Low Energy Nuclear Reactions / LENR Research Papers

Low energy nuclear transmutation reactions were found in microwave induced plasma states created from solids irradiated by an intense microwave field. A modified commercial microwave owen was applied as a source of the intense... more

Synopsis of 48 peer-reviewed papers papers with 44 co-authors from 8 countries appearing in 14 Journals.

An attempt is made to build an LENR theory that does not contradict any basic principle of physics and gives a relatively simple explanation to the plethora of experimental results. A single unconventional assumption is made, namely that... more

An attempt is made to build an LENR theory that does not contradict any basic principle of physics and gives a relatively simple explanation to the plethora of experimental results. A single unconventional assumption is made, namely that nuclei are kept together by a magnetic attraction mechanism, as proposed in the 1980s of the past century by Valerio Dallacasa and Norman Cook. This assumption contradicts a non-proven detail of the standard model, which instead attributes the nuclear force to a residual effect of the strong interaction. The theory is based also on a property of the electron which has been known for long, but has rarely been used: the Zitterbewegung (ZB). This property should allow the magnetic attraction mechanism that binds nucleons together, to manifest also between the electron and any isotope of hydrogen, leading to the formation of three neutral pseudo-particles (the component particles remain separate entities), collectively named here Hydronions (or Hyd). These pseudo-particles can then couple with other nuclei and lead to a fusion reaction " inside " the electron. The Coulomb barrier is not overcome kinetically, but through what could be interpreted as a range extension of the nuclear force itself, realized by the electron when some specific conditions are satisfied. The most important of these necessary conditions is that the electron has to " orbit " the hydrogen nucleus at a frequency of 2.055 × 10 16 Hz. This frequency corresponds to photons with an energy of about 85 eV or equivalently a wavelength of 14.6 nm in the Extreme Ultra Violet (EUV). So the large quanta of nuclear energy fractionate into EUV photons during the formation of the Hydronions and during the coupling of Hydronions to other nuclei. The formation of Hydronions requires the so called Nuclear Active Environment (NAE), which is what makes LENR so rare and difficult to reproduce. The numbers suggest that the NAE forms when an unshielded atomic core electron orbital that has an " orbital frequency " near to the coupling frequency is stricken by a naked Hydrogen Nucleus (HNu). This theory therefore implies that the NAE is not inside the metal matrix, but in its immediate neighbourhood. The best candidate atoms for a NAE are listed, based on the energy of their ionization energies. The coincidence with the most common LENR materials appears noteworthy. The Electron Mediated Nuclear Reactions (EMNR) theory can explain also very rapid runaway conditions, radio emissions, biological NAE, and the so called " strange radiation " .

In the 26 years since the ill-named, and ill-timed, announcement of “cold fusion” by Drs. Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons at the University of Utah critics have consistently raised five concerns: 1. Fusion neutron production isn’t... more

In the 26 years since the ill-named, and ill-timed, announcement of “cold fusion” by Drs. Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons at the University of Utah critics have consistently raised five concerns:
1. Fusion neutron production isn’t commensurate with observed heat
2. Lack of a theory
3. Counter to “all that’s known in nuclear physics”
4. Irreproducibility
5. Lack of independent replication
It can be argued that the phenomenon is neither “cold” nor “fusion”: but it is nuclear . Neutrons are not easily produced, nor, are they produced by purely chemical means. Hence, neutrons are the hallmark of nuclear reactions. Although neutron production isn’t commensurate with measured heat, several of our papers discuss neutron production.
There is an abundance of contradictory theories, and hence, we’ve shied away from theory until we had data. Although the mantra, “theory guides, data decides”, doesn’t preclude experimental data, several voices outside the field refuse to recognize the phenomena unless there is a theory. However, our modeling has provided guidance and suggests previously unrecognized magnetic and nuclear effects that clearly enable condensed matter nuclear reactions.
The major “cold fusion” criticism has been the need to overcome the Coulomb Barrier between two positively charged deuterons at room temperature, 0.025 eV, as opposed to the hot fusion ion temperature of 5 keV (55 million K). However, low energy accelerator experiments with metal deuteride targets demonstrate enhanced electron screening that significantly raises the Gamow Factor thereby increasing the low temperature deuterium fusion cross-section. Other nuclear theories have been suggested to lower the Coulomb Barrier, though few of these are consistent with our data.
Most important, the co-deposition protocol discussed in these papers has shown independent repro-ducibility and replication across multiple laboratories in four countries negating two primary criticisms of Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (CMNS): irreproducibility and lack of independent replication.

The authors present a different approach to prove the reality of LENR: the Fusion Diode. This device has no input energy, relying on the only energy produced. The diodes are fabricated as powder diodes, with a large surface junction made... more

The authors present a different approach to prove the reality of LENR: the Fusion Diode. This device has no input energy, relying on the only energy produced. The diodes are fabricated as powder diodes, with a large surface junction made up of a semiconductor in contact with palladium charged with deuterium. The suspected fusion reactions take place in the junction between the semi conductor and the Palladium powder, which produces an excitation which is transmitted to the electrons. The released power remains very low for the moment, but it should be noted that it is presented in the form of directly usable electrical energy, and not of thermal energy. The next experimental directions are discussed. I. Materials and Methods. a) Calorimetry. Like many researchers in the field of the Cold Nuclear Transmutations, we began in our work in making calorimetry. Cold Fusion or Low Energy Nuclear Reactions are a particular kind of Cold Nuclear Transmutations. Excess heat was produced for nearly two decades by many teams. (1),(2) A big number of scientists has continually deny theses results, citing the heat as not conclusive. We built a new differential calorimeter to deal with very low thermal output, which is usually the result of Cold Nuclear Transmutations (3). Some problems of chemical reactions still interfere with calorimetry, and we developed new chemical reagents to assess theses parasite chemical reactions. (4) Fig I We have not abandoned the field of calorimetry and we are working on a new model of calorimeter. This highly sensitive calorimeter use boiling liquid nitrogen in contact with the device in which occur the CNT. The bubbles formed are counted one by one. This is a very simple system, but the development takes time. (Fig I) b) New methods. Instead of calorimetry, the authors have sought a different approach, whereby the device has no electrical input. There is also no thermal input. The energy is released as electrical current, and this is very easy to record with high accuracy. We are using diodes, made of palladium as the metal, and silicon as the semiconductor. We have also tried other semiconductors like aluminium nitride. But we describe here our experiments with silicon. The palladium is loaded with deuterium simply by the gas-loading method. We don't know the effective loading value, but it is probably rather high, because of the micrometer size of the palladium powder. (Fig. II)

Multi-species communities of microorganisms will expend energy to assimilate and process heavy elements like Cesium, Gold, and Uranium that -- now -- play no obvious roles in growth or metabolism. Credible experimental data suggests some... more

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- by Lewis Larsen
- •
- 5
  Microbiology, Nuclear Physics, Biotechnology, Green Technology

Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) is a widely used method for the surface layer analysis of solids. Lord Ernest Rutherford first used the backscattering of alpha particles from a gold film in 1911 to determine the fine... more

The Pd/D co-deposition process has been shown to provide a reproducible means of manufacturing Pd-D nano-alloys that induce low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs). Cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic pulsing experiments indicate that, by... more

Several irrefutable experiments show strange behaviour of hydrogen isotopes in alloys. The author comment on the experiments made during the last 25 years. The possibility of the role of the Bose-Einstein Condensate in the phenomenon of "... more

Scientists at the US Navy SPAWAR Systems Center-Pacific (SSC-Pacific), and its predecessors, in conjunction with JWK International Corporation, have had extraordinary success in publishing condensed matter nuclear reaction papers in... more

Scientists at the US Navy SPAWAR Systems Center-Pacific (SSC-Pacific), and its predecessors, in conjunction with JWK International Corporation, have had extraordinary success in publishing condensed matter nuclear reaction papers in peer-reviewed journals. This success hasn’t come easily and is due to
several factors. One key reason was the support of Dr. Frank Gordon, SES and Head of the Research and Applied Sciences Department. Because of his support, the SSC-Pacific upper management allowed scientists to conduct research and publish results in a controversial field for twenty years. The few journal editors, who had the fortitude to consider our work, and the reviewers contributed to this success. A multitude of reviewers, many outside this field, had to put aside their biases and look objectively at our data. In turn, their relentless concerns forced us to tenaciously address their issues. By adopting the palladium-deuterium (Pd/D) electrolytic co-deposition methodology, invented by Dr. Stanislaw Szpak at the Naval Ocean Systems Center, we had a reliable and repeatable protocol for the
high, fast loading of palladium with deuterium, without cracking. Both Drs. Martin Fleischmann and John Bockris contributed co-dep papers. As early as 1990, we began exploring nuclear effects, beginning with
x-ray film and later, measuring tritium, elemental transmutation, then charged particles and neutrons using solid-state nuclear track detectors. We conducted thermal imaging. Colleagues, Dr. Mel Miles, and later, Dennis Letts, performed co-dep calorimetry. Miles observed the excess energy from the Pd/D codeposition surface exceeds that of bulk palladium. Subsequent papers examined elemental transmutation, effects of external fields, measurements of fast
neutron spectra and the identification of their source. The majority of our work over the past two decades has dealt with nuclear effects in the Pd/D system. Eight of the papers were on thermal effects and 26 with nuclear effects. We have sought to identify, characterize and elucidate the underlying mechanisms behind condensed matter nuclear reactions. Ours has been a collaborative effort with colleagues around the globe. To date, the SSC-Pacific/JWK team and colleagues have published thirty-eight refereed papers in twelve journals, and two book chapters, spanning 23 years, with thirty-four authors and co-authors from seven countries. We have given more than twice as many conference talks and presentations as well.
This synopsis itemizes the journal and year; the authors, co-authors and affiliations; the journals; the first pages of two papers; a DoE Energy Citations Database Webpage and the abstract; and two patents: #5,928,483, “Electrochemical Cell Having a Beryllium Compound Coated Electrode” and US #8,419,919, “System and Method for Generating Particles”.

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- by Lawrence Forsley
- •
- 5
  Materials Science, Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Cold Fusion

In this paper, we look into the difficult question of electron deep levels in the hydrogen atom. An introduction shows some general considerations on these orbits as " anomalous " (and usually rejected) solutions of relativistic quantum... more

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- by Jean-Luc Paillet and +1
  andrew meulenberg
- •
- Low Energy Nuclear Reactions / LENR

In this paper, we look into the difficult question of electron deep levels (EDLs) in the hydrogen atom. Acceptance of these levels and, in particular, experimental evidence of their existence would have major implications for the basis... more

In this paper, we look into the difficult question of electron deep levels (EDLs) in the hydrogen atom. Acceptance of these levels and, in particular, experimental evidence of their existence would have major implications for the basis for cold fusion and would open up new fields of femto-physics and-chemistry. An introduction shows some general considerations on these orbits as " anomalous " (and usually rejected) solutions of relativistic quantum equations. The first part of our study is devoted to a discussion of the arguments against the deep orbits and for them, as exemplified in published solutions. We examine each of the principal negative arguments found in the literature and show how it is possible to resolve the questions raised. In fact, most of the problems are related to the singularity of the Coulomb potential when considering the nucleus as a point charge, and so they can be easily resolved when considering a more realistic potential with finite value inside the nucleus. In a second part, we consider specific works on deep orbits, named Dirac Deep Levels (DDLs), as solutions of the relativistic Schrödinger and of the Dirac equations. The latter presents the most complete solution and development for spin ½ particles, and includes an infinite family of DDL solutions. We examine particularities of these DDL solutions and more generally of the anomalous solutions. Next we analyze the methods for, and the properties of, the solutions that include a corrected potential inside the nucleus, and we examine the questions raised by this new element. Finally we indicate, in the conclusion, open questions such as the physical meaning of the relation between quantum numbers determining the deep levels and the fact that the angular momentum seems two orders-of-magnitude lower than the values associated with the Planck constant. Introduction For many decades, the question of the existence of electron deep levels (EDLs) for the hydrogen atom led to numerous works and debates. Why once more a study on this subject? For several reasons: • the arguments in favor of the deep orbits have become progressively more mature by the use of relativistic quantum tools for a full three-dimensional description of the system; • by accepting the reality of a non-singular central potential within a nuclear region, many mathematical arguments against anomalous solutions of the relativistic equations no longer pertain; • numerical evaluation of the relativistic equations are now detailed and available for interpretation of the models, their implications, and their predictions; • hydrogen atoms, including deuterium, with electron deep orbits (femto-atoms) can contribute to the understanding of: processes of cold fusion inside condensed matter, the avoidance of nuclear fragmentation in D-D => 4 He fusion reactions, and a means of increasing the rate of energy transfer between an excited nucleus and the surrounding lattice; • and, above all, recognition of these levels opens up a whole new realm of atomic, nuclear, and subatomic-particle physics as well as nuclear chemistry. There are various theoretical ways to define a state of the hydrogen atom with electron deep level (EDL) or deep Dirac level (DDL) orbits. In the following, we denote H # as any state of hydrogen atom with EDL orbits. Some authors use the term hydrino for denoting the H # states owing to the work of [1] on the hypothetical existence of H atoms with orbit levels under the Bohr ground level and where the values of orbit radii are fractional values of the Bohr radius. Here we do not use this term, a physical concept specifically attached to the cited work, because it is not deduced from (standard) quantum equations, while we essentially consider the states H # obtained by the methods of relativistic quantum physics. With the quantum equations habitually used in the literature for computing the bound states of the H atom, we can note that there is in general a crossroad with a choice of value or a choice of sign for a square root in a parameter. According to which path is chosen, the resolution process leads either to the usual solution or to an unusual one called an "anomalous" solution; one that is rejected in the Quantum Mechanics Textbooks.

The low energy nuclear transmutation reactions were investigated within a compact flourescent lamp (CFL), which was irradiated by intense microwave energy. A modified microwave owen operated as a source of intense electromagnetic field.... more

The Russian scientists D.V. Filippov and L.I. Urutskoev pioneered a special kind of nuclear reaction experimental research and theory exploration and they named such reactions as transformation, or C-LENR (Collective Low Energy Nuclear... more

Quasicrystals (QCs) are a novel form of matter, which are neither crystalline nor amorphous. Among many surprising properties of QCs is their high catalytic activity. We propose a mechanism explaining this peculiarity based on unusual... more

Quasicrystals (QCs) are a novel form of matter, which are neither crystalline nor amorphous. Among many surprising properties of QCs is their high catalytic activity. We propose a mechanism explaining this peculiarity based on unusual dynamics of atoms at special sites in QCs, namely, localized anharmonic vibrations (LAVs) and phasons. In the former case, one deals with a large amplitude (~ fractions of an angstrom) time-periodic oscillations of a small group of atoms around their stable positions in the lattice, known also as discrete breathers, which can be excited in regular crystals as well as in QCs. On the other hand, phasons are a specific property of QCs, which are represented by very large amplitude (~angstrom) oscillations of atoms between two quasi-stable positions determined by the geometry of a QC. Large amplitude atomic motion in LAVs and phasons results in time-periodic driving of adjacent potential wells occupied by hydrogen ions (protons or deuterons) in case of hydrogenated QCs. This driving may result in the increase of amplitude and energy of zero-point vibrations (ZPV). Based on that, we demonstrate a drastic increase of the D-D or D-H fusion rate with increasing number of modulation periods evaluated in the framework of Schwinger model, which takes into account suppression of the Coulomb barrier due to lattice vibrations. In this context, we present numerical solution of Schrodinger equation for a particle in a non-stationary double well potential, which is driven time-periodically imitating the action of a LAV or phason. We show that the rate of tunneling of the particle through the potential barrier separating the wells is enhanced drastically by the driving, and it increases strongly with increasing amplitude of the driving. These results support the concept of nuclear catalysis in QCs that can take place at special sites provided by their inherent topology. Experimental verification of this hypothesis can lead to new ways of engineering materials containing nuclear active environments based on QC catalytic properties.

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- by Klee Irwin
- •
- 2
  Cold Fusion, Low Energy Nuclear Reactions / LENR

The Pd/D co-deposition process was developed by Stan Szpak at the Naval Laboratory in San Diego as an alternative means of initiating LENR. Besides heat, other nuclear products that have been measured using Pd/D co-deposition include... more

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- by Lawrence Forsley
- •
- 3
  Cold Fusion, Low Energy Nuclear Reactions / LENR, CR-39

This paper introduces a Zitterbewegung model of the electron by applying the principle of Occam’s razor to the Maxwell’s equations and by introducing a scalar component in the electromagnetic field. The aim is to explain, by using simple... more

Nuclear structure theory has recently undergone an unexpected " renaissance " that can be attributed to two factors: (a) Since 1989, experimental findings have indicated isotopic anomalies in " chemical systems " at energies well below... more

The use of CR-39, a solid state nuclear track detector, to detect the emission of energetic charged particles during Pd/D co-deposition is demonstrated. The pits observed in the CR-39 are attributed to the Pd/D cathode and are not due to... more

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- by Pamela Boss
- •
- 7
  Cold Fusion, Mathematical Sciences, Physical sciences, Cr

Variable particle masses have sometimes been invoked to explain observed anomalies in low energy nuclear reactions (LENR). Such behavior has never been observed directly, and is not considered possible in theoretical nuclear physics.... more

The use of CR-39, a solid state nuclear track detector, to detect the emission of energetic charged particles during Pd/D co-deposition is demonstrated. The pits observed in the CR-39 are attributed to the Pd/D cathode and are not due to... more

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- by Lawrence Forsley and +1
  Frank Gordon
- •
- 4
  Cold Fusion, Low Energy Nuclear Reactions / LENR, CR-39, Solid State Nuclear Track Detector

The device consists of a junction diode, formed by the close contact between a palladium electrode (2) and a p-type silicon plate (5). This diode constitutes the negative electrode of an electrolysis cell filled with heavy water (4), the... more

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- by Fabrice DAVID
- •
- 2
  LENR, Low Energy Nuclear Reactions / LENR

A method may include the steps of supplying current to the electrodes of an electrochemical cell according to a first charging profile, wherein the electrochemical cell has an anode, cathode, and electrolytic solution; maintaining a... more

Under special circumstances, electromagnetic and weak interactions can induce low-energy nuclear reactions to occur with observable rates for a variety of processes. A common element in all these applications is that the electromagnetic... more

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- by Lewis Larsen
- •
- 4
  LENR, Neutrons, Low Energy Nuclear Reactions / LENR, Electroweak

This work continues our previous work [1] and in a more developed form [2]), on electron deep orbits of the hydrogen atom. An introduction shows the importance of the deep orbits of hydrogen (H or D) for research in the LENR domain, and... more

In this paper we will discuss how we can study some effects associated with LENR from the principles of classical electromagnetic theory and also from a very new approach based on the submicroscopic concept of physics. Perhaps our... more

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- by Volodymyr Krasnoholovets
- •
- 9
  Physics, Plasma Physics, Renewable Energy, Cold Fusion

The Pd/D co-deposition process was developed by Stan Szpak at the Naval Laboratory in San Diego as an alternative means of initiating LENR. Besides heat, other nuclear products that have been measured using Pd/D co-deposition include... more

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- by Lawrence Forsley
- •
- 11
  Cold Fusion, X Rays, Cr, Nuclear Reactions

The present paper is a follow up of our previous title: “An outline of cellular automaton universe via cosmological KdV equation,” as published last year in Prespacetime 2018, as well as our response to a new paper by S. Yu. Eremenko... more

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- by Victor Christianto and +1
  Florentin Smarandache
- •
- 3
  Solitons, Low Energy Nuclear Reactions / LENR, Yang-Mills Theory

Nuclear structure theory has recently undergone a renaissance, attributed to isotopic anomalies in chemical systems at energies well below the expected ~10 MeV nuclear level and surprising ab initio supercomputer calculations of nuclear... more

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- by Paolo Di Sia
- •
- 6
  Electromagnetism, Nuclear Physics, Particle Physics, Magnetic field

The nuclear reactions are very interesting and very big topic in research field, In this research paper we are describing about all types of nuclear reactions taking for light weight, medium weight and heavy weight target nucleus, which... more

A comprehensive neutronics analysis using VENTURE-PC and SCALE 6.1 computer codes system has been performed for the core conversion study of Nigeria Research Reactor-1 (NIRR-1). The computed reactor core physics parameters include: group... more

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- by Samson Damilola and +1
  Mohammed Onimisi
- •
- 2
  Low Energy Nuclear Reactions / LENR, Neutron Flux

Introductory conference Lattice-assisted nuclear reaction: overview An experimental protocol for exploring nanonuclear science Technical conference Two channels: evidence of aneutronic and conventional fusion The wider phenomena:... more

This work continues our previous work [1] and in a more developed form [2]), on electron deep orbits of the hydrogen atom. An introduction shows the importance of the deep orbits of hydrogen (H or D) for research in the LENR domain, and... more

The use of CR-39, a solid state nuclear track detector, to detect the emission of energetic charged particles during Pd/D co-deposition is demonstrated. The pits observed in the CR-39 are attributed to the Pd/D cathode and are not due to... more

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- by Lawrence Forsley
- •
- 8
  Cold Fusion, Mathematical Sciences, Physical sciences, Cr

The Pd/D co-deposition process was developed by Stan Szpak at the Naval Laboratory in San Diego as an alternative means of initiating LENR. Besides heat, other nuclear products that have been measured using Pd/D co-deposition include... more

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- by Jack Dea
- •
- 11
  Cold Fusion, X Rays, Cr, Nuclear Reactions

Low Energy Nuclear Reactions / LENR

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