Mangrove Ecosystems

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Over the past few decades, clearing for shrimp farming has caused severe losses
of mangroves in the Mekong Delta (MD) of Vietnam. Although the increasing importance
of shrimp aquaculture in Vietnam has brought significant financial benefits to the local
communities, the rapid and largely uncontrolled increase in aquacultural area has
contributed to a considerable loss of mangrove forests and to environmental degradation.
Although different approaches have been used for mangrove classification, no approach to
date has addressed the challenges of the special conditions that can be found in the
aquaculture-mangrove system in the Ca Mau province of the MD. This paper presents an
object-based classification approach for estimating the percentage of mangroves in mixed
mangrove-aquaculture farming systems to assist the government to monitor the extent of the
shrimp farming area. The method comprises multi-resolution segmentation and classification
of SPOT5 data using a decision tree approach as well as local knowledge from the region of
interest. The results show accuracies higher than 75% for certain classes at the object level.
Furthermore, we successfully detect areas with mixed aquaculture-mangrove land cover with
high accuracies. Based on these results, mangrove development, especially within shrimp
farming-mangrove systems, can be monitored. However, the mangrove forest cover
fraction per object is affected by image segmentation and thus does not always correspond
to the real farm boundaries. It remains a serious challenge, then, to accurately map
mangrove forest cover within mixed systems.

Dense mangrove swamps currently dominate tidal wetlands of the Tampa Bay Estuary System on the central peninsular Gulf Coast of Florida (USA). Late-19th century Coast and Geodetic Survey topographical charts and Government Land Office surveys, however, depict wetland systems dominated by salt marsh—therefore suggesting mangrove dominance as a product of 20th century encroachment. To clarify the primary drivers of ecosystem change, this study integrates sedimentological, paleobotanical, and radiometric analyses of sediment cores collected in 2018 with analyses of aerial photography taken between 1940 and 1997. Results empirically ground truth the wetland conversions inferred through analytical comparisons of historical and modern mapping and establish a high-resolution chronology for coastal environmental change. These results showed that salt marsh and salt prairie habitats persisted within Tampa Bay study areas until the mid-20th century. Mangrove forest rapidly encroached the study areas over a 20 year interval, between 1960 and 1980, immediately following intensive ditching for mosquito control. The findings demonstrate how coastal geoengineering, mangrove autoecology, and sea-level rise interacted across the late-20th century to accelerate the creation of novel seascapes.

Mangrove forests occur throughout the coastlines of Arabia, one of the most environmentally extreme regions of their global distribution. The gray mangrove [Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh.] is the only widespread tree species in this region, providing a unique evergreen habitat that supports high mangrove-associated biodiversity and many ecosystem services of socioeconomic importance. This study provides the first literature-based analysis of the status and historical development of mangrove science in Arabia. The goal was to identify trends and gaps in regional mangrove research, providing information essential to guiding future science and conservation programs. The analyses incorporated 400 publications from over six decades since the first article in 1955, each classified into 11 major research topics and including studies from each of the regional seas (Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Sea of Oman, and the Persian/Arabian Gulf). The results demonstrate that there has been exponential growth in research on regional mangroves in recent decades (particularly around human impacts and ecology). The study further reveals knowledge gaps in important research topics and geographical areas that could be exploited to provide insights into broader biogeographic issues. These results provide a comprehensive assessment of the growing body of knowledge on regional mangroves, and provide direction for future research that can guide conservation, management and scientific knowledge of these critical ecosystem engineers.

Keberadaan plankton pada ekosistem mangrove memberikan kontribusi besar terhadap produktivitas primer setelah serasah mangrove. Hal tersebut juga sangat didukung oleh faktor lingkungan yaitu fisika kimia perairan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh faktor lingkungan terhadap struktur komunitas plankton pada ekosistem hutan mangrove Muara Angke, Jakarta Utara. Hasil penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa kelimpahan plankton dan zooplankton di hutan mangrove Muara Angke berkisar antara 236-4.882 ind/l dan 236-9,99921 ind/l. Struktur komunitas plankton didominasi oleh Pelagothrix sp. dari kelas cyanophyceae, dan Brachianus sp. dari kelas rotifera. Spesies yang jarang ditemui baik fitoplankton maupun zooplankton di seluruh stasiun pengamatan adalah Gyradinium sp. (Dinophyceae) dan Favella sp. (Cilliata). Untuk menganalisa faktor lingkungan yang paling berpengaruh terhadap struktur komunitas plankton di setiap stasiun digunakan analisa komponen utama (PCA). Hasil analisa komponen utama menunjukkan bahwa stasiun 3 dan 5 lebih dicirikan oleh salinitas, stasiun 2 oleh pH dan DO, stasiun 6 dan 7 oleh fosfat serta stasiun 1 dan 4 dicirikan oleh padatan total tersuspensi (TSS).

The purposes of this research are to estimate the economic value of a mangrove ecosystem of Rutong village, and design strategies for management of mangrove ecosystem on the basis of the economic value. Research results show that there are ten genera from eight families of mangrove. It was also found that soneratia alba has the highest relative existence frequency, relative density, and relative dominance. There are seven types of utilization of mangrove ecosystem in the village, namely a "bameti", fishing, research field, sand mining, play-ground for children, place to tie-up fishing boats, and garbage disposal area. Total economic value of mangrove ecosystem amounted to Rp 54,898,133 per year. The second alternative management was more efficient and feasible based on the value of NPV and BC ratio at discount rates of 10% and 15%. Strategic policies for managing mangrove ecosystem of Rutong village are, as follows, mangrove rehabilitation, development of zonal system for mangrove, socialization of economic value of mangrove ecosystem, handling of sanitation, rational utilization of mangrove, development of institutional system including traditional institution such as "kewang".

Worldwide, there has been a drastic decline in mangrove ecosystems; hence, there is a need for information on the spatiotemporal characteristics of mangrove ecosystems to inform sustainability efforts. This study sought to provide information to bridge the knowledge gaps on spatiotemporal mangrove distribution in the Mesurado Wetland by analyzing three distinct years (1986, 1998 and 2020). Landsat 8 and Landsat 5 for supervised classification to classify mangrove forest cover within the region of interest (ROIs) were employed to achieve the study goal. The classification done on the three distinct years had an accuracy of 84.83, 93.27, and 92.01% and kappa coefficient of 0.80, 0.92, and 0.88, respectively. The analysis indicated a continuous decline in the mangrove forest cover overall for the thirty-four years (1986-2020) studied-a loss of 10.83% (1986 and 1998) and 24.73% (1998 and 2020); however, most of the decline was experienced from patches within other zones surrounding the Mesurado wetland. Consequently, a total mangrove forest loss amounting to 32.88% at an extrapolated decline rate of 0.96% yr-1 was recorded for the study period (1986-2020). Three of the ten zones, including Central Monrovia, Clara Town, and Old road losing 100% of the mangrove patches between 1986 and 2020, with the rest still experiencing a continuous decline. This study's findings can be used as the basis for policy development, sustainability planning, and restoration activities for the mangrove forest cover in the county.

Mangrove forests are disappearing at an alarming rate. Mangrove planting is the most common method of restoring these forests. However, this approach is not often successful, especially when the reasons for mangrove degradation were not removed prior to planting new seedlings or propagules. A successful mangrove restoration project may not necessarily include a planting phase. When the stressors are removed and suitable environmental conditions such as correct hydrology and calm area, particularly on exposed coasts, are provided, natural regeneration processes could recover mangroves from degradation. This paper describes an approach to mangrove restoration applied to an exposed shoreline on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. In this method a detached breakwater was erected seaward at the shoreline to shelter the restoration area from wave action, prevent the ongoing erosion and promote sediment deposition raising the elevation of the substrate to the target elevation. Survival of Avicennia marina seedlings transplanted in the sheltered area was significantly affected by sediment burial (P< 0.05). However, about eight months after construction of the breakwater, the sedimentation rate decreased and the substrate became stable. Subsequently, natural recruits appeared on the site. We postulate that waterborne seeds or propagules were available from adjacent stands in the study area but wave exposure reduced the possibility of natural recruitment. Thus the breakwater presence provided favourable conditions which could attract mangrove recruits, facilitating reestablishment and natural recovery of the mangrove ecosystem without planting. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0925857410003198/1-s2.0-S0925857410003198-main.pdf?_tid=2dc77344-66e4-11e3-8582-00000aab0f6b&acdnat=1387261775_89f95b85ed06e928a0a432f227ca09be
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925857410003198

The Kuala Selangor Nature Park (KSNP) was established and managed by the Malaysian Nature Society (MNS) since 1987. During the World Wetlands Day in 2013, MNS launched the "KSNP for Ramsar" campaign and working together with the Selangor State Government and the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MNRE) towards the realisation of a Ramsar Site. KSNP will then have a better habitat and wildlife protection.

Abstract
Parameters a and b of the length-weight relationship (LWR) were estimated for eleven species of mudskippers
caught in the coastal areas of Selangor, Malaysia. The values of b ranged from 2.56 to 3.50 with the mean b equal
to 2.95 (n=11; sd=0.302). A normal distribution of the calculated LWR exponent (b) was obtained.

Lately, mangroves in many parts around the world have been facing challenges in the form of extreme anthropogenic disturbances, coupled with the increasing impacts of climate change.

Mangroves and coastal resources exploitation have grown exponentially as humans become more modernised.

It is during our lifetime that we have seen a major loss of mangroves. Scientists have projected that mangroves may become extinct in just a few decades.

Globally, the declining trend of mangroves peaked in the last century. From the 1980s to the 1990s alone, 35 per cent of the world's mangrove forests were estimated to be lost due to heavy transformation of land use for agriculture, aquaculture and industrial developments.

By the 1990s also, Malaysia, as one of the largest mangrove-holding nations in the world, had reportedly lost half of its mangroves.

Although known to be a highly resilient ecosystem, mangroves may not be able to sustain the continuous impact from human activities. The pressures and the disturbances imposed by humans on mangroves are lethal and most of the time irreversible.

The changes to our mangroves and coastal habitats are very apparent. They can be easily observed by just using software such as Google Earth or Google Maps.

From the aerial view of the coastal areas, you will realise just how much mangroves are left to protect you from the rising sea and the ferocious waves.

Ponder on how much space there is left for fish and marine life to survive. This will simultaneously lead you to realise the stress felt by coastal communities, not just to secure their livelihoods but also to maintain the supply for the demanding markets which include you, me and everyone around us.

Mangroves are vital ecosystems that maintain many physical and biological processes as well as provide numerous substantial ecological services for both human and nature.

The loss of these habitats and ecosystems will interrupt the regulation of natural cycles like water, carbon and nutrients that could risk the survival of the adjacent habitats and organisms on both the marine and the terrestrial sides.

The situation is fairly critical as the loss of mangroves and coastal habitats will affect our economy and social wellbeing.

The world recently celebrated International Day of Forests (March 21) and World Water Day (March 22) in a very low key manner due to the spread of the coronavirus. But let's look at it from another perspective.

The decision by governments to impose lockdowns and movement control actually puts less pressure and disturbance on the environment.

But once these measures are lifted, will the air and water be as clean? Or will the impact be worse than before? Surely there are a lot of things that can be learned from this pandemic, and one of them is realising that we can take stern actions to resolve issues that compromise our health and survival.

Let us take this time to also reflect on the impact on mangroves and the environment.

In the area at the mouth of the rivers Chone and Portoviejo, which consists of mangrove forest, islands, beaches, wetlands and saltwater areas, and incorporates the dry tropical forest of the Bálsamo Mountain Range, local communities have been living on fish, crustaceans, shellfish harvesting and agriculture. However, harvesting has been significantly reduced due to sedimentation and pollution, mainly caused by the chemical residue of agricultural and shrimp farming activities. The dry tropical forest faces a reduction of its area due to urbanization and the expansion of agricultural areas. Communal organizations promote sustainable activities devoted to restoration and conservation of the ecosystems through mangrove and dry forest species reforestation. Improvement of local governance has resulted in their territories becoming protected areas and recognized by the National System of Protected Areas (SNAP). Because the economic livelihoods of the communities depend on healthy ecosystems, sustainable activities such as ecotourism, artisanal salt extraction, and artisanal fishery and harvesting have been developed. The communities have applied the Indicators of Resilience tool to assess their Socio-ecological Production Landscapes and Seascapes (SEPLS) to determine whether these socioeconomic activities can occur while maintaining the integrity of the ecosystems in the SEPLS. Besides establishing a baseline to quantify the progress of the resilience conditions, the resilience evaluation allowed participating local communities and organizations to develop a work plan that incorporated these actions. As a result, it was concluded that the resilience evaluation helped the local communities and organizations to 1) share knowledge on strengths and weaknesses of the SEPLS; 2) provide opportunities for the debate and analysis of SEPLS between members of the communities; 3) develop priority action plans to strengthen the resilience of the SEPLS; and 4) rethink and recognize how the project would help to address key threats and weaknesses.

The similarity of δ13C and δ15N patterns in hairs of different individuals from the Tsavo East orphaned elephant herd indicates that a single hair represents the dietary preferences and behavior of the entire group. Multiple tail hairs from the same individual collected at different times allows a chronology to be established because of the overlap in isotope patterns in hair, and there is a very high correlation between hair from different individuals in the same group. Forward modeling using a three-component isotope turnover model for hair allows a precise estimate of diet of these elephants over a 2-year interval. Elephants from Tsavo East National Park in Kenya feed predominantly on C3 leaves, although they have a significant fraction of C4 grass in their diet for a short time at the beginning of the rainy season. The overall integrated diet for the elephants studied is between 10% and 15% C4 grass, although it reaches up to 60% for short intervals.Stable carbon isotope analyses of elephant tooth enamel show that the average integrated dietary preference of elephants in Tsavo National Park remained less than 25% grass between 1940 and the present.

The importance of mangrove ecosystems as blue carbon, causes the need for sustainable mangroves. National mangrove area is 3.67 million hectares; divided in Papua). Challenges mangrove deforesation in Indonesia needs solution to maintain mangrove environment. Mangroves are quite critical in the Riau Islands, North Kalimantan, East Kalimantan and West Papua. The solution to maintain mangrove in order to become a sustainable mangrove with ecotourism implementation, so people will preserve the environment so that it remains beautiful.

Eddy S, Iskandar I, Ridho MR, Mulyana A. 2017. Land cover changes in the Air Telang Protected Forest, South Sumatra, Indonesia (1989-2013). Biodiversitas 18: 1538-1545. The Air Telang Protected Forest (ATPF) is a mangrove forest in the Banyuasin District, South Sumatra, Indonesia. It has an area of about 12,660.87 ha. In fact, that the ATPF area has been converted into aquacultures, plantations, agricultural lands, settlements and ports during recent decades. The objective of this study is to identify the land cover changes in the ATPF from 1989 through 2013 using satellite remote sensing data. Three Landsat satellite imageries for 1989, 2001 and 2013 have been used to build maps and to predict the land cover changes in the study area. A ground-truthing verification was done to increase the accuracy of image classification in each region. The results showed that the anthropogenic forcing had caused significant degradation of primary mangrove forest in the ATPF from 1989 to 2013. This forcing was categorized as mangrove conversion into coconut plantations, oil palm plantations, aquacultures, farms, ports, and settlements. Of these six conversions, the coconut plantations, oil palm plantations and aquacultures have potential tendencies to increase construction that could threaten the existence of mangrove forest in ATPF. It was found that during 2013, the coconut plantations, oil palm plantations, and aquacultures accounted for about 18.0% (2,278.62 ha), 4.7% (591.87 ha) and 3.1% (386.18 ha) of mangrove forest changes, respectively.

Fauna makrobentik sering digunakan sebagai bioindikator kualitas lingkungan dan informasi tentang karakteristik lingkungan maupun keberadaan fauna makrobentik di kawasan reboisasi mangrove masih sangat terbatas. Kajian profil kawasan reboisasi mangrove Kepulauan Seribu berdasarkan karakteristik lingkungan dan fauna makrobentiknya telah dilakukan pada bulan Maret 2014. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk
mengetahui kondisi ekologi perairan di sekitar kawasan reboisasi mangrove Kepulauan Seribu. Untuk mengetahui keterkaitan karakteristik lingkungan dan fauna makrobentik dengan stasiun pengamatan dilakukan dengan statistik Correspondence Analysis (CA), sedangkan karakteristik lingkungan penentu fauna makrobentik serta hubungannya
dilakukan dengan statistik Principal Component Analysis (PCA) dan regresi linier sederhana. Hasil kajian memperlihatkan bahwa konsentrasi karakteristik lingkungan yang diukur tidak begitu berbeda antar stasiun dan tidak melebihi ambang baku mutu untuk kehidupan biota laut. Selanjutnya fauna makrobentik yang ditemukan terdiri dari 6 spesies dengan kepadatan tertingginya berada di Stasiun 3 (05.00 ind/m2) dan
terendahnya di Stasiun 1 (02.00 ind/m2). Pada Stasiun 1 konsentrasi pH dan suhunya sangat tinggi, sedangkan Stasiun 2 dan 3 konsentrasi salinitasnya yang tinggi. Fauna makrobentik Atilia (Columbella) scripta, Metopograpsus latifrons, Littoraria scabra, Saccostrea cucculata dan Cardisoma carnifex dapat berasosiasi dengan mangrove di semua stasiun. Selain itu, karakteristik lingkungan yang menentukan keberadaan fauna makrobentik C. carnifex adalah parameter pH, dimana semakin tinggi konsentrasi pH, maka kepadatan C. carnifex semakin menurun. Selain itu, karakteristik lingkungan yang menentukan keberadaan fauna makrobentik S. cucculata, M. latifrons dan A. scripta
ditentukan oleh parameter DO dan salinitas yakni semakin rendah konsentrasi DO dan salinitas, maka kepadatan S. cucculata, M. latifrons maupun A. scripta akan semakin tinggi.

Abstract
The capacity to respond to environmental challenges ultimately relies on phenotypic variation which manifests from complex interactions of genetic and nongenetic mechanisms through development. While we know something about genetic variation and structure of many species of conservation importance, we know very little about the nongenetic contributions to variation. Rhizophora mangle is a foundation species that occurs in coastal estuarine habitats throughout the neotropics where it provides critical ecosystem functions and is potentially threatened by anthropogenic environmental changes. Several studies have documented landscape-level patterns of genetic variation in this species, but we know virtually nothing about the inheritance of nongenetic variation. To assess one type of nongenetic variation, we examined the patterns of DNA sequence and DNA methylation in maternal plants and offspring from natural populations of R. mangle from the Gulf Coast of Florida. We used a reduced representation bisulfite sequencing approach (epi-genotyping by sequencing; epiGBS) to address the following questions: (a) What are the levels of genetic and epigenetic diversity in natural populations of R. mangle? (b) How are genetic and epigenetic variation structured within and among populations? (c) How faithfully is epigenetic variation inherited? We found low genetic diversity but high epigenetic diversity from natural populations of maternal plants in the field. In addition, a large portion (up to ~25%) of epigenetic differences among offspring grown in common garden was explained by maternal family. Therefore, epigenetic variation could be an important source of response to challenging environments in the genetically depauperate populations of this foundation species.

Highlights
We found low genetic but high epigenetic diversity, and that a large portion of epigenetic differences among offspring was explained by maternal family. Epigenetic variation could be an important source of diversity in these populations.

This study aimed to investigate and compare the current status of mangrove areas, as well as the composition and species diversity of mangrove stands in both regions of Dudepo and Ponelo Islands. The results showed that the mangrove areas calculated using the segmentation method in classifying image of Landsat-8 OLI (acquisition on September 2017) were 279.46 ha (Dudepo Island) and 113.35 ha (Ponelo Island) respectively. A total of 13 species of true mangrove were recorded from both islands, using survey method from 9 transect lines (TL), with a distance ranging from 40 to 210 meters (1-6 quadrats) per transect. The mean densities of trees

ONE of the biggest industries hard-hit by the Movement Control Order due to the spread of Covid-19 is tourism.

Nature tourism in particular is the second largest contributor to Malaysia's economy.

It brings visitors from around the world to witness the beauty and the diversity of Malaysia's species, habitats and landscapes.

Malaysia's 50-odd true mangrove species, on top of over one hundred associated mangrove plants including fungi, ferns, orchids and mistletoes are in themselves a contributing factor that attracts local and international tourists and nature enthusiasts.

A visit to the mangroves also offers encounters with a variety of animals both terrestrial and marine like mudskippers, mammals like otters and reptiles like monitor lizards, crocodiles and mangrove pit vipers, as well as numerous birds preying on a vast selection of fish and other coastal and marine creatures.

The popularity of some Malaysian tourist destinations have increased over the years as the fame of mangroves and their diversity as well as the understanding of the importance of this ecosystem grew.

Enhanced by strategic promotions of the beauty, diversity and remarkable contributions of mangroves in protecting the coasts especially during the 2004 tsunami, the steady increase in the number of tourists to these destinations was indeed supported by the safety, and the economic  and social stability of the country.

The flourishing tourism industry has created a large spillover effect on local small and medium industries, including transportation and logistics, food and beverage, hotels and accommodations, products and merchandise plus other related services like laundry, entertainment, health, fitness.

Unfortunately, the current pandemic has brought all of these flourishing activities and businesses to a pause.

For more than a month now, nature tourism spots received zero visitors due to the restriction on movement and business operations.

A recent phone conversation with a friend in Langkawi turned emotional as he slowly broke down while explaining the quietness of the usually bustling jetty of Kampung Kilim with non-stop visitors to the mangroves of Kilim Karst Geoforest Park.

There was no income for his small tour business and there wasn't much left in his savings to retain the staff consisting of boat drivers and tour guides.

That conversation prompted me to carry out research to quantify it.

This was apparently true as the popularity of the Kilim mangroves increased throughout the years, paralleled with the increasing reputation of Langkawi as a tourist attraction particularly after the establishment of the Pearl of Kedah as a duty-free island in 1987 and as a Unesco Global Geopark since 2007.

Another conversation with a colleague in Melaka revealed an interesting situation of its river and mangroves.

The water had turned clear and there was evidence of recruitment and growth of Avicennia (a mangrove plant locally known as Api-api) seedlings in the patches of mangroves along Sungai Melaka, perhaps due to the temporary stop in the operation of the river cruise and businesses.

This too triggered another idea and opportunity for a post-Covid-19 research.

Suffice to say from these two recent instances that nature tourism is dependent on the  natural attraction as an asset, while at the same time, the operation of nature tourism itself at some level, could cause the asset to be compromised.

Sustaining the natural habitat and the environment would in return sustain the businesses and the nature tourism industry as a whole.

It is easier said than done, but this requires a collaborative effort from all stakeholders.

Mangrove vegetation plays a vital role in habitat and nursing ground for different organisms and prevents coastal erosion caused by wave and tide action. In recent years the mangrove vegetation in Chattogram coast, Bangladesh, has been interrupted by other infrastructural development, which has a destructing effect on the surrounding environment. Land surface temperature analysis of an area helps learn about different environmental conditions, weather, and climate. It is also essential to monitor the rising temperature and global warming, the biggest threat to humanity. NDBI and NDVI are the efficient process for monitoring vegetation and build up areas of a geographical location. This study focused on those analyses to understand the importance of mangrove vegetation in the Salimpur area and surrounding coastal areas of Chattogram by studying the relationship between NDVI and NDBI, NDVI and LST, NDBI, and LST. The outcome indicates that a higher vegetation index results in lower la...

Pengabdian kepada masyarakat (PKM) ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa
keberadaan objek wisata hutan manggrove dan hutan kota bagi peningkatan pendapatan kelompok sadar wisata di kota Langsa. Metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan participatory action research berupa penata usahaan organisasi, manajemen dan keuangan pokdarwis di kota Langsa melalui beberapa tahapan kegiatan yakni koordinasi, sosialisasi, pelatihan, pendampingan, monitoring dan evaluasi. Hasil kegiatan pengabdian melalui lembar evaluasi yang dilakukan
memperlihatkan bahwa 16 anggota pokdarwis (48,4%) memahami manajemen organisasi dan keuangan dengan baik serta 17 anggota (51,6%) cukup memahami manajemen pengelolaan wisata pada objek wisata itu. Hasil pendampingan menunjukkan bahwa 21 anggota pokdarwis (63,3%) mampu menerapkan manajemen organisasi dan keuangan pokdarwis dengan baik dan 12 anggota kelompok (36,7%)
cukup mampu mengaplikasikan pengelolaan manajemen organisasi dan keuangan pokdarwis itu dan keberadaan objek wisata hutan manggrove dan hutan kota mampu meningkatkan pendapatan anggota pokdarwis dari rerata Rp. 13.000.000/bulan menjadi Rp 22.000.000/bulan

Eddy S, Iskandar I, Ridho MR, Mulyana A. 2017. Land cover changes in the Air Telang Protected Forest, South Sumatra, Indonesia (1989-2013). Biodiversitas 18: 1538-1545. The Air Telang Protected Forest (ATPF) is a mangrove forest in the Banyuasin District, South Sumatra, Indonesia. It has an area of about 12,660.87 ha. In fact, that the ATPF area has been converted into aquacultures, plantations, agricultural lands, settlements and ports during recent decades. The objective of this study is to identify the land cover changes in the ATPF from 1989 through 2013 using satellite remote sensing data. Three Landsat satellite imageries for 1989, 2001 and 2013 have been used to build maps and to predict the land cover changes in the study area. A ground-truthing verification was done to increase the accuracy of image classification in each region. The results showed that the anthropogenic forcing had caused significant degradation of primary mangrove forest in the ATPF from 1989 to 2013. Thi...

We examine the southern Vietnamese site of Rach Nui, dated to between 3390 and 3850 cal BP, in the context of three major aspects of the Neolithic in Mainland Southeast Asia: mound formation and chronology, construction techniques, and subsistence economy. Results indicate that this ca. 75 m in diameter, 5 m high mound, comprising over a dozen phases of earthen platforms, upon which were raised sophisticated wooden structures, was built in <200 years. While consuming domesticated millet, rice, and occasionally dogs and pigs, the main subsistence orientation included managed tubers and fruits and a range of mangrove ecosystem taxa: catfishes, turtles, crocodiles, monitor lizards, macaques and langurs, to name a few. This combined vegeculture-

The wild Bengal tigers of Bangladesh are facing extinction crisis due to various man made negative actions. In the midst of all these, transnational corporations from British tycoons plan on exploring oil and gas in the last remaining habitat for tigers in the Bangladesh. This article provide basic overview of the tiger and other vertebrate species that are facing human induced development threats in Sundarbans mangrove wetland in Bangladesh. The article was published in LINK magazine of Friends of the Earth head quarter in Netherlands.

Mangrove is a coastal ecosystem that is vulnerable when it is exposed to oil spills. Cleaning up oil spills in mangrove ecosystems is very difficult and highly costly. Ecological sensitivity index (ESI) of mangrove ecosystem is an alternative tool to control oil spill by protecting highly sensitive areas from oil spill.  One of the problems found in the development of ecological sensitivity index (ESI) of mangrove ecosystem is large numbers of variables of ecological sensitivity.  Screening methods of variables can reduce the numbers of variables and result in the key variables of ecological sensitivity index (ESI) of mangrove ecosystems to oil spill. The variables screening includes four steps (selecting variables, screening variables, clustering variables, and reducing variables), and six methods to analyze variables (literature study, expert survey, correlation analysis, variable grouping, PCA, and BEST analysis).

In the subtropics, climate change is pushing woody mangrove forests into herbaceous saltmarshes, altering soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pools, with implications for coastal wetland productivity and C and N exports. We quantified total C and N pools, and mobile fractions including extractable mineral N, extractable organic C and N, and active (aerobically mineralizable) C and N, in surface soils (top 7.6 cm) of adjacent mangrove (primarily Avicennia germinans) and saltmarsh (Juncus roemerianus) vegetation zones in tidal wetlands of west-central Florida (USA). We tested whether surface-soil accumulations of C, N, and their potentially mobile fractions are greater in mangrove than in saltmarsh owing to greater accumulations in the mangrove zone of soil organic matter (SOM) and fine mineral particles (C- and N-retaining soil constituents). Extractable organic fractions were 39-45% more concentrated in mangrove than in saltmarsh surface soil, and they scaled steeply and positively with SOM and fine mineral particle (silt + clay) concentrations, which themselves were likewise greater in mangrove soil. Elevation may drive this linkage. Mangrove locations were generally at lower elevations, which tended to have greater fine particle content in the surface soil. Active C and extractable mineral N were marginally (p &lt; 0.1) greater in mangrove soil, while active N, total N, and total C showed no statistical differences between zones. Extractable organic C and N fractions composed greater shares of total C and N pools in mangrove than in saltmarsh surface soils, which is meaningful for ecosystem function, as persistent leaching of this fraction can perpetuate nutrient limitation. The active (mineralizable) C and N fractions we observed constituted a relatively small component of total C and N pools, suggesting that mangrove surface soils may export less C and N than would be expected from their large total C and N pools.

Mangrove is a coastal ecosystem that is vulnerable when it is exposed to oil spills. Cleaning up oil spills in mangrove ecosystems is very difficult and highly costly. Ecological sensitivity index (ESI) of mangrove ecosystem is an alternative tool to control oil spill by protecting highly sensitive areas from oil spill. One of the problems found in the development of ecological sensitivity index (ESI) of mangrove ecosystem is large numbers of variables of ecological sensitivity. Screening methods of variables can reduce the numbers of variables and result in the key variables of ecological sensitivity index (ESI) of mangrove ecosystems to oil spill.-143 The variables screening includes four steps (selecting variables, screening variables, clustering variables, and reducing variables), and six methods to analyze variables (literature study, expert survey, correlation analysis, variable grouping, PCA, and BEST analysis).

This study aimed to investigate and compare the current status of mangrove areas, as well as the composition and species diversity of mangrove stands in both regions of Dudepo and Ponelo Islands. The results showed that the mangrove areas calculated using the segmentation method in classifying image of Landsat-8 OLI (acquisition on September 2017) were 279.46 ha (Dudepo Island) and 113.35 ha (Ponelo Island) respectively. A total of 13 species of true mangrove were recorded from both islands, using survey method from 9 transect lines (TL), with a distance ranging from 40 to 210 meters (1-6 quadrats) per transect. The mean densities of trees

This study aimed to investigate and compare the current status of mangrove areas, as well as the composition and species diversity of mangrove stands in both regions of Dudepo and Ponelo Islands. The results showed that the mangrove areas calculated using the segmentation method in classifying image of Landsat-8 OLI (acquisition on September 2017) were 279.46 ha (Dudepo Island) and 113.35 ha (Ponelo Island) respectively. A total of 13 species of true mangrove were recorded from both islands, using survey method from 9 transect lines (TL), with a distance ranging from 40 to 210 meters (1-6 quadrats) per transect. The mean densities of trees

We examine the southern Vietnamese site of Rach Nui, dated to between 3390 and 3850 cal BP, in the context of three major aspects of the Neolithic in Mainland Southeast Asia: mound formation and chronology, construction techniques, and subsistence economy. Results indicate that this ca. 75 m in diameter, 5 m high mound, comprising over a dozen phases of earthen platforms, upon which were raised sophisticated wooden structures, was built in <200 years. While consuming domesticated millet, rice, and occasionally dogs and pigs, the main subsistence orientation included managed tubers and fruits and a range of mangrove ecosystem taxa: catfishes, turtles, crocodiles, monitor lizards, macaques and langurs, to name a few. This combined vegeculture

Salah  satu  aspek  penting  dalam  kajian  perubahan  iklim salah  satunya  adalah  bagaimana mengembangkan secara kuantitatif dan prediktif penyerapan karbondioksida (CO2) dari atmosfer oleh tanah  dan  tegakan  hutan. Hal  ini  akan  lebih  penting  lagi  pada  kawasan  mangrove  dan  pantai  yang relatif tertutup oleh genangan air dan tegakan hutan yang relatif sedikit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui  fluks  karbondioksida  pada  kawasan  daratan  Delta  Mahakam  khususnya  pada  tegakan nipah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode transek dengan panjang 125 m pada areal tegakan nipah hutan mangrove di Delta Mahakam pada tiga lokasi yang berbeda yaitu Saliki, Muara Payang dan Sei Balok. Pada masing-masing lokasi dibuat 24 plot dari setiap plot ditentukan kembali plot mana yang dipasangkan tranch dan  tanpa tranch ini  untuk  membedakan  plot  autotrofik  dan  heterotrofik. Pengukuran  dilakukan  setiap  bulan  selama  9  bulan.  Hasil  penelitian  menunjukkan  bahwa  fluks karbondioksida rataan heterotrofik tertinggi adalah pada lokasi Sei Balok 0,21 ppm dan terendah pada Saliki  0,15  ppm.  Sedangkan  rataan  fluk  karbondioksida  autotrofik tertinggi  adalah  pada  lokasi  Sei Balok  0,21  ppm  dan  terendah  Saliki  0,19  ppm  dan  disimpulkan  bahwa  fluk  karbondioksida  pada heterotrofik  lebih  tinggi  dibanding  autotrofik.  Hal  ini  membuktikan  bahwa  aktifitas  biota menyebabkan  fluks  karbondioksida  menjadi  lebih  tinggi.  Dengan  demikian  deforestrasi  untuk pembuatan  tambak  perlu  diminimalisir  dan  harus  ada  usaha  meningkatkan  rehabilitasi  di  kawasan Delta Mahakam.