Papers by andrew meulenberg
The process of nuclear energy transfer to the lattice involves near-field electromagnetic couplin... more The process of nuclear energy transfer to the lattice involves near-field electromagnetic coupling of energy from energetic charged nuclei to deep-Dirac level electrons. From there, the energetic electrons near-field and far-field couple energy into adjacent Pd-bound electrons causing intense local ionization, but no energetic radiation beyond the multi-keV level. © 2014 ISCMNS. All rights reserved. ISSN 2227-3123
A theoretical mechanism to explain the main features of experiments with punctured spacecraft-the... more A theoretical mechanism to explain the main features of experiments with punctured spacecraft-thermal-blanket materials is presented. The model is based on consideration of the electric fields developed about punctures; the focusing of primary electrons toward the punctures; the generation, migration, and cascade of secondary electrons along the surface; and the radiation induced conductivity characteristics of thin dielectric films. Qualitative predictions of the model agree with experiment results
JOURNAL OF CONDENSED MATTER NUCLEAR SCIENCE, 2013
An electron pair (lochon) in a deep hydrogen ‘naught’ orbit (n = 0) has similarities to muonic hy... more An electron pair (lochon) in a deep hydrogen ‘naught’ orbit (n = 0) has similarities to muonic hydrogen in that it has a small orbital radius that allows the protons in molecular hydrogen to be very much closer together than is possible in a normal molecule. There are also significant differences between lochonand muon-catalyzed fusion (e.g., one leads to ‘cold’ fusion and the other the ‘hot’ fusion). However, since muon-catalyzed fusion is an accepted phenomenon and Lattice-assisted Nuclear Reaction (LANR) or Low-energy Nuclear Reaction ( LENR) is not, we will examine the similarities and differences in various mechanisms with the fusion of deuterons in mind. We start with the assumption that both solutions of the Klein–Gordon equation are actually real and the one that has here-to-for been rejected correctly identifies a single deep orbit below the n = 1 ground state. (It is generally accepted that, at least for spinless bosons such as the lochon, this solution of the Klein–Gordon...
This paper [1] explores the properties of the tightly bound electrons predicted by the anomalous ... more This paper [1] explores the properties of the tightly bound electrons predicted by the anomalous solution to the Dirac equations. Starting with the assumption that electrons can exist in these deep-Dirac levels (DDLs) with orbits in the femtometer range and ∼ 500 keV binding energies, the electromagnetic radiation fields and their coupling to both nuclear and atomic-electrons are identified. The shapes of both the nuclear potentials and the potential at the bottom of the Coulomb regime have a major role in the coupling between excited nucleons and the DDL electrons. The many orders-of-magnitude differences in frequency of the nucleons, the DDL electrons, and the atomic electrons account for the small interactions under normal circumstances. The changes in these frequencies in radioactive nuclides and for excitation of the DDL electrons account for many of the observed phenomena in cold fusion. © 2015 ISCMNS. All rights reserved. ISSN 2227-3123
This report summarizes the workshop on new silicon cells held during SPRAT XII. A smaller than av... more This report summarizes the workshop on new silicon cells held during SPRAT XII. A smaller than average group attended this workshop reflecting the reduction in research dollars available to this portion of the photovoltaics community. Despite the maturity of the silicon technology, a core of the group maintained an excitement about new developments and potential opportunities. The group addressed both the implications and the applications of recent developments.
A steady-state carrier computer code, PECK (Parker Enhanced Carrier Kinetics), that predicts the ... more A steady-state carrier computer code, PECK (Parker Enhanced Carrier Kinetics), that predicts the radiation-induced conductivity (RIC) produced in a dielectric by an electron beam was developed. The model, which assumes instantly-trapped holes, was then applied to experimental measurements on thin Kapton samples penetrated by an electron beam. Measurements at high bias were matched in the model by an appropriate choice for the trap-modulated electron mobility. A fractional split between front and rear currents measured at zone bias is explained on the basis of beam-scattering. The effects of carrier-enhanced conductivity (CEC) on data obtained for thick, free-surface Kapton samples is described by using an analytical model that incorporates field injection of carriers from the RIC region. The computer code, LWPCHARGE, modified for carrier transport, is also used to predict partial penetration effects associated with CEC in the unirradiated region. Experimental currents and surface vo...
The Nature of Light: What are Photons? VI, 2015
Two adjacent coherent light beams, 180° out of phase and traveling on adjacent, parallel paths, r... more Two adjacent coherent light beams, 180° out of phase and traveling on adjacent, parallel paths, remain visibly separated by the null (dark) zone from their mutual interference pattern as they merge. Each half of the pattern can be traced to one of the beams. Does such an experiment provide both "which way" and momentum knowledge? To answer this question, we demonstrate, by examining behavior of wave momentum and energy in a medium, that interfering waves interact. Central to the mechanism of interference is a standing wave component resulting from the combination of coherent waves. We show the mathematics for the formation of the standing wave component and for wave momentum involved in the waves' interaction. In water and in open coaxial cable, we observe that standing waves form cells bounded "reflection zones" where wave momentum from adjacent cells is reversed, confining oscillating energy to each cell. Applying principles observed in standing waves in media to the standing wave component of interfering light beams, we identify dark (null) regions to be the reflection zones. Each part of the interference pattern is affected by interactions between other parts, obscuring "which-way" information. We demonstrated physical interaction experimentally using two beams interfering slightly with one dark zone between them. Blocking one beam "downstream" from the interference region removed the null zone and allowed the remaining beam to evolve to a footprint of a single beam.
The Nature of Light: What are Photons? VI, 2015
Photons are here considered to be resonant oscillations (solitons) in four dimensions (space/time... more Photons are here considered to be resonant oscillations (solitons) in four dimensions (space/time) of an undefined ‘field’ otherwise generally existing at a local energy minimum. The photons’ constituent EM fields result in elevated energy, and therefore potentials, within that field. It is in the context of the standing waves of and between photons that the EM fields and potentials lead to a description of alternating (AC) ‘currents’ (of some form) of unquantized alternating ‘charge’ (of some sort). The main topic of this paper is the alternating charge.
The lochon models of cold fusion, among others, propose deep-energy electrons as necessary for lo... more The lochon models of cold fusion, among others, propose deep-energy electrons as necessary for low-energy nuclear reactions (LENR). Relativistic Schrodinger equations, e.g., the Klein–Gordon (K–G) and Dirac equations, have ‘irregular’ solutions that predict such levels at ∼500 keV. The basis for such a level and its implications are presented. © 2014 ISCMNS. All rights reserved. ISSN 2227-3123
arXiv: Other Condensed Matter, Mar 8, 2006
Models to account for the observed experimental results for low-energy nuclear reactions in palla... more Models to account for the observed experimental results for low-energy nuclear reactions in palladium-deuteride systems are presented along with calculated results. The crucial idea is a mechanism of improved probability for the needed penetration of the Coulomb barrier for a D-D reaction. This facilitation occurs, in general, with the formation of Dions at special frequency modes (e.g. via phonons) and, specifically for the laser-stimulated case, with utilization of enhanced optical potential at a selected interface. Both mechanisms may work individually, or together, to increase the probability of barrier penetration.
NASA Conference Publication, Feb 1, 1980
Starting with the assumption of validity of the Dirac equations (relativistic quantum mechanics),... more Starting with the assumption of validity of the Dirac equations (relativistic quantum mechanics), which are fundamental to much of atomic physics today, we also assume that the anomalous solutions to these equations are valid. If they are valid, then short-lived femto-atoms with electron orbitals in the low femto-meter range should exist. If femto-atoms exist, then the existence of femtomolecules could be expected. This paper addresses the possibility and nature of the femto-molecules and the nature of the forces creating them. The approach is that of Feynman’s molecular-hydrogen ion derivation using the Yukawa potential. The result is a molecular ion with femto-meter order spacing between the nuclei and an attractive potential identical with a medium-range Yukawa potential for an exchange particle with the mass of an electron. There are significant implications for both cold fusion and for nuclear physics and chemistry. c ⃝ 2016 ISCMNS. All rights reserved. ISSN 2227-3123
Limitations to contemporary models of Coulomb and nuclear interactions have previously been ident... more Limitations to contemporary models of Coulomb and nuclear interactions have previously been identified in the development of lowenergy nuclear reaction (LENR) theories based on experimental Cold Fusion (CF) results. However, relativistic quantum mechanics has already provided a means to overcome these limitations. Nevertheless, this ‘anomalous’ solution has been repeatedly rejected, based on the mathematical formalism of an assumed singular potential, simply because it has not been necessary heretofore in the description of available physical data. The physical realities of a non-singular potential and its interaction with a relativistic electron are not new physics and provide a solid theoretical basis for CF (as indicated in another paper in this conference, and the references therein) and for new fields in femto-physics and nuclear chemistry. This present paper is essentially a reasoned complaint against those critics who proclaim the limitations of the anomalous solution, yet ig...
Cold-Fusion (CF) Research is not hindered as much by what we do not know as it is by what we know... more Cold-Fusion (CF) Research is not hindered as much by what we do not know as it is by what we know too well. This paper identifies several standard physics models, which must be extended beyond present practice, and indicates condensed-matter nuclear science (CMNS) work in this direction. © 2014 ISCMNS. All rights reserved. ISSN 2227-3123
Mathematical models for Low-Energy Nuclear Fusion (LENR) of hydrogen, H, and deuterium, D, are br... more Mathematical models for Low-Energy Nuclear Fusion (LENR) of hydrogen, H, and deuterium, D, are brought together in the context of over 20 years of searching for the answer to the source of nuclear fusion without the requisite kinetic energy to overcome a nuclear Coulomb barrier. The earliest of these models is Julian Schwinger’s proposal [1] to combine, in a single Hamiltonian, the attractive nuclear potential with the repulsive Coulomb potential to reach an excited state of 4 He. The second was K.P. Sinha’s 1999 model [2] to use the natural electron pairing to form charge-polarized D + D - pairs in a linear defect that is attractive rather than repulsive. Ed Storms’ linear array of hydrogen ‘atoms’ in a gap or crevice in the lattice appears to combine Schwinger’s and Sinha’s concepts. Portions of other models, where applicable, are mentioned. Another paper, to be presented in this conference, will provide a pictorial description of phonon activity in Sinha’s linear array (and presu...
A new generation of silicon solar cell, called the COMSAT Non-Reflective (CNR) cell and which sho... more A new generation of silicon solar cell, called the COMSAT Non-Reflective (CNR) cell and which shows a marked improvement over previous cells, has been developed. Under AMO illumination, these cells typically produce a maximum power of about 21 mW/sq cm and short-circuit current of about 46 mA/sq cm. The improvements stem from a new surface structure and related optical properties of the cell.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2017
The application of Non-Ionizing Energy Loss (NIEL) in estimating the impact of electron, proton, ... more The application of Non-Ionizing Energy Loss (NIEL) in estimating the impact of electron, proton, and heavy ion irradiations on Gallium Arsenide is presented in this paper. The NIEL for deuteron, alpha particle, lithium ion and oxygen ion is computed using the SR-NIEL and NEMO codes. The NIEL calculations are compared with the introduction rate of displacement damage measured in n-type GaAs. Very good agreement is found between the NIEL and experimental results for protons (< 20 MeV), electrons, and a variety of ions. However, a discrepancy can be observed for high-energy protons.
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Papers by andrew meulenberg
In the present work, being equipped with these new insights and methods, we come back to a important and subtle theoretical question encountered during initial EDO calculations with the Dirac equation, which showed a significant overlap of the electron wavefunction with the physical nucleus: Should the energy levels, usually obtained with the Dirac equation solved while considering a point-like nucleus, be modified and how? In fact, computation of the energy of a deep-orbit electron from its probability-density distribution, allows us to adjust its initial energy level by applying a fixed-point method. Moreover we improve the semi-analytical solutions of the radial equations, to obtain wavefunctions having continuous derivatives on the femto-meter scale, including the surface delimiting the inside and outside of the nucleus. Doing this, we study how to preserve the initial coupling between the two components of Dirac solutions for EDOs. Finally, we give some approaches on the probability of presence of EDO states.
References
[1] A. Meulenberg and J-L Paillet, “Implications of the electron deep orbits for cold fusion and physics,” Proc. 20th Int. Conf. on CMNS, Sendai 2016, J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci. 24 (2017) 214-229, http://coldfusioncommunity.net/pdf/jcmns/v24/214_JCMNS-Vol24.pdf
[2] Paillet, J.L., Meulenberg, A., “Electron Deep Orbits of the Hydrogen Atom”, Proc. 11th Int..W. on Anomalies in Hydrogen Loaded Metals, Toulouse 2015, JCMNS 23, 62-84, 2017. http://coldfusioncommunity.net/pdf/jcmns/v23/62_JCMNS-Vol23.pdf
[3] Maly J.A., Va'vra J “Electron transitions on deep Dirac levels II,” Fusion Science and Technology, V.27, N.1, pp.59-70, 1995, http://www.ans.org/pubs/journals/fst/a_30350
[4] Paillet, J.L., Meulenberg, A., “Special Relativity, the Source of the Electron Deep Orbits”, Foundations of Physics, 47(2), pp. 256-264, 2017, Springer, Heidelberg.
[5] Paillet, J.L., Meulenberg, A.,“Advance on Electron Deep Orbits of the Hydrogen Atom”, Proc. 20th Int. Conf. On CMNS, Sendai 2016, JCMNS 24, 258-277, 2016.
http://coldfusioncommunity.net/pdf/jcmns/v24/258_JCMNS-Vol24.pdf
[6] Paillet, J.L., Meulenberg, A., “Deepening Questions about Electron Deep Orbits of the Hydrogen Atom”, Proc. 12th Int..W. on Anomalies in Hydrogen Loaded Metals, 2017, Asti. JCMNS 26, pp. 56-68, Oct. 2018, http://coldfusioncommunity.net/pdf/jcmns/v26/56_JCMNS-Vol26.pdf
[7] Paillet, J.L., Meulenberg, A, On highly relativistic deep electrons, Proc. of ICCF21, 21th Conf. on Cond. Matter Nuclear Sci., Fort Collins (CO, USA), 3-8 June 2018, to be published in JCMNS 29, (2019).