Sonoluminescence

This is an excerpt from the Pictorial Compendium of The Secret Doctrine
Volume IV, The Nature of Everything.

Follow me down the rabbit hole into the magical world of the Nature of Everything. It is like nothing you have ever imagined! It is filled with wonder and awe! The Universe is all of time and Space and its contents. It includes planets, moons, minor planets, stars, galaxies, the contents of intergalactic space, and all matter and energy.

This is an excerpt from the Pictorial Compendium of The Secret Doctrine
Volume IV, The Nature of Everything.

From Newton's mechanical calculations to Einstein's general and special relativity to the baffling indeterminacy of quantum mechanics, the discipline of physics has become increasingly arcane and complex, and less and less governed by orderly laws. This presents a problem for the layperson, who struggles to understand how Newtonian physics, with its predictable observations of physical forces, relates to the parallax and paradox of later discoveries. " If you don't already know physics, " says physicist Dominic Walliman, it's difficult sometimes to see how all of these different subjects are related to each other. " So Walliman has provided a helpful visual aid: an animated video map showing the connections between classical physics, quantum physics, and relativity.

We then delve into the Physics of NOE at a high-level.

First published on the basis of Mr. Nikos Bayraktaris' personal notes:
Θεματολογία Ψυχικών Επιστημών κατά τον κ. Μουχάμαντ Σαμσαντίν Μεγαλομμάτη
(Subject matter on Spiritual Sciences as per Muhammad Shamsaddin Megalommatis)
https://greeksoftheorient.wordpress.com/2017/08/26/%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1-%CF%88%CF%85%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD-%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CF%8E%CE%BD-%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC-%CF%84/
Republished here: Divina Studia – Ψυχικές Επιστήμες
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Headnote: No one was buried in the Great Pyramid on Giza. In the beginning it was made to produce light. "Sonoluminescence is the transformation of sound into light. [It] is created by focusing powerful sound waves into water or other fluids." 1 It turns out you don"t need electricity to make light. Ever see a firefly? They don"t need it. Edison didn"t have it either; he had to invent the electric utility to supply current to his new toy, whence GE: "We bring good things to life" (not to mention light). Nikola Tesla and George Westinghouse got the electric grid right though. Even Ben Franklin was "Chagrined a little that we have been hitherto able to produce nothing in this way of use to mankind. . ." after his kite experiment failed to kill him. That was lucky for us. Audentis Fortuna iuvat All the Ingredients What has always been on hand at Giza? Dirt (limestone), water and sunlight, all provisioned by nature and virtually infinite in supply. What was missing was the Science & Engineering nous, the Architect, to put them together and make something useful.

High amplitude radial pulsations of a single bubble in several glycerine and water mixtures were observed in an acoustic stationary wave system at acoustic pressure amplitudes on the order of 150 kPa at 21 to 25 kHz. Sonoluminescence, a phenomenon generally attributed to the high temperatures generated during the collapse of cavitation bubbles, was observed as short light pulses occurring once every acoustic period. These emissions could be seen to originate at the geometric center of the bubble when observed through a microscope. It was observed that the light emissions occurred simultaneously with the bubble collapse. Using a laser scattering technique, experimental radius-time curves were obtained which confirmed the absence of surface waves which are expected at pressure amplitudes above 100 kPa. From these radius-time curves, measurements of the pulsation amplitude, the timing of the major bubble collapse, and the number of rebounds were made and compared with several theories. The implications of this research on the current understanding of cavitation were discussed.

We suggest a new mechanism where sonoluminescence is produced by the tremendously large adiabatic pressure pulse (shock wave) generated by the close to supersonic (or above) impact of the fluid on the hard core bubble. The light flash is mostly emitted by the fluid surrounding the bubble.

ABSTRACT There are typically signs of light degradation of ionic liquids by pyrolysis when used in electrochemistry or when submitted to high heat or to ultrasound irradiation for chemical reactions. Cavitation observed through sonoluminescence from dry hydrophobic ionic liquids under sonication leads to degradation by pyrolysis at the level of traces. The degradation products can hinder recycling ionic liquids and, in turn, hinder the beneficial of their use and development of efficient large-scale processes. Unfortunately, various experimental limitations have prevented structural determination. The problems include the following: ionic liquids are almost non-volatile, which excludes the use of classical analytical techniques, and degradation products are produced at very low concentrations, which complicates extraction and analysis. Reported here is the first structural determination of the degradation products of a hydrophobic bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide-based ionic liquid under ultrasonic irradiation.

The action of high intensity cavitation on several liquid halocarbons (C 2 Cl 4 CCl 4 , CHCl 3 , C 2 H 2 Br 4 ) and other organic solvents (acetone, benzene and their mixtures) was investigated by recording multibubble sonoluminescence UV-Vis spectra over the temperature range between 246 and 298 K. The temperature induced variation of some thermophysical properties of the solvents Favours the interpretations of their role in determining the salient characteristics of the recorded spectra. We observed that high volatility does not necessarily quench sonoluminescence emission and that argon flow plays a key role in the appearance of radical emission lines. While for each investigated substance the intensity of C Ã 2 emission lines was clearly correlated to temperature, a comparative test between different halocarbons did not show a clear correlation with vapour pressure. Following recently reported results which evidenced the formation of dynamically differentiated populations of emitting bubbles in sulphuric acid, we performed MBSL experiments in liquid mixtures of halocarbons and sulphuric acid to investigate the correlation between the production of emitting species and the halocarbon volatility.

The chemical and physical effects of ultrasound arise not from a direct interaction of molecules with sound waves, but rather from the acoustic cavitation: the nucleation, growth, and implosive collapse of microbubbles in liquids submitted to power ultrasound. The violent implosion of bubbles leads to the formation of chemically reactive species and to the emission of light, named sonoluminescence. In this manuscript, we describe the techniques allowing study of extreme intrabubble conditions and chemical reactivity of acoustic cavitation in solutions. The analysis of sonoluminescence spectra of water sparged with noble gases provides evidence for nonequilibrium plasma formation. The photons and the "hot" particles generated by cavitation bubbles enable to excite the non-volatile species in solutions increasing their chemical reactivity. For example the mechanism of ultrabright sonoluminescence of uranyl ions in acidic solutions varies with uranium concentration: sonophoto...

Kondic et al.'s theory makes several specific predictions on the dependence of single-bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL) on ambient pressure. We have carried out experiments to verify these predictions for air bubbles in a water-glycerine mixture at about 17.5 kHz. The results show an increase in SBSL with reduced ambient pressure down to a critical value below which SBSL is extinguished. The results are all in good agreement with Kondic et al.'s theory and are also compatible with the dissociation hypothesis of Lohse et al.

If we now envisage the more technical side of a possible future, it is very likely that the artist, tired of the cult for oils in painting, will find himself completely abandoning this five-hundredyear-old process, which restricts his freedom of expression by its academic ties.

The dynamics of rapidly collapsing bubbles are of great interest due to the high degree of energy focusing that occurs withing the bubble. Molecular dynamics provides a way to model the interior of the bubble and couple the gas dynamics with the equations governing the bubble wall. While much theoretical work has been done to understand how a bubble will respond to an external force, the internal dynamics of the gas system are usually simplified greatly in such treatments. This paper shows how the gas system dynamics affect bubble collapse and illustrates what effects various modeling assumptions can have on the motion of the bubble wall. In addition, we present a method of adaptively partitioning space to improve the performance of collision intersection calculations when using an energy dependent collision cross section.

In this Letter we propose a fundamental test for probing the thermal nature of the spectrum emitted by sonoluminescence. We show that two-photon correlations can in principle discriminate between real thermal light and the pseudo-thermal squeezed-state photons typical of models based on the dynamic Casimir effect. Two-photon correlations provide a powerful experimental test for various classes of sonoluminescence models.

Direct observation of cavitation fields using photography, sonoluminescence and luminol ''mapping" is reported for a 23 kHz horn sonicator and a 515 kHz plate transducer system. The effect of sound intensity and added surfactant on the cavitation fields is described. The observations support previously reported results suggesting significant differences in the cavitation fields between the two sonication systems.

The phenomenon of sonoluminescence has been known for more than 60 years, but it was not until a decade ago that stable light emission from a single gas bubble in an acoustic field was obtained by Gaitan et al. . The authors found that a single gas bubble could be levitated in a standing wave acoustic field and made to emit light pulses synchronized to the acoustic cycle. Spectral and temporal properties of the single bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL) have been investigated [2-4] and it was found that broadband (~200-700 nm) SBSL light is emitted in the form of ultrashort pulses with duration ≤ 200 ps (see for a review of experimental data and theories on SBSL). The study of the SBSL light emission mechanism spans various subjects of physics and chemistry, including optics, acoustics, thermodynamics, fluid dynamics, spectroscopy and quantum electrodynamics.

A theoretical formulation is proposed for forced mass transport by pressure gradients in a liquid binary mixture around a spherical bubble undergoing volume oscillations in a sound field. Assuming the impermeability of the bubble wall to both species, diffusion driven by pressure gradients and classical Fick-diffusion must cancel at the bubble wall, so that an oscillatory concentration gradient arises in the vicinity of the bubble. The Péclet number Pe is generally high in typical situations and Fick diffusion cannot restore equilibrium immediately, so that an asymptotic average concentration profile may progressively build up in the liquid over large times. Such a behavior is reminiscent of the so-called rectified diffusion problem, leading to slow growth of gas bubble oscillating in a sound field. A rigorous method formerly proposed by to solve the latter problem is used in this paper to solve the present one. It is based on splitting the problem into a smooth part and an oscillatory part. The smooth part is solved by a multiple scales method and yields the slowly varying average concentration field everywhere in the liquid. The oscillatory part is obtained by matched asymptotic expansions in terms of the small parameter Pe −1/2 : the inner solution is required to satisfy the oscillatory balance between pressure diffusion and Fick diffusion at the bubble wall, while the outer solution is required to be zero. Matching both solutions yields a unique splitting of the problem. The final analytical solution, truncated to leading order, compares successfully to direct numerical simulation of the full convection-diffusion equation. The analytical expressions for both smooth and oscillatory parts are calculated for various sets of bubble parameters: driving pressure, frequency and ambient radius. The smooth problem always yields an average depletion of the heaviest species at the bubble wall, only noticeable for large molecules or nano-particles. For driving pressures sufficiently high to yield inertial oscillations of the bubble, the oscillatory problem predicts a periodic peak excess concentration of the heaviest species at the bubble wall at each collapse, lingering on several tens of time the characteristic duration of the bubble rebound. The two effects may compete for large molecules and practical implications of this segregation phenomenon are proposed for various processes involving acoustic cavitation.

This paper aims at investigating the influence of ultrasound power amplitude on liquid behaviour in a low-frequency (24 kHz) sono-reactor. Three types of analysis were employed: (i) mechanical analysis of micro-bubbles formation and their activities/characteristics using mathematical modelling. (ii) Numerical analysis of acoustic streaming, fluid flow pattern, volume fraction of micro-bubbles and turbulence using 3D CFD simulation. (iii) Practical analysis of fluid flow pattern and acoustic streaming under ultrasound irradiation using Particle Image Velocimetry (Ply). In mathematical modelling, a lone micro bubble generated under power ultrasound irradiation was mechanistically analysed. Its characteristics were illustrated as a function of bubble radius, internal temperature and pressure (hot spot conditions) and oscillation (pulsation) velocity. The results showed that ultrasound power significantly affected the conditions of hotspots and bubbles oscillation velocity. From the CFD results, it was observed that the total volume of the micro-bubbles increased by about 4.95% with each 100 W-increase in power amplitude. Furthermore, velocity of acoustic streaming increased from 29 to 119 cm/s as power increased, which was in good agreement with the PIV analysis. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350417714003472 
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25435397
http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/25435397

The dynamics of rapidly collapsing bubbles are of great interest due to the high degree of energy focusing that occurs withing the bubble. Molecular dynamics provides a way to model the interior of the bubble and couple the gas dynamics with the equations governing the bubble wall. While much theoretical work has been done to understand how a bubble will respond to an external force, the internal dynamics of the gas system are usually simplified greatly in such treatments. This paper shows how the gas system dynamics affect bubble collapse and illustrates what effects various modeling assumptions can have on the motion of the bubble wall. In addition, we present a method of adaptively partitioning space to improve the performance of collision intersection calculations when using an energy dependent collision cross section.

A series of experiments have manifested the prediction made by Yarman’s Approach (YA), where neutral bodies are posited to emit electromagnetic radiation due only to changes in the rate of acceleration. Yarman et al. similarly assert that, electric charges too should radiate via the same mechanism. Hence, according to YA, neutral and charged bodies shall produce emissions in both rotational and translational non-constant acceleration scenarios. We anticipate radiation to follow a quantitatively small loss of rest mass on account of the object getting bound to its accelerational field, which is a requirement of the law of energy conservation embodying the mass-energy equivalence of the Special Theory of Relativity (STR) under the framework of YA. For a circular motion with associated variance in angular acceleration, the radiation frequency will be identical to instantaneous revolutions per second. We report herein the outcome of three experiments aimed to test the aforementioned hyp...

The particles in a liquid decrease the ultrasonic intensity threshold required for cavitation onset. In this study, a new nanoconjugate composed of Protoporphyrin IX and gold nanoparticles (Au-PpIX) was used as a nucleation site for cavitation. The nonradiative relaxation time of Protoporphyrin IX in the presence of gold nanoparticles is longer than the similar time without gold nanoparticles. The acoustic cavitation activity was investigated via recording of the integrated sonoluminescence signal in the wavelength range of 220-700 nm in a gel phantom by a cooled charge coupled device (CCD) at different intensities of 1 MHz ultrasound. In order to confirm these results, a chemical dosimetric method was utilized, too. The recorded sonoluminescence signal in the gel phantom containing Au-PpIX was higher than the other phantoms. These records have been confirmed by the chemical dosimetric data. Therefore, we anticipate that a new nanoconjugate composed of Protoporphyrin IX and gold nanoparticles can act as an efficient sonoluminescence agent and could be introduced as a novel sonosensitizer for sonodynamic therapy.

In this Letter we propose a fundamental test for probing the thermal nature of the spectrum emitted by sonoluminescence. We show that two-photon correlations can in principle discriminate between real thermal light and the pseudo-thermal squeezed-state photons typical of models based on the dynamic Casimir effect. Two-photon correlations provide a powerful experimental test for various classes of sonoluminescence models.

It is well known that the primary Bjerknes force is the origin of the trapping of sonoluminescing bubble in the sound field in liquid. In the present Letter, the quantitative investigation of the behavior of hydrodynamic force on the moving sonoluminescing (SL) bubble introduces the new ...

The growth or dissolution of small gas bubbles (R0 < 15 µm) by rectified diffusion in nearly saturated liquids, subject to low frequencies (20 kHz < f < 100 kHz), high driving acoustic fields (1 bar < p < 5 bar) is investigated theoretically. It is shown that, in such conditions, the rectified diffusion threshold radius merges with the Blake threshold radius, which means that a growing bubble is also an inertially-oscillating bubble. On the assumption that such a bubble keeps its integrity up to the shape instability threshold predicted by single-bubble theory, a numerical estimation, and a fully analytical approximation of its growth-rate are derived. From one hand, the merging of the two thresholds raises the problem of the construction and self-sustainment of acoustic cavitation fields. From the other hand, the lifetime of the growing inertial bubbles calculated within the present theory is found to be much shorter than the time necessary to rectify argon. This allows an alternative interpretation of the absence of single-bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL) emission in multi-bubble fields, without resorting to the conventional picture of shape instabilities caused by the presence of other bubbles.

A single bubble oscillating in a levitation cell is acoustically monitored by a piezo-ceramics microphone glued on the cell external wall. The correlation of the filtered signal recorded over distant cycles on one hand, and its harmonic content on the other hand, are shown to carry rich information on the bubble stability and existence. For example, the harmonic content of the signal is shown to increase drastically once air is fully dissociated in the bubble, and the resulting pure argon bubble enters into the upper branch of the sonoluminescence regime. As a consequence, the bubble disappearance can be unambiguously detected by a net drop in the harmonic content. On the other hand, we perturb a stable sonoluminescing bubble by approaching a micron-sized fiber. The bubble remains unperturbed until the fiber tip is approached within a critical distance, below which the bubble becomes unstable and disappears. This distance can be easily measured by image treatment, and is shown to scale roughly with 3 to 4 times the bubble maximal radius. The bubble disappearance is well detected by the drop of the microphone harmonic content, but several thousands of periods after the bubble actually disappeared. The delay is attributed to the slow extinction of higher modes of the levitation cell, excited by the bubble oscillation. The acoustic detection method should however allow the early detection and imaging of non-predictable perturbations of the bubble by foreign micron-sized objects, such as crystals or droplets.

There are typically signs of light degradation of ionic liquids by pyrolysis when used in electrochemistry or when submitted to high heat or to ultrasound irradiation for chemical reactions. Cavitation observed through sonoluminescence from dry hydrophobic ionic liquids under sonication leads to degradation by pyrolysis at the level of traces. The degradation products can hinder recycling ionic liquids and, in turn, hinder the beneficial of their use and development of efficient large-scale processes. Unfortunately, various experimental limitations have prevented structural determination. The problems include the following: ionic liquids are almost non-volatile, which excludes the use of classical analytical techniques, and degradation products are produced at very low concentrations, which complicates extraction and analysis. Reported here is the first structural determination of the degradation products of a hydrophobic bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide-based ionic liquid under ultrasonic irradiation.