuellement jusqu'au XIIIe pour faire l'histoire de l'origine de la dynastie régnant sur la région au VIIIe siècle.
Le livre est découpé en deux parties, la première est une étude de géographie historique (topographie, climat, faune, flore, routes, traversées du fleuve, rapport à la steppe, identifications de sites etc.), la seconde une reconstitution de l'histoire principalement politique du Sūhu du XIIIe siècle au VIIe.
La publication en cours est prévue dans la série CHANE chez Brill.

The Fertile Desert studies a region of the Euphrates Valley between the Balikh and Khabour in Syria that remains little known. Partial reports, isolated interventions, and proposals for a hypothetical reconstruction of the relationship and processes of cultural expansion between Mesopotamia and the Jazira suggest that the Euphrates has always been a major traffic route. But suggestions on a map must be confirmed on the ground. However, when looking at the usual tools for information or the relevant archaeological charts such as the Tübinger Atlas, we face a paradox: except for a few well-known sites, a surprising void reigns over the archaeological landscape. The difficult circumstances since the outbreak of the war in Syria have made the situation still more problematic. Fortunately, various archaeological expeditions have worked intensively in the region. The possibilities have changed, and the time has come for a review of the evidence. This volume thus attempts to reconstruct the history of the Euphrates Valley between the mouths of the Balikh and the Khabour. Several surveys, archaeological expeditions, and interventions of the Syrian Directorate of Antiquities, most featuring the author's own participation, have made available a significant number of data, the majority unpublished, which contribute to an improved overview of the region.

This paper focuses on the individuals attested to in the 15 texts from Azû, with the objective of sketching the inner chronology of the corpus. The published studies on the Ekalte and Emar generations are also used to establish a chronological link between the three Syrian archives. In addition, data from the administrative apparatus of the city (institutions, professions, scribes) are gathered for the sake of narrowing down the social and cultural contexts of the three Syrian archives from the Middle Euphrates before the Hittites assumed control of the area.

Site catchment analysis has usually been executed in archaeological studies pertaining to hunter-gatherer economies and site resource basis within a certain radius of a distance. It was initially introduced to archaeology by C. Vita-Finzi and E. Higgs. The Finnish project SYGIS carrying out archaeological prospecting, surveying and mapping on the mountainous region called Jebel Bishri in Central Syria, decided to apply the analysis to ancient curvilinear stone enclosures known as pastoral corrals or pens and environmental areas surrounding them. Our aim is here to identify the pens, study their distribution and the potentials of the surrounding grazing grounds by using remote sensing and GIS (Geographic Information Systems). A general overview of the present land cover was produced from Landsat images using cluster analysis. Because of its high spatial resolution a QuickBird satellite image covering 8 km x 8 km of the mountain was utilized in prospecting the corral sites, capturing their location information and studying their distribution in the landscape. ASTER-DEM was used in analysing the topography and a one to two hour's walking radius surrounding each corral site. The analyses elucidate the preferred locations of the corrals in respect to grazing potential. Most of the sites are situated more or less within one kilometre's radius from a wadi, a seasonal water way. Areas furthest to the East offered the largest concentration (ca. 50 %) of the corrals, apparently because of a proximity to large wadis and the longest distance to a desert line and spreading sands coming from the West and the Southwest.

"Most of the datasets presented in this thesis are available for free in ArcGIS shapefile format on the University of Edinburgh's DataShare Open data repository at http://datashare.is.ed.ac.uk/. These datasets are available for everyone to use as it is important to encourage data sharing in support of research activities. There are also some CORONA satellite images available on DataShare for the Syrian Jazira region.

I need to note as well that the archaeological dataset (http://dx.doi.org/10.7488/ds/1735) associated with this thesis has copyright protection, and my thesis must be cited in any publication that has incorporated this dataset into any research associated with it.

Relevant to CORONA, and the thesis, is a paper presented at a 1997 conference which first introduced CORONA satellite imagery to archaeologists doing research in the Near East.  Martin Fowler also wrote about the potential of CORONA in the Aerial Archaeology Research Group (AARG) news.

Mathys, Tony. “The Use of Declassified Intelligence Satellite Photographs in a GIS (IDRISI) to Map Archaeological Sites and the Surrounding Landscape in the Northeastern Region of the Syrian Jazirah. The University of Chicago Oriental Institute, NASA and St. Cloud State University Remote Sensing Applications in Archaeology Conference. St. Cloud, Minnesota, May 29-31, 1997.

Unfortunately, the Oriental Institute did not publish the papers presented at this conference; several academics, in attendance, built their careers on this presentation without any citation to it.

My gratitude and thanks to Dr Sarah Parcak for citing this unpublished conference paper in her book (Satellite Remote Sensing in Archaeology), and to Dr Aled Rowlands and Dr Apostolos Sarris for citing it in their Journal of Archaeological Science article 34 (2007)."

This thesis is copyright protected.
© 2001 Antone J.  Mathys. All Rights Reserved.""