Linguocultural Studies

Powerful and scientifically truthful, such is the Biblical story from the Old Testament relating about the 40 years spent by the people of Israel in the desert until all the nation, that is, all the men who were born in slavery, perished. Since the end of the socialist regime in Bulgaria, only about thirty years have passed, and the short time-span makes writing about this period complicated: not enough time has elapsed so our emotions are still too strong.
On the other hand, no researcher should be scared of their emotions; rather, they should strive to overcome emotion and remain objective. Even when it comes to the sweetest (bittersweet actually!) emotion possible – nostalgia. This is why, I’d like to draw your attention to my thoughts and observations on the mechanisms of the changes occurring in culture and language back in the times of ‘socialist’ Bulgaria, especially in relation to important everyday-life concepts like “work” and “home”, as well as other cross-referencing concepts.

A contrastive approach towards concepts "good" and "evil" in Bulgarian and Russian Languages. Based on proverbs and questionnaire answers is constructed a matrix model for linguocultural comparison. It is not a surprise that the kernel elements in this matrix are basically the same for Bulgarian and Russian languages. However peripheral semantic elements show some differences.

В работе представлен анализ такого интересного типажа русской лингвокультуры, как писатель-эмигрант. Теоретической основой ана-лиза выступают преимущественно работы В. И. Карасика о лингвокуль-турных типажах. Особый упор делается на описание культур-ных/лингвокультурных особенностей типажа писателя-эмигранта последней волны (80-90 гг. XX в.) и их сравнение с особенностями типажа писателя-эмигранта более раннего периода.
This article deals with the linguistic-cultural analysis of Russian lin-guoculture character type such as an emigrant writer. The theoretical bases of the article are V. I. Karasik’s studies of the linguistic cultural character type research. The peculiarity of the last generation’s emigrant writer (80th – 90th of the XX century) are described. These peculiarities are analyzed with help of the cultural/linguocultural methods. The last generation of the emigrant writers are compared with the previous generations and their specific characters.

The present stage of development of linguistics is characterized by anthropocentric paradigm of scientific researches which are conducted within psycholinguistics, cognitive linguistics, linguoculturology, etc. Article deals with the one of the new trends of an anthropocentric scientific paradigm-linguopragmatics, the basic notion of which is considered to be linguistic personality (LP). The notion of LP and its structure is widely discussed in linguistic literature. As many researchers note, the model of LP is not a constant, it is open/available for further additions, elaboration and specification. The author highlights the problem of LP on the material of literary discourse in the integration of semantic-stylistic, communicative-pragmatic, cognitive, culturological characteristics makes it possible to construct the multilevel model of LP that reflects mental essence of this phenomenon.

Les lexicographes ont traité traditionnellement les signifiés multiples comme des éléments im-prévisibles à apprendre par coeur, raison pour laquelle les dictionnaires présentent les différents sens d'une entrée polysémique sous forme de liste statique de significations non connectées entre elles, et dans un ordre arbitraire (ou intuitivement basé sur leur fréquence d'usage). Ce-pendant, non seulement cela est peu compatible avec l'économie linguistique quant au coût de la mémorisation des acceptions, mais cela contredit le fait que, dans le lexique mental des natifs, les significations figuratives sont le plus souvent liées les unes aux autres par des relations ana-logiques plus ou moins implicites, motivées par un amalgame d'expériences communes, d'infé-rences logiques et de connaissances partagées. Ainsi le dictionnaire académique espagnol définit le substantif morralla au moyen d'une liste d'acceptions: la première relative aux "choses sans valeur", la deuxième aux "personnes insigni-fiantes" et la troisième aux "petits poissons" (DRAE) 1 , alors que c'est ce sens (littéral) qui motive les deux autres, pas seulement historiquement mais aussi du point de vue cognitif. Le domaine conceptuel de la pêche (où les poissons trop petits sont commercialement méprisables) est par-tiellement projeté sur d'autres domaines (choses, personnes). Le Larousse bilingue espagnol-français remet, à juste titre, ce sens en premier, en le traduisant par "menu fretin", sens qui per-met à lui seul de déduire tous les autres, qu'il s'agisse de personnes, de camelote ou de petite monnaie 2 , car l'image de base permet de "reconstruire" une connexion du lexique mental que le dictionnaire espagnol cachait. Apresjan (1974) employait le concept de polysémie régulière pour décrire des métonymies gé-néralisées telles que manger du veau, manger du poulet (le nom de l'animal pour celui de sa viande), et Lakoff (1983) considère que la métaphore est un phénomène dynamique, auquel participent non pas des signifiés individuels mais des domaines conceptuels entiers. Par exemple, l'expression avoir du temps correspond à une projection du domaine de la POSSESSION sur le domaine du TEMPS (cf. Pamies 2002), ce qui rend partiellement prévisibles, par inférence, les sens d'autres métaphores telles que gagner du temps, perdre du temps, donner du temps, gaspiller du temps, trouver du temps, récupérer du temps, de mon temps, prends ton temps, etc. Indépendamment de l'ordre chronologique de la création de ces expressions, un lien mental les unit au sein d'un mécanisme dynamique d'inférences, à partir d'un modèle général qui n'affecte pas le mot temps mais le domaine temporel tout entier, d'où la possibilité d'extension à toutes ses unités de mesure: tu as dix minutes pour..., je te donne trente secondes pour..., on a gagné une demi-heure, il nous reste une semaine, ils ont perdu deux mois, etc. Si le macro-modèle (POSSESSION → TEMPS) 3 existe aussi dans une autre langue, ses manifestations langagières de-1 Conjunto o mezcla de cosas inútiles y despreciables. /Multitud de gente de escaso valor. /Pescado me-nudo / Hond. y Méx. calderilla / monedas de escaso valor (DRAE). 2

У реферованій роботі комплексно досліджено мовленнєвий акт (МА) комплімент у німецькомовних драматичних творах XVIII–XX ст. у межах антропоцентричної наукової парадигми із застосуванням лінгвопрагматичного та системно-діяльнісного підходів у поєднанні з лінгвокультурологічним та психолінгвістичним аспектами, що дозволило простежити еволюцію його лінгвопрагматичних властивостей як результату внутрішнього розвитку мови та комунікативних потреб суспільства певного лінгвокультурного етносу.
Мета дисертаційної роботи полягає в комплексному аналізі МА компліменту та його еволюції в текстах німецькомовних драматургів XVIII–XX ст. Поставлена мета передбачає розгляд таких завдань:
− сформулювати теоретичні засади вивчення компліменту та експлікувати його дефініцію;
− відмежувати комплімент від суміжних МА та виокремити умови його реалізації;
− дослідити комунікативні інтенції мовця та їхню еволюцію протягом XVIII–XX ст.;
− з’ясувати функції компліменту в драматичному діалозі та простежити динаміку їхніх змін;
− проаналізувати тематично-смислові особливості компліментів упродовж XVIII–XX ст.;
− описати типи реакції на комплімент та виявити можливі зміни в сприйнятті компліментів;
− простежити динаміку впливу позамовних чинників на висловлення компліментів;
− ідентифікувати мовні особливості реалізації прямих та непрямих компліментів.
Об’єкт дослідження – МА комплімент у фрагментах текстів німецькомовних драматичних творів XVIII–XX ст.
Предмет дослідження – лінгвопрагматичні особливості реалізації МА компліменту в синхронному та діахронному аспектах.
Матеріалом дослідження слугували 1555 текстових фрагментів, що містять МА комплімент, виокремлені методом суцільної вибірки з 8-томної антології німецькомовних драматичних творів під загальною назвою «Der Kanon. Die deutsche Literatur. Dramen» (2004 р.) за редакцією М. Райх-Раніцкі. Антологія налічує 43 драматичні твори 23-ох німецькомовних письменників (Ґ. Е. Лессінґа, Ф. Шиллера, Й. В. Ґете, Г. ф. Кляйста, Ф. Раймунда, Й. Нестроя, К. Ґраббе, Ґ. Бюхнера, Ф. Геббеля, А. Шніцлера, Г. ф. Гофмансталя, Ф. Ведекінда, К. Штернгайма, Ґ. Гауптманна, О. ф. Горвата, Б. Брехта, М. Фріша, Ф. Дюрренматта, П. Вайса, Т. Бернгарда, Б. Штрауса, Г. Мюллера, П. Гакса) від середини XVIII до кінця XX століття загальним обсягом 4434 сторінки.

In modern studies on phraseology increasing attention is focused on the relation between language and culture. The acknowledgement of the importance of the inclusion of the cultural component in research on fixed phrases is connected to a great extent with the adaptation of cognitive approaches, which provide theoretical grounds for contrastive research allowing analyses of cultural aspects of phraseology.

Several years have elapsed since the defense of my PhD thesis. While I currently do not have opportunity to publish the work in a book form, I understand that recently there has been a revival and significant interest in the linguo-cultural studies with Bulgarian and other Slavonic languages. Therefore, I decided to take the chance and upload my work to Academia, in order to give more of my colleague linguists the opportunity to read it (and appreciate my great value as a linguistic and cultural studies guru, of course).
I’d like to use the occasion to thank my thesis advisor P. Legurska for her help and support during the thesis writing and defense, and my reviewers, L. Krumova-Tsvetkova and M. Almalech, for their objective reviews and for the many positive and useful recommendations I received from them.
The thesis has been uploaded in its original version, dated from the thesis defense (February 25 th, 2010). A couple of small adjustments and comments have been added, which have by no means altered the original intentions of the thesis.
Enjoy it!

In diesem Aufsatz wird eine im internationalen Forschungsdiskurs kaum wahrge­nommene, in der russischen und der postsowjetischen akademischen Welt jedoch überaus verbreitete und verwurzelte Wissenschaftsorientierung, die sog. Linguokulturologie (im russischen Original: лингвокультурология), vorgestellt und kritisch diskutiert. Die Linguokulturologie ist ein im letzten Jahrzehnt des 20. Jahr­hunderts entstandenes interdisziplinäres Fachgebiet, das sich grundlagentheoretisch mit den Wechselbeziehungen von Sprache und Kultur beschäftigt und mit dem Anspruch auftritt, die Erforschung der Interdependenz von Sprache und Kultur auf ein neues paradigmatisches Fundament zu stellen. Das Hauptanliegen des Beitrags besteht darin, ihre Historie zu eruieren und ihr Inhaltsspektrum sowie ihre Strukturkomponenten herauszuarbeiten, um damit letztendlich ihr Leistungspotenzial zu erschließen.

The third volume of the “Intercontinental Dialogue on Phraseology” series is a continuation of the project, which was inspired by the symposium "Phraseology 2009" organised by Professor Katsumasa Yagi at Kwansei Gakuin University in Nishinomiya, Japan. Thanks to the participation of scholars from Europe and Asia, the symposium enabled an intercontinental exchange of views on phraseology. The present volume is a result of a two-year cooperation of phraseologists from Africa, Asia, Australia and Europe. The volume starts with the section titled "Dialogue on Phraseology", which contains two papers by eminent phraseologists: Elisabeth Piirainen and Włodzimierz Wysoczański. Elisabeth Piirainen is an internationally recognised specialist in the field of phraseology, focussing on widespread idiomatic expressions, which are also discussed in her paper “Widespread idioms in Europe and beyond: New insights into figurative language". Włodzimierz Wysoczański does research on idiomatic stock of Slavic languages, who takes a special interest in cross-linguistic studies on similes. His paper, "Integralność we współczesnych badaniach frazeologicznych", deals with problems of contemporary analyses of phraseology. The section is followed by five parts, containing topically arranged papers. The first part, "Lexicography, Corpus Linguistics & Phraseology", contains five papers. Kaoru Akasu’s contribution, "On the Three Editions of the Kenkyusha’s Dictionary of English Collocations: A Comparative Analysis", contains a discussion on different editions of Kenkyusha dictionary of English collocations. The paper "Japanese idioms in corpus data and in dictionaries " by Priscilla Ishida offers an analysis of Japanese idioms in corpora and dictionaries. Outi Lauhakangas in her paper "On M. Kuusi’s database, type system and its challenges" presents Matti Kuusi database. Two papers deal with problems of lexicographic description: Alenka Vrbinc focuses on the inclusion of the dictionary presentation of meanings of fixed expressions in her paper titled "Phraseological units and the meaning: How is semantic information included in online dictionaries?", while Joanna Szerszunowicz, in her contribution "Cultural connotations of winged words in bilingual dictionaries", reflects on the place of cultural connotation in bilingual dictionaries. The second part, "General Linguistics & Phraseology", is composed of eight papers. In the paper “Wikipedia at its best – phraseological neologisms in Wikipedia discussions", Sabine Fiedler focuses on neologisms observed in Wikipedia discussions. The paper by Sergiusz Griniewicz, titled "Терминологические аспекты фразеологии", discusses the terminology. Elise Lopez dwells on an important problem occurring in a contrastive perspective: faux amis in phraseology. Her paper titled "A Study of Emic Proportions: Contextualising Phraseological False Friends" discusses the phenomenon in the emic perspective. Munzhedzi James Mafela’s contribution, "On the Phraseology of Tshiven da Idioms", contains a presentation of various aspects of idiomatic expressions used in the Tshivenda language. The paper by Ewa Młynarczyk, "Nazwy narzędzi jako podstawa metonimicznego obrazowania w przysłowiach i w swobodnych połączeniach wyrazowych", discusses the names of tools as a basis of metonymic imagery in proverbs and loose word combinations. Irina Naumova’s interest in the English Influence on Russian is reflected in her paper, titled "English Influence on Russian Phraseology (in the late eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries)", which contains an analysis of its selected examples of this impact. Magdalena Olejarnik analyses fixedness in mixed languages: her paper "Does phraseology exist in mixed languages? – A comparative study of verbal idioms in Standard Swahili and Sheng (a Swahili-English intertwined language)" contributes to the studies on the specifics of their phraseology. Makoto Sumiyoshi offers a in-depth analysis of the phrase Don’t ‘yes, sir’ me in his paper titled "Phrases, grammatical non-compositionality and functions in use: An analysis of Don’t ‘yes, sir’ me!”. The third part, "Ethnolinguistics, Discourse Analysis, Pragmatics & Phraseology", contains eight papers. In the paper "Traffic Metaphors in the Slovenian Language" Sasa Babić discusses how traffic-related issues are reflected in language, especially in fixed expressions. In her contribution "Woman in Estonian phraseology", Anneli Baran analyses how the woman is presented in the phraseological units of the Estonian language. Paola Capponi’s paper, "Forms of Threatening: Variants and Invariants", focuses on the threat as a linguistic phenomena. Elena V. Carter’s article “With An Open Heart: Somatic Idioms In Nikita Khrushchev’s Political Discourse In America" deals with somatic phraseology in N. Khruschev’s speeches delivered during his stay in the USA. The paper by Renata Dźwigoł, titled "Types of laughter – based on the analysis of Polish phraseological units and proverbs", contains a discussion of Polish fixed expression with a view to determining how different kinds of laughter are depicted. In the paper titled "Better working hard than yelling aloud: proverbs, metaphors and slogans in Chinese political discourse", Mariarosaria Gianninoto discusses Chinese formulaic language. Karolina Makowska’s article, titled "Analiza modyfikacji stałych połączeń wyrazowych w wypowiedziach Violetty Kubasińskiej z serialu BrzydUla", contains an analysis of the idiolect of a sitcom character who uses many modifications of fixed expressions. The phraseology of modern media are discussed by Jadwiga Tarsa who analyses Russian phraseological units in her paper titled "Фразеологизмы в Интернете – смесь традиции и современности". Four papers are included in the fourth part titled "The Contrastive Linguistics, Translation & Phraseology". The one by Edyta Koncewicz-Dziduch, "Deskryptywno-wartościujący charakter związków frazeologicznych z nazwami roślin w języku polskim, chorwackim, serbskim", aims to analyse the descriptive and evaluative character of phraseological units containing plant names in three languages: Polish, Croatian and Serbian. A contrastive analysis of a group of idiomatic expression is also presented by Laura Pinnavaia. In her paper "We are what we eat: Analyzing food and drink idioms in English, French, German, and Spanish", she discusses food and drink idioms in four languages. Sunil Sharma’s contribution also offers an insight into a problem of contrastive phraseology. His article "Kontrastive Untersuchung der Phraseologismen mit Gesichtsteilbezeichnungen im Deutschen und Hindi" contains an analysis of somatic phraseological units two languages: German and Hindi. Elena Zinovieva and Aleksiej Alyoshin focus on fixed comparisons in Russian and Swedish languages. Their paper titled "Русские и шведские устойчивые сравнения, характеризующие манеру речи человека" contains the analysis of the ones characterizing a person’s speech manner. The fifth part, "Cultural Studies, Language Teaching/Acquisition & Phraseology", comprises five papers. In the first article titled "Proverbial expressions and cultural context in archive materials" Liisa Granbom-Herranen shares her observations and remarks on using data for paremiography, especially in linguo-cultural analyses of proverbs. Three papers deal with problems from the sphere of language teaching and acquisition. In her paper "Phraseology and foreign language learning", Erla Hallsteinsdóttir offers a discussion on the role and place of phraseology in foreign language learning. Shin’ichiro Ishikawa’s paper analyses the use of phraseological units in oral and written texts produced by Asian students who learn English as a foreign language. The article by Krystyna Nikołajczuk "Najwyższy czas na frazeologię. Nauczanie polskich frazeologizmów o znaczeniu temporalnym w środowisku ukraińskojęzycznym", is devoted to teaching phraseology to learners of Polish as a foreign language in Ukraine. In his paper titled "Realia Nusantary w świetle indonezyjskiej frazeologii", Przemysław Wiatrowski discusses how the realia of a given ethnic community – in this case the Indonesian one – are reflected in phraseological stock.

The volume contains papers by phraseologists from Europe and Asia, which were written within the framework of the project Intercontinental Dialogue on Phraseology conducted by the University of Bialystok in cooperation with Kwansei Gakuin University in Japan (2009-2011). The book consists of the following parts: Dialogue on Phraseology, Corpus Linguistics, Lexicography and Phraseology, Contrastive Linguistics, Translation and Phraseology, Cultural Studies, Education and Phraseology.

The book is devoted to Polish, English and Italian units with animal names as their components. The aim is to compare the units excerpted from mono- and bilingual dictionaries, so that the differences and similarities between the pictures in particular languages could be discussed. The units chosen for the analysis are single-word faunal metaphors and phraseological units with the exclusion of proverbs. The book is composed of three chapters. Chapter one titled Faunal phraseology as the object of contrastive research contains the presentation of basic terms used in Polish, English and Italian studies. Selected contrastive studies on faunal phraseology are also discussed. Chapter two Faunal phraseology in a contrastive perspective: selected theoretical issues contains four subchapters. The first of them is devoted to the imagery of faunal units, while the focal issue of the second is the cultural character of the units analyzed. The symbolic value and evaluative connotations of faunal units are discussed. They are also presented as part of the linguistic picture of the world. In the third subchapter the origins of faunal units are outlined, with the emphasis on the international, national and local character of the units at issue. The last subchapter is devoted to their linguistic features. The third chapter, The picture of a man in faunal phraseology, contains a brief presentation of the description of a man in thematical dictionaries. The anthropocentric character of faunal units is also discussed. The picture of a man reflected in faunal units is composed of several fields. The first of them is the appearance of a man, which covers general description of height and weight as well the description of particular body parts. The evaluation of human appearance is also presented as well as the description of outfit worn by a man. Another field encompasses sensory activities and activities received by human senses. The next field is the one of movement. It encompasses the notions of speed, various kinds of movement, such as jumping, climbing, swimming etc., agility and awkwardness. The physical charateristics of a man constitutes the next field, i.e. age, sleep, strength and weakness, illness, death, eating, addictions, sexual life. Another field, a man perceived as a social being, contains human relations (family, good relations, bad relations), education, business, art and entertainment, crime and situations (poverty / richness, safety / freedom, freedom / captivity). The intelectual potential of a man constitutes the next field, covering stupidity, intelligence, memory and concentration. Two more fields comprise the characteristics of a man (meekness, faithfulness, patience, shyness, cowardice, courage, meanness, generosity, reserve, cleverness, vanity, stubornness) and emotions (love, happiness, anger, fear, shame). The last one, the human world, comprises its selected elements, such as the number / amount, places, weather, colours and time. The conclusion of the analysis is that the majority of fields are covered by faunal units in a similar way in three languages compared, but it should be stressed that significant differences are also observed. Some faunal units convey very specific meanings, not found in faunal lexis and phraseology in the two other languages.

The article deals with the concept - one of the basic units of cognitive linguistics. Specific features and various approaches (linguocognitive and linguoculturological) are analyzed in it. Concept structure and classification features are examined.
Keywords:  concept, typology, linguocognitive, linguoculturological, anthropology.

The thesis has been elaborated within the scientific area of linguoculturology (linguistics and cultural studies). The “concept” has been chosen as a major unit of analysis for the dissertation, and could basically be defined as a mental construct with its own realization in language. In this particular case, the author has examined the linguistic realization of the concepts expressed through the nouns good and evil.
A contrastive linguistic modeling of the concepts of good and evil in the naïve consciousness of the Bulgarian and Russian language personalities has been attempted, which allowed the author to discover common features in their content and volume. A base for the inter-linguistic comparison (tertium comparationis) of the concepts of good and evil has been worked out based on a large variety of language material in Bulgarian and Russian – surveys, dictionaries, proverbs, and lexical corpora. As a result of this contrastive study, a specific structure has been created involving the core and periphery of the concepts under analysis.

The main focus of this paper is on language and communication as the central meaning generating mechanisms of culture. The paper aims to systematically and heuristically investigate the complex alliance of language, culture and communicational interaction and at the same time to introduce several new fields of research by critically discussing their topics and potentials. In this regard, the dilemma of the question if, how much and which theory is necessary nowadays at all shall be examined first; therefore, the After-theory-program will also be addressed. Followed selectively by an illustrating look into the research history about language and about culture resp. about culture and language (without losing sight of the psychological process of “thinking”) with examples from selected linguistic and closely related disciplines. It is before this background, that aspects of culture-sensitive linguistic approaches will be analytically focused on and new paradigms – the Anglo-American “culture linguistics”, the Russian-post-soviet “linguoculturology” and the German Studies originated specifically multilingualism-oriented “intercultural linguistics”— will be closely scrutinised, primarily from the perspective of German Linguistics.

Аннотация В статье прослеживается ряд основополагающих факторов англоязычной лингвокультурной экспансии, включая языковую политику «модернизации» и «вестернизации»; рассматриваются ее инструменты, такие как агрессивное продвижение языка, экспорт языковой педагогики; говорится о ее следствиях -субтрактивном билингвизме и нарастающем циклическом воспроизводстве чужих языка и культуры; наконец, делаются наметки будущего лингвокультурологического исследования: обозначаются понятия нейтральности и культурно-идеологической заряженности языка и в этом ракурсе описываются два типа EFL-языка: базовый английский и английский для высшего уровня.

The purpose of this paper is to reconstruct the methods in the goldworking technology of the Tagalog community based on Fray San Buenaventura's Vocabulario de Lengua Tagala published in 1613. The study examines the processes and technical knowledge involved in raw materials procurement, reduction sequences, actual object production, and discard. The study attempts to present a linguistic account as an aspect of an ethnohistorical study of the ancient Tagalog goldworking tradition. The linguistic account on goldworking processes, techniques, and products could be employed as a possible source for material patterning in the archaeological record, and in analysing ancient gold works and other related artefacts.

The paper discusses how the connotative potential of anthroponyms is used in idiomatic expressions. The problem is analysed in a cross-linguistic perspective: the multiword idiomatic units excerpted from English and Italian dictionaries are studied with a view to creating a typology of interlingual equivalents.

The present article examines some aspects of penetration of the concepts ‘tree’ and ‘stone’ in Bulgarian language and culture. Language material from dictionaries, reference books and proverbs is used in order to interpret the perception of tree and stone by Bulgarian native speakers.
I borrowed the 'stone part' (though with some changes) from my previous publication named “The Stone in Bulgarian Linguoculture”: see Камъкът в българската лингвокултура (The Stone in Bulgarian Linguoculture) @Academia.edu.

In the article are compared certain Bulgarian and Russian proverbs containing nouns good and evil which author believes are language representations (names) of general concepts of good and evil in both Bulgarian and Russian. Such a linguo-cultural comparison is a step towards revealing of multilayer structure of concepts with accent put on their diachronic plan. It also could help in other linguo-cultural researches concerning concepts intercepting with good and evil: god, devil, happiness, sorrow etc.

This paper examines how the representatives of the Bulgarian and Polish linguocultural community
understand hospitality. Focusing on the linguistic picture of the world in both languages (which entails a
lingo-anthropological analysis of Bulgarian and Polish phrases, idioms, words, and sayings) we discover
some similarities between the Bulgarian and the Polish worldview, linked to the theme of ‘hospitality’.
The study also contains a comparative analysis of Bulgarian/Polish and English expressions. The analysis
is used to outline some unique features in the fragment of the Bulgarian/Polish linguistic picture of the
world we are looking at.

Лингвокультурологическая обусловленность создания языковых анекдотов Аннотация: Статья посвящена изучению языковой игры в текстах жанра анекдота, объединенных общей лексико-семантической структурой и коммуникативно-прагматическими принципами, представленных в английской, французской и русской традициях. Выявляются лингвистические и культурологические факторы, обусловливающие специфику создания языковой игры в различных национальных традициях, общие черты и различия в использовании лингвистических средств и приемов. Ключевые слова: культурологический аспект, лингвистический аспект, лингвистические механизмы, лингвистические средства, языковая игра, анекдот, омонимия, паронимия, ономастика.

Апстракт: У раду се, контрастивним приступом, посматрају француски и српски зоонимски фразеологизми библијског порекла с циљем да се покажу све сличности и разлике које се јављају на семантичком и лингвокултуролошком плану двају посматраних језика. Анализа се врши у оквиру постулата Клајберове теорије семантичких поља и Телијиног лингвокултуролошког модела. Присуство животиња у Библији и њихова снажна симболика послужили су као мотивациона база за настанак великог броја устаљених језичких структура-фразеологизама, колокација, пословица и изрека којима се реконструише језичка слика света и који метафоричким и/или метонимијским путем упућују на човеков живот уопше, на људске активности, на физичке, моралне и карактерне особине, на људска стања и емоције, на човеков положај у друштву и на његов однос према осталим припадницима друштвене заједнице. Осим тога, фразеологизми библијског порекла са зоонимском компонентом реферирају и на друге фрагменте стварности у којима је главни актер човек: успостављање мира, пружање сигурности и заштите, упуштање у опасне ситуације. Анализирани примери ексцерпирани су из француских и српских фразеолошких речника 2007) као и са интернета. Кључне речи: фразеологизми, библизми, зооними, семантичка структура, француски језик, српски језик. Увод Језик Библије извршио је снажан утицај на формирање књижевних језика многих хришћанских народа. Преводи Светог писма на народне језике постали су основа књижевних језика многих европских народа. Различити преводи на поједине језике условили су и разлике које показују специфичности националне адаптације библијских израза и посебности фразеологизације и паремиологизације у одвојеним језичким системима. У француском језику постоји велики број превода Библије. Рад је настао у оквиру научноистраживачког пројекта Романистика и словенски језици, књижевности и културе у контакту и дисконтакту (бр.81/1-17-8-01) који финансирају Филозофски факултет Универзитета у Нишу, АУФ (Аgence universitaire de la francophonie) и Амбасада Републике Француске у Србији (Ambassade de France en Serbie).

A number of proverbs contain onomastic constituents, i.e. proper names. Many of the components at issue are anthroponyms, i.e. names of persons, which reflects the anthropocentric viewpoint of language users. It should be emphasized that anthroponyms are used in a given culture and many of them develop connotations, in some cases specific to a given culture, in others present in more than one language, e.g. due to the common cultural heritage, as it is the case with the languages belonging to the European league, for which especially Antiquity and Christianity were of great importance. Therefore, the units containing anthroponymic constituents are particularly interesting in a contrastive perspective. To illustrate the problems in question Italian and Polish proverbs, are analyzed with a view to determining the repertoire of anthroponyms in proverbs in both languages. The anthroponymic constituents are classified and compared, so that similarities and differences in the two repertoires could be discussed. The functions of the anthroponymic constituents are analyzed and exemplified, which allows for comparing them.

Abstract
The floral semantic field constitutes a privileged example to study the relation between cultural
symbols and figurative language from a cross-linguistic point of view. Following the main
guidelines of the Conventional Figurative Language Theory (Dobrovol'skij/Piirainen 2005)
this work compares the symbolic background of figurative motivation for three flowers : the
oleander blossom in Spanish, the lotus blossom in Chinese, and the Chrysanthemum in both
cultures, looking for the traces of floral semiotics in the lexicon, as well as idioms and proverbs.

In the paper the cultural references in jokes are discussed from a translational perspective. Attention is paid to such elements as culture-bound proper names, intracultural winged words and names of various culture-specific artifacts. Moreover, translation problems signalled in the article may be related to the stereotyped images developed in the source culture, which are not present in the target culture.

This study investigates the concept of ‘success’ as a cultural value and part of the national-specific thinking of the Bulgarian people. The paper suggests a close relationship betweenBulgarian culture and that of individuals with an “external locus of control” (the term of Julian B.Rotter). This is backed-up by a lingo-cultural analysis of Bulgarian phrases and sayings incontemporary Bulgarian colloquial speech that refer to success and/or lack of success.

Pavel N. Donec / Csaba Földes ,Replikantiaʻ aus dem frühen Kindes-und Grundschulalter Befunde und Schlüsse eines psycho-linguokulturellen Experiments In: Smailagić, Vedad (Hrsg.): Die Leistung der Philologie bei der Deutung der Kultur(en). Tübingen: Stauffenburg 2019 (Stauffenburg-Aktuell; 10). S. 207-233. 3 An dieser Stelle sei darauf hingewiesen, dass sich diese Einschätzung auf die zentralen Grundprobleme bezieht, ungeachtet vereinzelter Versuche, bestimmte Teilaspekte des Verhältnisses ‚Sprache -Kultur' in die Argumentation einiger -z. B. sprachdidaktischer, soziolinguistischer, psycholinguistischer, lexikologischer, translatologischer, textlinguistischer und sonstiger -Studien mit einzubeziehen. 4 Erstauflage: 1973.

Many fixed phrases of various kind belong to widespread units, shared by several ethnic communities. Apart from full equivalents, given meanings can be expressed by parallel equivalents, i.e. units which differ in the imagery. However, certain source language idioms and proverbs verbalizing culture-bound meanings, which show great resemblance to the corresponding target language ones, differ significantly due to a number of reasons. The aim of the paper is to shed light on the phenomenon of culturally salient expressions and their apparently similar interlingual equivalents. The problem will be discussed on the example of the Polish saying Chłop wyjdzie ze wsi, a wieś z chłopa nigdy [lit. A peasant will leave a village, but the village will never leave the peasant], meaning 'You can take the man out of the village, but you can't take the village out of the man' and a set of related phrases.

The aim of the paper is to analyze whether, and, if yes, how the cultural component is presented in bilingual dictionaries of idioms, both Polish-English and English-Polish. The central argument is that the cultural component has been neglected in bilingual phraseographic works and deserves more attention. The analysis aims to provide grounds for making a model of the presentation of cultural information in the bilingual dictionaries of idioms. Modern bilingual dictionaries, both Polish-English and English-Polish, published in the period between 1990 and 2010, are analyzed with a view to determining whether the cultural component is present. Providing that the cultural information
is included in the entries, it is analyzed what kind of information can be found and which units tend to be accompanied with the cultural information.

Resumo: O objetivo do nosso trabalho é falar sobre o Projeto “Dicionários
Culturais” desenvolvido na Universidade de Granada, Espanha,
sob a coordenação do Prof. Dr. Juan de Dios Luque Duran. Discutimos
acerca de alguns tipos de dicionário, dentre os quais o dicionário cultural
e mostramos aspectos que diferenciam esse tipo de dicionário dos
dicionários de símbolos.

В данной статье понятие концепта рассматривается в качестве точки пересечения основных единиц формирования лингвокультурных компетенций. Концепт включает в себя как понятийное и образное, так и ценностное измерения. Концепт можно считать также одной из основ формирования вторичной языковой личности, так как она есть синтез проанализированного первичного и вторичного лингво-культурологического опыта, происходящий в контексте межкультурного обучения – предпосылки формирования межкультурной компетенции.

In the present paper, it is undertaken to discuss phraseological terminology and to present selected classifications of phraseological units developed in the Polish and Anglo-American traditions. Furthermore, this article seeks to outline the research done on Polish-English contrastive phraseology as well as to suggest some directions and topics of contrastive studies of Polish-English phraseology to be done in the future.

The article studies the standpoint of the concept of wine in Bulgarian language and culture from a linguocultural point of view. Based on corpus material from a variety of dictionaries, Bulgarian National Corpus and National Register of Populated Places, the article proves the significance of wine as a linguistic and cultural concept. Linguistic and cultural interpretations are provided for a considerable part of what could be safely regarded as the "conceptosphere of wine".

The present text aims to discuss the problems related to culture-boundness of the connotations of proper names. The general objectives of the present paper are twofold: first, to discuss proper names as carriers of connotations developed in a particular culture; second, to analyze which aspects related to their character are most problematic in the process of translation and which techniques to use to compensate for the translation loss. The specific aim is to illustrate this issue by presenting a case study of the Polish culture-bound name "Katyń" – a name of great importance in the history of Poland. Several texts containing this proper name will be discussed from a translational perspective to give an insight into the complex character of connotative potential of the onym in question. The texts were chosen from those available in the Polish national corpus and the ones retrieved by means of the WebCorp tool. The case studies bridge discourse analysis with translation studies, with a focal issue on cross-cultural approach.

The article is devoted to the investigation of the basic concept Quantity structural components correlation. The continual character of the human mind, the absence of clear-cut boundaries and abundance of transition zones allows the representatives of ‘definite multitude’, namely numerals, to render the idea of ‘indefinite multitude’. Since the number as a means of Quantity representation is a universal form of human cognition results reflection, the reconstruction of certain aspects of ‘indefinite and definite multitudes’ interaction in contrastive dimension gives an opportunity to single out additional universal sense-bearing components in the structure of the underlying concept of number in different linguocultural communities.

The paper addresses the verbalization of the axiologeme of “humility” in Ukrainian linguoculture based on the Corpus of the Ukrainian language. The semantics of the “tokens of humility” in Early Christian literature and Ukrainian fi ction of the 19th and 20th centuries is analyzed in the comparative aspect. It is shown that the axiologeme of “humility” belongs to the central values of the early Christian axiosphere, being defi ned as obedience to God and diminishing one’s own value. The paper identifi es new evaluative connotations in the semantics of “tokens of humility” in Ukrainian language and describes the evolution of the axiologeme of “humility”. It is established that “tokens of humility” can acquire negative semantics in Ukrainian language (“complacency”, “weakness”, “insignifi cance”, “pity”, “despair”, “apathy”), as opposed to extremely positive connotations of Greek lexemes in the New Testament and Early Christian literature. As the study showed, the variability of the semantics and the palette of evaluative connotations of the “tokens of humility” can only be established through the use of corpus data in comparative and diachronic studies, as vocabulary data do not show the depth of semantic changes and do not allow for the identifi cation new contextual meanings.

В статье проводится лингвокультурологический и лингвогенетический анализ метафоры Мирового Древа германо-скандинавской лингвокультуры. На основе понятия дескриптивной лексики и первообраза описывается соотношение между понятиями метафоры, образы и символа, исследуется символическое освоение языковой действительности в древнегерманской лингвокультуре, выявляются концептуальные смыслы метафоры Мирового Древа. Ключевые слова: метафора, концептуальные смыслы, образ, образность, символ, первообраз, дескриптивная лексика, лингвистическая генетика, языковые гены, лингвокультурология, Старшая Эдда, древнеисландский язык.