Legal Codifications

This article focuses on the European standard of civilisation regarding domestic legal systems and its application in imperial Ethiopia. It establishes a link between European legal imperialism, Abyssinian imperialism, and imperial Ethiopia’s domestic legal regime overhaul. More specifically, it examines imperial Ethiopia’s response to charges of inadequate domestic legal regime (notably, civil codification) and its relationship to the ideological views and interests of the Abyssinian elites concerned with the consolidation of a unique Horn of African empire in the shadow of semi-colonialism. It argues that civil codification in imperial Ethiopia was embedded in an imperialism bent on expanding the Abyssinian image of Ethiopia into the juridical realm. The 1960 Ethiopian Civil Code, which did not make concessions to non-Orthodox Christian gebbars of imperial Ethiopia’s peripheries, is a pronouncement of Abyssinian paramountcy in imperial Ethiopia. By showing the 1960 Ethiopian Civil Code, imperial Ethiopia’s most recognisable response to European legal imperialism was reflective of Abyssinian imperialism, not just its semi-colonialism, the article highlights the importance of considering the multiple historical (imperial) contexts for semi-colonial polities’ responses to European legal imperialism.

After the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, the Turkish nation was born out of the ashes along with the founding of the new Turkish Republic. Due to providing unity on law, the new Republic should have to lead the enactment process. Also, there were traces of traditional aspects from the Ottoman community that reflects the legislation process. Herein, the Turkish Republic decided to adapt the Swiss Civil Code to reach the level of contemporary civilization. In this study, it will be explained first the codification in Switzerland with its legal history and codification process. And then, the adoption process of the Swiss Civil Code by Turkey will be addressed under the titles of historical background and adoption process with its result. In the light of these, the real intention behind the adoption of Turkey will be evaluated. Lastly, within the cultural diversities that are coming forward differences in their law systems and their effects on society will be addressed.

Historia et ius-ISSN 2279-7416 rivista di storia giuridica dell'età medievale e moderna www.historiaetius.eu-14/2018-paper 26 1 Giuseppe Speciale Il can. 2209 del Codex iuris canonici del 1917: appunti sulla disciplina del concorso di persone nel reato dal ius commune ai codici SOMMARIO: 1. Premesse ordinative-2. Il lascito della tradizione: estratti dall'ipertesto del ius commune. 3. L'irrompere della codificazione-4. Il canone 2209 del Codex Iuris Canonici del 1917-5. Il concorso nel Codex del 1983, nel Codex Canonum ecclesiarum orientalium, nel Codice Rocco-6. Determinatezza della norma penale. Principio ingombrante? Preoccupazione "eccessiva"? Qualche suggerimento dai progetti di riforma (ad oggi non realizzata) del legislatore italiano del '900-7. Il canone 2209: equilibrio tra tradizione e rivoluzione (codificatoria). ABSTRACT: The evolution of penal laws about conspiracy, complicity and involvement from the age of ius commune until nowadays in civil law and in canon law, with a focus on the rules of Italy's penal codes and Church's code of 1917.

SOMMARIO: 1. Una premessa. -2. L'introduzione dell'ABGB nel Lombardo-Veneto: dalla parte dei 'pubblici' bravi zelanti artigiani. -3. … dalla parte dei 'privati' bravi zelanti artigiani del diritto. -4. I notai. -5. Gli avvocati. -6. Lo studio del diritto all'Università di Pavia. -7. Quali conclusioni? 2. L'INTRODUZIONE DELL'ABGB NEL LOMBARDO-VENETO: DAL-LA PARTE DEI 'PUBBLICI' BRAVI ZELANTI ARTIGIANI

The presented article is an attempt at a synthesis of problems connected with the notion, shapes and the role of codification in a democratic state of law. Codification constitutes the foundation of legal order which a given state possesses in a particular area of normalization. A code of law is the most valued form of systematization of legal norms in a given area of law.

Niniejszy artykuł stanowi próbę syntetycznego ujęcia problemów związanych z pojęciem, postaciami i rolą kodyfikacji w demokratycznym państwie prawa. Kodyfikacja stanowi fundament porządku prawa powszechnie obowiązującego w państwie w zakresie określonej dziedziny unormowań. Kodeks zaś jest najwyżej cenioną przez naukę prawa formą systematyzacji norm prawnych w danej gałęzi prawa.

Comparative legal history is a fashionable new discipline which aims at a better understanding of the law's past by comparing similarities and differences of legal phenomena in two or more jurisdictions beyond the limits of national legal histories. Despite its popularity in Europe, it still lacks comparative projects that cover both Western and Eastern areas of the Continent, not least because the methodology of such comparison requires proper consideration and cannot be simply copied from comparative law or national legal histories.
The present article evaluates the applicability of the dominant method of today's comparative law (the functional one) in the domain of the general contract law of the first codifications in the major jurisdictions of Continental Europe (Austria, France, Germany, Russia) during the 'long 19th century'. This subject matter is chosen by way of example as a 'legal cross-road' of legal concepts and models, more susceptible to changes, innovations, borrowings, and closely linked to social needs.
In the main part of the article, it is argued that the adaptation of the functional method to the needs of comparison in legal history becomes plausible due to at least two factors. First, comparatists mitigated the rigid assumptions of the 'classical' functionalism of the 20th century (rejecting its privileged status and purely functional perception of law, irrebuttable presumptions of similarity and unification of compared legal systems etc.). Second, many legal historians, like the drafters of the first civil codes in Western and Eastern Europe, also believe that law is more than minimally connected to social problems and manifests itself primarily through its actual application.
On the basis of such premises, the author of this article discusses potential benefits and limitations of researching general contract law in the selected jurisdictions with the functional method. At the preparatory (descriptive) stage, it can be useful to assure comparability of contract law in the selected civil codes, to identify omissions in the codified general rules on contracts, and to arrange legal provisions around practically relevant issues. At the stage of analysis, functionalism can be coupled with teleological interpretation of legal norms to enable us to understand better the link between the application of the legal rules, their legal purposes, and the practical social problems serving as tertium comparationis for all the compared jurisdictions.
A sketch of such an analysis in the final part of the article allows to conclude that research with the help of the functional method narrows our perception of law as a cultural phenomenon and breaks the inner doctrinal logic, but in return, it offers a starting point for much needed dialogue of legal historians with a wider legal community.

Streszczenie: Przedmiotem artykułu jest porównanie przebiegu prac i motywacji towarzyszących kodyfikacji prawa cywilnego w Republice Chińskiej (1912-1949) ze współczesną piątą już próbą skodyfikowania prawa cywilnego w Chińskiej Republice Ludowej, której zakończenie przewiduje się na rok 2020. Celem jest wykazanie, że w obu tych przypadkach najważniejszym czynnikiem zmian były nie potrzeby wewnętrzne państwa, lecz w dużej mierze troska o uregulowanie pozycji kraju na arenie międzynarodowej. Analiza oparta została na dwóch kluczowych dla zrozumienia tego tematu pojęciach: suwerenności i koncepcji rządów prawa.

Summary: The main issue of this article is a comparison of codification of private law in the Republic of China (1912–1949) with the current fifth attempt to codify civil law in the People’s Republic of China, which is planned to be enacted in 2020. The aim of the paper is to prove that in both the most important factors for drafting new laws were not the internal needs of the state, but the necessity to regulate the position of the country on the international arena. The analysis is based on two main concepts: sovereignty and the rule of law, which are crucial for understanding this issue.

Table of contents: 1. Introduction: the three different categories of general principles relevant for the construction of an EU system of private international law. 2. The general principles of private international law and the general principles of law common to most legal systems. 3. The general principles of EU law and their role in the development and the completion of the system. 4. The role of general principles and the uncertain perspectives of the adoption of an EU code of private international law.

The study presents the edition of an important reform project which was written for Maria Theresa in 1772 during discussions on the Bohemian Famine. It explains in a systematic manner most of the Josephine reforms. The authorship is usually attributed to Franz Anton Blanc, sometimes to Joseph II. The introductory study asks whether Sonnenfels could have contributed to it as well.

Yirmi beş yıl önce, Dekan Georges Vedel, idare hukukunun içtihadî karakterinin sorgulanmasını, onu daha az esrarlı ve daha ulaşılabilir kılmak için savunmuştu. Bundan sonra idare hukuku, bilhassa hukuku sadeleştirme siyasetinin etkisi altında, giderek daha az içtihadî hâle geldi. Fakat maalesef, gittikçe daha esrarengizleşerek…