League of Legends

Dracorex was a dinosaur of the family Pachycephalosauridae, that lived during the Late Cretaceous of North America. The type (and only) species is Dracorex hogwartsia, meaning "dragon king of Hogwarts".
It is known from one nearly complete skull (the holotype TCMI 2004.17.1), as well as four cervical vertebrae including the atlas, third, ninth and eighth. These were discovered in the Hell Creek Formation in South Dakota by three amateur paleontologists from Sioux City, Iowa. The skull was subsequently donated to the Children's Museum of Indianapolis for study in 2004, and was formally described by Bob Bakker and Robert Sullivan in 2006.

Dracorex, a herbivore, had a skull with spiky horns, bumps, and a long muzzle. The species also sports well-developed supratemporal fenestrae and a heavily-armored flat skull – lacking the characteristic pachycephalosaurid dome. Coupled with these two features is the excessive number of osteoderms in the form of irregular osteodermal crust: a number of nodes, larger hornlets, and spikes. Disregarding this, Dracorex is physically comparable to Stygimoloch. In the Pachycephalosauridae family, the Asian taxa includes a number of (somewhat) flat-headed pachycephalosaurs (Homalocephale calat'hocercos, Goyocephale lattimorei, and Wannanosaurus yansiensis). However, prior to the discovery of Dracorex, the only semi-flat-headed pachycephalosaur from North America was Stegoceras validum (inclusive of Ornatotholus' browni). Even then, the semi-flat-headed trait was only present in juveniles of the species.

Aside from having a flat, nodal skull, the most prominent feature of Dracorex is the pair of huge and unrestricted superior temporal openings. The supratemporal fenestrae are much larger front-to-back and side-to-side than in Homalocephale, and larger than in Goyocephale. Only a fragmentary Wannanosaurus skull shows fenestrae as large as those of Dracorex. This fenestral architecture has been seen in ancient archosaurs, but not in other pachycephalosaurs.

Consequently, if unreduced superior fenestrae are morphologically primitive, then Dracorex is more primitive in the temporal region than any other known pachycephalosaur. However, Sullivan (2003, 2006) demonstrated that the oldest known pachycephalosaurs were, in fact, fully-domed, and that the flat-headed morphology appeared later in the fossil record. This suggests that doming may be primitive for pachycephalosaurs and that a reversion to the non-domed, flat-headed state is a secondary (derived) character reversion, coupled with the re-opening of the supratemporal fenestrae. Indeed, while Stegoceras has been considered to be transitional between domed and flat-headed taxa, it may indicate the beginning of a character reversion to suppression of doming and opening of the supratemporal fenestrae in some taxa.

The excavated specimen was most likely a young adult. However, based on ossification of the mid-cervical arch with the centrum, it was near maturity. The animal was approximately 10 feet (3 m) long.

However, at the 2007 annual meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Jack Horner of Montana State University presented evidence, from analysis of the skull of holotype specimen TCMI 2004.17.1, that Dracorex may well be a juvenile form of Pachycephalosaurus.

Classification
In the original description, Bob Bakker included Dracorex in the family Pachycephalosauridae within the subfamily Pachycephalosaurinae. In the latter in the Pachycephalosaurini tribe together with Pachycephalosaurus forming a clearing next to Stygimoloch . To carry out the analysis of the relationships between the genders, he observed the differences in cranial ornamentation.

In a comprehensive study of numerous fossils of Pachycephalosaurus published in 2009, John R. Horner and Mark B. Goodwin , a strong variation warn ontogenetic of the skull : large morphological differences between juveniles and adults. For them, the flat Dracorex skull , the nodules at the front end, the small spines at the back, and the thick but non-dome-shaped frontoparietal, indicate that the only known specimen is a juvenile Pachycephalosaurus

Alternative interpretation
Dracorex may be a closely related individual of Stygimoloch and / or Pachycephalosaurus in which the cupola and horns are not well developed either because the animal was a juvenile or a female. This consideration was supported at the 2007 annual meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology.

Jack Horner from Montana State University presented evidence, from analysis of the skull of the only extant specimen of Dracorex , that this dinosaur could be a juvenile form of Stygimoloch . In addition, he presented data indicating that both Stygimoloch and Dracorex may be juvenile forms ofPachycephalosaurus . Horner and MB Goodwin published their findings in 2009, showing that the spine / nodule bones and cranial domes of all three species' exhibit extreme plasticity and that both Dracorex and Stygimoloch are known only from juvenile specimens, while Pachycephalosaurus is only known from specimens. Adults". These observations, plus the fact that all three forms lived at the same time and place, lead them to conclude that Dracorex and Stygimoloch may have simply been juvenile Pachycephalosaurs that had lost their spines and developed domes as they aged. The researchers were unable to break out Dracorex's skull to sample it,  and had to use a cast of the skull for descriptive purposes.
A 2010 study by Nick Longrich and colleagues also supported the hypothesis that all flat-headed pachycephalosaurus were juveniles, suggesting that flat-domed forms, such as Goyocephale and Homalocephale , represent the juveniles of domed adults. 
In 2016, Goodwin and Evans analyzed the youngest known ontogimorphs of Pachycephalosaurus , collected from the Hell Creek Formation. While this material would normally refer to DracorexSince it represented one or more individuals younger than the only known Dracorex individual and displayed similar characteristics, the items showed that the unique characters in Dracorex and Stygimoloch represent morphological characters consisting of a morphological continuum for Pachycephalosaurus . In other words, these younger individuals showed that Dracorex characteristics were probably transient and can be easily traced on a growth curve to Pachycephalosaurus , where Stygimoloch and Dracorex are incorporated into this genus. As such, DracorexIt is probably not a single species, but a more modern synonym for Pachycephalosaurus .
This study has not been challenging and represents the most recent analysis of this genre. In conclusion, an ontogenetic relationship is established, being infantile, juvenile and adult individuals of the same species, between Dracorex hogwartsia , Stygimoloch spinifer and Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis , the latter being the bearer of the valid species name, as it is the first of the three to be described.

Name
The name Dracorex hogwartsia was inspired by young visitors to the Children's Museum of Indianapolis as a tribute to both dragons (Dracorex means "dragon king"), which the animal resembled, as well as the Harry Potter series of books by J.K. Rowling (hogwartsia for the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, the fictional school from the popular series).

References
^ Bakker, R. T., Sullivan, R. M., Porter, V., Larson, P. and Saulsbury, S.J. (2006). "Dracorex hogwartsia, n. gen., n. sp., a spiked, flat-headed pachycephalosaurid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation of South Dakota." in Lucas, S. G. and Sullivan, R. M., eds., Late Cretaceous vertebrates from the Western Interior. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 35, pp. 331–345. [1]
^ Erik Stokstad,"SOCIETY OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY MEETING:Did Horny Young Dinosaurs Cause Illusion of Separate Species?", Science Vol. 18, 23 Nov. 2007, p. 1236; http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/318/5854/1236.

Background and aims: Our primary goal was to determine and compare the anger expression strategies used by players of the two most popular online games, League of Legends and Fortnite Battle Royale, as well as those used by non-gamers.

Methods: The study sample was comprised of 450 subjects, of whom 338 were males and 112 females. The sample was further divided into four groups: 1. Non-gamers; 2. League of Legends gamers; 3. Fortnite gamers; and 4. League of Legends and Fortnite gamers. Anger attributes were measured using the validated Hungarian version of the 20-item Anger Expression Scale (Oláh 1987; Spielberger, 1985). Multinomial Logistic Regression was used to analyze the role of age and gender of the subjects to predict whether subjects were non-gamers or gamers. Subjects were further assessed by employing the Anger Expression Scale, which determines Anger-In (turning anger inwards or suppressing anger) and Anger-Out (expressing anger outwardly) profiles of individuals. The Anger-In and Anger-Out variables were added to the model.

Results: Compared to League of Legends gamers, Fortnite gamers had a more passive (Anger-In) anger expression strategy. Fortnite and League of Legends gamers possessed a more passive anger expression strategy relative to nongamers.

Discussion and conclusion: Further research is needed to determine whether the games themselves have a determining influence on the gamers anger expression strategy, or whether the gamers personality and anger expression strategy predisposed them to choose one game over the other.

Abstract: This article discusses the processes involved in the construction of group membership and cohesion in a semiprofessional team of esports in the city of Belém, the capital of the state of Pará, in the Brazilian Amazonian territory. This effort discusses what characterizes the progression and union of a particular team in a local competitive scenario in which ephemeral teams predominate. Based on an eleven-month ethnography with a set of players engaged in professional competitive practice, and through observations from field research, we compiled a set of 12 essential characteristics filled out by the team. Also, this study points to the development of an ethos of professionalism in a peripheral context, indicating the existence of an Amazonian esports scenario – in the North Region of the Brazil, with emphasis in Belém, Pará. The results indicate the subsistence of a social fabric composed of a variety of other elements that, in turn, constitute an ethos of group camaraderie that plays a central role in the competitive dynamics that underlie the team as a group.

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Hak Asasi Manusia merupakan hak dasar yang dimiliki dan melekat dalam diri setiap individu manusia dalam suatu Negara. Dalam UU Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia, disebutkan bahwa Hak Asasi Manusia adalah seperangkat hak yang melekat pada hakikat dan keberadaan manusia sebagai makhluk Tuhan Yang Maha Esa dan merupakan anugerah-Nya yang wajib dihormati, dijunjung tinggi dan dilindungi oleh Negara, hukum, Pemerintah, dan setiap orang demi kehormatan serta perlindungan harkat dan martabat manusia 1 . Artinya, dengan adanya ketentuan mengenai Hak Asasi Manusia tersebut, Negara wajib hadir untuk melindungi setiap hak individu warga negaranya, sehingga dapat secara bebas untuk memperoleh kehidupan yang layak, mengembangkan diri, mengekspresikan gagasan dan kreativitasnya, serta mengoptimalkan peran dan sumbangsihnya terhadap kesejahteraan hidup manusia secara luas. Dalam UUD 1945 Pasal 28I ayat (1) juga disebutkan bahwa perlindungan, pemajuan, penegakan, dan pemenuhan hak asasi adalah tanggung jawab Negara, terutama pemerintah. Demikian juga bunyi pasal 8 UU No. 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia. Bunyi pasal-pasal tersebut kemudian dipertegas lagi dalam Pasal 1 Pasal 1 butir 1 UU Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia 2 71 dan Pasal 72 UU No. 39/1999, yang menyatakan bahwa Pemerintah wajib dan bertanggung jawab menghormati, melindungi, menegakkan, dan memajukan hak asasi manusia yang diatur dalam Undang-undang ini, peraturan perundang-undangan lain, dan hukum Internasional tentang hak asasi manusia yang diterima oleh Negara Republik Indonesia. Dalam Pasal 18 UUD 1945 tersebut secara jelas disebutkan bahwa pemerintahan daerah, baik provinsi maupun kabupaten atau kota, merupakan bagian dari Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia. Dengan demikian, jika dihubungkan dengan pasal 28 I ayat (4) UUD 1945 maka pemerintahan daerah bertanggung jawab juga terhadap perlindungan, penghormatan, dan pemajuan hak asasi manusia. Disisi lain juga, berdasarkan Pasal 1 ayat 2 UU Nomor 23 tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah, Pemerintahan Daerah adalah penyelenggaraan urusan pemerintahan oleh pemerintah daerah dan dewan perwakilan daerah menurut asas otonomi dan tugas pembantuan dengan prinsip otonomi seluas-luasnya dalam sistem dan prinsip Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia sebagaimana dimaksud dalam UUD 1945. Jadi, pemerintah daerah merupakan wakil pemerintah yang berada di daerah. Pada dasarnya pemerintah pusat merupakan penanggung jawab utama kewajiban melaksanakan hak asasi manusia internasional dalam suatu Negara. Tindakan illegal otoritas publik, termasuk yang dilakukan pemerintah daerah, adalah tanggung jawab negara bahkan jika tindakan tersebut berada di luar kewenangan hukumnya atau bertentangan dengan undang-undang dan instruksi-instruksi dalam 3 negerinya. Namun demikian, meskipun pemerintah pusat adalah penanggung jawab utama, pemerintah daerah juga bertanggung jawab dalam mengemban kewajiban untuk melaksanakan hak asasi manusia. Dalam hal ini kedudukan pemerintah daerah sebagai wakil pemerintah di daerah, merupakan pelengkap bagi pelaksanaan kewajiban pemenuhan hak asasi manusia. Dalam perkembangannya secara global, melaksanakan pemenuhan hak asasi manusia tidak semata sebagai kewajiban pemerintah pusat, melainkan juga dapat dilakukan oleh pemerintah daerah. Hal ini dapat dilihat dengan munculnya gerakan dari beberapa pemerintah daerah di dunia untuk turut serta mengemban kewajiban Negara untuk melaksanakan kewajiban-kewajiban hak asasi manusia melalui gagasan Human Rights City atau Kota Hak Asasi Manusia. Gagasan tentang Kota Ramah HAM adalah salah satu inisiatif yang dikembangkan secara global dengan tujuan melokalkan hak asasi manusia. Gagasan ini awalnya diperkenalkan oleh Gerakan Rakyat untuk Pendidikan HAM, sebuah organisasi Internasional nonprofit yang bergerak di bidang pelayanan pada tahun 1997. 2 Konsep ini dikembangkan lebih lanjut, terutama sebagai sebuah konsep normatif, oleh Forum Kota Hak Asasi Manusia Dunia (World Human Rights Cities Forum) yang berlangsung setiap tahun di Kota Gwangju (Republik Korea). Konsep Kota Ramah HAM ini sendiri kini sudah mulai dijalankan dan terus dikembangkan secara praktikal di berbagai belahan dunia. Australia, misalnya, semua layanan pemerintah, termasuk pemerintah daerah wajib beroperasi sesuai dengan kode etik yang mencakupi "pengakuan hak asasi manusia". Di Amerika Serikat, pengarusutamaan hak asasi manusia dalam administrasi daerah dilakukan melalui prakarsa seperti "Mengembalikan Hak Asasi Manusia: bagaimana Negara bagian dan pemerintah daerah bisa memanfaatkan hak asasi manusia untuk memajukan kebijakan daerah." Di Kolombia, melalui program "Medellin Melindungi Hak Asasi Manusia", Dewan Kota berupaya menjamin perlindungan, pengakuan, pemulihan, dan perbaikan kota terpadu terhadap hak asasi manusia. Di Swiss, praktik terbaik meliputi aktivitasaktivitas Pusat Swiss untuk Keahlian dalam Hak Asasi Manusia yang bertujuan meningkatkan kesadaran tentang isu-isu hak asasi manusia, seperti rasisme; tiga contoh praktik terbaik tentang rasisme mencakup tindakan untuk member informasi, pelatihan dan meningkatkan kesadaran public di berbagai daerah. Di Luksemburg, kebanyakan praktik terbaik berlangsung pada integrasi warga asing ke dalam masyarakat dan mempromosikan multibahasa dan multibudaya, serta masih banyak lagi Negara-negara di dunia yang telah melakukan tindakan praktikal dalam pemenuhan hak asasi manusia. Pemerintah Indonesia sendiri sedikit banyak mempunyai kendala dalam menjalankan kewajiban menegakkan dan melindungi hak asasi manusia setiap warga negaranya. Faktor luasnya wilayah dan jenjang pemerintahan, serta rantai birokrasi 5 yang panjang menyulitkan pemerintah pusat untuk menjangkau warga negara secara langsung. Hal ini dapat berpengaruh bagi percepatan atau akselerasi untuk melaksanakan agenda-agenda HAM. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan solusi yang kiranya dapat mengatasi berbagai kendala pemerintah pusat untuk menjalankan kewajiban HAM. Salah satunya adalah dengan mendorong pemerintah daerah untuk berperan aktif untuk turut serta mengemban kewajiban negara dan pemerintah pusat dalam menghormati, melindungi dan memajukan hak asasi manusia. Konsep Kota HAM, yang dimaksudkan untuk melokalkan HAM, dan telah berkembang secara global, kiranya dapat diadopsi sebagai sebuah solusi untuk mendorong pemerintah daerah untuk berperan aktif dalam memajukan hak asasi manusia. Dalam rangka memajukan dan melindungi hak asasi manusia, Pemerintah Republik Indonesia sebenarnya telah merumuskan dan menetapkan beberapa peraturan hukum dan kebijakan terkait pelaksanaan HAM di Indonesia ini. Selain UU Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia yang telah dijabarkan di atas, Pemerintah Indonesia kini juga semakin concern untuk mengetengahkan Hak Asasi Manusia dalam setiap penyelenggaraan sistem pemerintahannya. Terbukti dengan adanya Peraturan Presiden Nomor 75 Tahun 2015 tentang Rencana Aksi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia (RANHAM) Indonesia Tahun 2015-2019. Meskipun tidak secara eksplisit menyebut kebijakan khusus mengenai Kota/Kabupaten Ramah HAM, RANHAM ini memberi peluang yang besar bagi pemerintah daerah untuk memiliki dan menjalankan agenda-agenda HAM di tingkat daerah. Bahkan terkait 6 Kabupaten/Kota Ramah HAM, Menteri Hukum dan HAM telah mengeluarkan Permenkumham No. 25 tahun 2013 tentang Kriteria Kabupaten/Kota Peduli HAM. Permenkumham ini kemudian menjadi dasar pemberian predikat daerah peduli HAM kepada beberapa Kabupaten/Kota di Indonesia. Dengan begitu, adanya dua peraturan ini menjadikan pemerintah setiap daerah di Indonesia semakin didorong untuk melaksanakan penghormatan, perlindungan, pemenuhan, penegakan, dan pemajuan HAM bagi setiap elemen masyarakat. Di Indonesia, terkait tentang Kota Ramah HAM, setidaknya ada tiga daerah Kabupaten/Kota yang terus menunjukkan komitmennya untuk menjadikan daerahnya sebagai daerah yang mengetengahkan atau memperhatikan aspek Hak Asasi Manusia dalam setiap penyelenggaraan sistem pemerintahan di daerahnya. Daerah tersebut adalah Kota Bandung, Kabupaten Wonosobo, dan Kota Palu. Dibandingkan dengan daerah-daerah lain di Indonesia, ketiga daerah ini memang tengah gencar untuk mempersiapkan diri menuju Kota Ramah HAM. Komitmen ketiga daerah ini juga terlihat dalam berbagai program dan kebijakan yang diterapkan di daerahnya masingmasing, seperti dalam aspek pembangunan infrastruktur dan pelayanan publik yang berbasiskan HAM. Kota Bandung pada bulan Februari 2015 lalu telah mendeklarasikan diri menjadi Kota Ramah HAM sekaligus menjadi pioner Kota Ramah HAM di Indonesia teknik untuk menguji kredibilitas data dilakukan dengan cara mengecek data kepada sumber yang sama dengan teknik yang berbeda. Misalnya, data diperoleh dengan wawancara, lalu dicek dengan observasi, dokumentasi, atau kuesioner. Triangulasi waktu untuk menguji kredibilitas data dilakukan dengan cara melakukan pengecekan dengan wawancara, observasi atau teknik lain dalam waktu atau situasi yang berbeda. Bila hasil uji menghasilkan data yang berbeda, maka dilakukan secara berulang-ulang sehingga sampai ditemukan kepastian datanya. 41 41 Ibid. Hlm. 274

Nella prima metà dell’Ottocento, in un’epoca in cui la scolarizzazione sta cancellando le credenze e le superstizioni popolari, Peter Christen Asbjørnsen attraversa i selvaggi territori della Norvegia per raccogliere “testimonianze” di incontri con gli esseri soprannaturali che abitano i monti e le foreste: storie di huldrer ammaliatrici, di neonati scambiati in culla dai troll, di fanciulle rapite dagli esseri sotterranei, resoconti sui dispettosi folletti che infestano le fattorie, le stalle e i mulini, e che, una volta scoperti, si dileguano e rotolano via in forma di gomitoli grigi.
Si viene così a delineare la topografia di un mondo rurale, dai confini labili ed evanescenti, permeabile alla dimensione soprannaturale ma allo stesso tempo fornito di un preciso codice di regole e consuetudini, e dove l’incontro con il “popolo dei colli” può segnare per sempre, chi l’ha vissuto, nel corpo e nell’anima.
Lungi dal trattare il folklore in forma enciclopedica, Asbjørnsen riconduce le huldreeventyr alla viva voce di boscaioli, cacciatori e valligiani, cogliendoli nei loro quadri di vita materiale, nella loro quotidianità, in un contesto “antropologico” che rivela un profondo amore per il popolo norvegese e per le sue tradizioni. Il patrimonio delle huldreeventyr viene così presentato non come sistematica raccolta di fiabe, bensì come vivido intreccio di narrazioni in fieri.
Ma nel rubare queste storie ai meccanismi dell’oralità, Asbjørnsen ci svela il paradosso della loro stessa mitogenesi, fissandole in forma definitiva nelle pagine del presente libro.
Ne sortisce un fecondo, irresistibile incontro tra lingua parlata e lingua scritta che fornirà alla nascente letteratura norvegese, fino ad allora eccessivamente dipendente dai modelli danesi, il primo esempio di una lingua nazionale espressiva e realistica, colta e popolare al tempo stesso.

We investigate how the Proteus effect, which is players changing their way of communication based on characters with which they play, is associated with players' champion usage in the popular online game League of Legends, where champions are the characters that the players control. First, we create two sets of variables: (a) objective champion characteristics based on information from the game developer, which we further enrich by semiotic coding, and (b) subjective champion characteristics based on crowdsourced opinions about the champions. Then, we analyze 13.6 million in-game chat messages to measure whether the players' vocality (character counts of messages), valence (negative versus positive scores of language use), and toxicity (frequency of toxic word usage) change depending on the characteristics of the champions they employ. We find that champions' body type, role, and gender are associated with players' higher vocality, toxicity, and negative valence. We also find that the players' communication significantly changes in toxicity and valence when they play using different champions. We discuss our methodology and results in detail and propose design directions and other implications based on them.

The present study aims at examining in-game language usages of students playing online games. It was conducted with the case study design of the qualitative research methods. The study group consisted of 10 participants who were determined by using criterion sampling method. Semi-structured interview form, observation notes and voice recordings were used in the data collection process. The collected data were analyzed by content analysis technique. In the application part of the research, two game environments were designed, in which the use of language was not restricted and then the use of expressions of foreign origin was prohibited. During the first game, it was revealed that the participants playing League of Legends produced mixed expressions in Turkish and English and used them frequently in the in-game communication. In the second game, the participants continued to use these expressions voluntarily or involuntarily, although the use of expressions of foreign origin was restricted. The observations of the researchers supported these data, as well. Although the game was designed entirely in Turkish, the participants thought that it was very difficult to use merely Turkish for in-game communication. In addition, it was emphasized that the Turkish-English mixed expressions used in the game process were important for comfortable communication and this communication style became a pattern.

Este artigo apresenta uma discussão matemática que envolve o universo do jogo League of Legends e aspectos da Modelagem Matemática. Com o objetivo de tangenciar o entendimento entre a associação do modelo com a realidade assumimos uma postura qualitativa, avaliando as discussões matemática e sua relação em termos de atualização no jogo, assim como os debates que envolvem matemática nos fóruns oficiais de Legue of Legends. Os resultados apontam que ao lidar com a Modelagem Matemática no campo do mundo cibernético, não há necessariamente uma relação ou referência ao empírico, abrindo assim espaço para considerar situações as quais tenham sua referência também no âmbito do imaginado e que encontram um espaço de atualização. Palavras-Chave: League of Legends. Modelagem Matemática. Matemática e Realidade. Introdução Uma das características marcantes da atualidade é a rápida evolução que os recursos tecnológicos vêm sofrendo. A velocidade de introdução de novos meios faz com que novas perspectivas e potencialidades surjam constantemente, transformando o cotidiano vivencial de cada um. No que diz respeito à Educação Matemática, com o advento dessas tecnologias, diversas atividades que são apresentadas como problemas tendem a não ser mais caracterizadas dessa forma, trazendo como consequência um profundo repensar sobre o enfoque pedagógico que o processo de ensino e aprendizagem da Matemática deve assumir (Borba, Malheiros, Zulatto, 2007). Autores como Jablonka e Gellert (2007) olham com cuidado para a relação entre tecnologias e o processo de ensino e aprendizagem de matemática. Em suas investigações,

The Multiplayer Online Battle Arena (MOBA) genre represents one of the most popular, dynamic and influential spaces of digital play. Since the genres first commercial release in 2009 with the title League of Legends (2009 – present, Riot Games), MOBAs have played an integral role in pioneering ‘fair’ models of free-to-play, live streaming as a ubiquitous spectator activity and e-sports as an increasingly recognised mainstream industry. This thesis posits each of these trends as connected to the influence of MOBAs as a genre with a rich history in grassroots spaces of non-commercial play and participation. Adopting an online ethnographic approach, the thesis describes how the transition of the genre away from its non-commercial and collectivised origins has introduced an influential model of hybrid power relations characteristic of the affective economics that underpin many wider digital platforms.

Central to this thesis is the introduction of playful co-creativity as a conception for describing the productive role that play and closely related participatory activities exert in the vibrant activities of MOBAs. Through framing play as a co-creative practice that informs design, spurs participation, creates professions and sustains vast sums of affective value, the thesis asks how the political economy of playful co-creativity in MOBAs can be critically approached. The research mobilises approaches from game, fan and Internet studies to approach the complex set of relations encompassed by MOBAs.

The online ethnography of this research comprises observations, personal experiences, in-depth case studies and player responses from online open discussions on Reddit. In particular, the research focuses on three influential examples of MOBAs in the original Warcraft III (Blizzard Entertainment, 2003) custom game DotA, League of Legends and Dota 2 (Valve Corporation, 2013 – present). Through grasping the differing modes of governance in each of these games, the aim of this thesis is to exemplify how MOBAs are a genre imbricated with affective forms of playful interaction that both sustain and at times threaten the hybrid power dynamics of this heterogeneous genre.

We examine culture-and racial-based toxicity and hate speech in player communities and explore how this toxicity might be informed and affected by the design of the game elements and content. To illustrate these effects, we used a mixed method approach to analyze the experiences of players from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) regions within the League of Legends (LoL) community as a case study. By qualitatively and quantitatively analyzing more than 2 million lines of in-game chats from 30,000 game sessions on 2 LoL servers and also 89 forum discussions containing hundreds of lines of text, we find that despite the world and characters of LoL being fictional, they are recognized by the player base as having connections to the real-world cultures and, accordingly, they affect the way that players communicate. We provide specific examples of both negative and positive inspirations to elaborate on how the design of certain regions and characters affects the way that the MENA pl...

O universo dos jogos ainda é pouco explorado e estudado pelos profissionais de comunicação, porém é um mercado com alto potencial. Os jogos e suas mecânicas podem ser uma ferramenta interessante para alcançar a geração Z e futuras gerações. Há muitos aspectos positivos e sociais desenvolvidos pelos jogos que são ignorados por grande parte das pessoas, sendo necessário trazer a atenção para esses pontos tais como noção espacial, coordenação motora, exercício de memória entre outros. A ascensão da indústria dos jogos acompanhou o crescimento da geração Z e foi moldada para atender principalmente a esse público. A partir da análise de algumas franquias consagradas e pincelando o universo atual dos jogos percebe-se que a história é parte fundamental para sua popularização. O valor que os jogos podem trazer para os profissionais de comunicação é inimaginável, pois é uma área que acompanha tecnologias e tendências do futuro que são experimentadas primeiramente nos jogos. Assim, a obra revela-se importante para todos os interessados que trabalham ou pretendem trabalhar com jogos na comunicação.

The role of playful innovations in the Multiplayer Online Battle Arena (MOBA) genre has become a hugely important, contested and under studied activity. Through a case study of the ‘fountain hook’ and an exploration of exploitative and emergent notions of play, this paper explores how the dynamics of co-creativity function in online play spaces such as the MOBA genre. In what ways these co-creative dynamics impact different stakeholders of the play space and open up critical questions similar to that of wider participatory platforms is a particular focus here. Informed by online ethnographic research that forms part of a wider PhD project this paper also touches upon specific themes related to the unexplored genre of MOBAs such as why they are so appealing and what it is that makes them so challenging to study.

O universo dos jogos ainda é pouco explorado e estudado pelos profissionais de comunicação, porém é um mercado com alto potencial. Os jogos e suas mecânicas podem ser uma ferramenta interessante para alcançar a geração Z e futuras gerações. Há muitos aspectos positivos e sociais desenvolvidos pelos jogos que são ignorados por grande parte das pessoas, sendo necessário trazer a atenção para esses pontos tais como noção espacial, coordenação motora, exercício de memória entre outros. A ascensão da indústria dos jogos acompanhou o crescimento da geração Z e foi moldada para atender principalmente a esse público. A partir da análise de algumas franquias consagradas e pincelando o universo atual dos jogos percebe-se que a história é parte fundamental para sua popularização. O valor que os jogos podem trazer para os profissionais de comunicação é inimaginável, pois é uma área que acompanha tecnologias e tendências do futuro que são experimentadas primeiramente nos jogos. Assim, a obra revela-se importante para todos os interessados que trabalham ou pretendem trabalhar com jogos na comunicação.

The Green Knight was a character featured in the classic poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (fourteenth century) and its derivative The Green Knight (c. 1500). This knight came into Arthur’s hall and asked any one of his knights to trade blows.

Sir Gawain accepted this challenge and he was allowed to strike first. He cut off the Green Knight’s head. The latter calmly picked it up and told Gawain to meet him on New Year’s Morning for his turn.

On his way to this meeting, Gawain lodged with a lord and each agreed to give the other what he had obtained during each day of Gawain’s stay. On the first day, when the lord was out hunting, Gawain received a kiss from his wife which was duly passed on. On the second day, he received a brace of kisses which were also passed on. On the third day he was given three kisses and some green lace which would magically protect him, but only the three kisses were passed on.

The Green Knight is most often and closely associated with Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ("green", "associated with trees", "a ruler of trees").
Later on, the Nazi's took over this title to name Dr.Green, aka 'Dr.Jozef Mengele')

Having left the lord’s residence, Gawain arrived at the Green Chapel where he was to meet the Green Knight. He knelt for the blow. The Green Knight aimed three blows at Gawain, but the first two did not make contact and the third but lightly cut his neck.

The Green Knight turned out to be the lord with whom he had been staying and he said he would not have cut Gawain at all had the latter told him about the lace. The Green Knight was called Bertilak and he lived at Castle Hutton. The tale bears a striking resemblance to an Irish narrative in which Cu Roi takes the part of the Green Knight and Cuchullain that of Gawain. The Green Knight may have been the Green Man, a wild man featured on inn signboards whose effigy was carried in civic processions.

*Sir Pertolepe was also called the Green Knight, and he was defeated by Sir Gareth.

In this thrilling adventure tale by the father of science fiction, three men embark on an epic journey under the sea with the mysterious Captain Nemo aboard his submarine, the Nautilus. Over the course of their fantastical voyage, they encounter the lost city of Atlantis, the South Pole, and the corals of the Red Sea. Along the way, they must battle countless adversaries both human and monstrous. This triumphant work of the imagination shows the limitless possibilities of science and the dark depths of the human mind.

Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (TCC) que investiga como se dá a relação dos jogadores com os jogos através de um Estudo de Caso do League of Legends. Com isso, busca-se entender as práticas de consumo dos jogadores e entender como a relação de jogador-consumidor pode evoluir para uma relação de jogador-fã.

Le poids toujours plus conséquent de l'industrie vidéo ludique dans notre quotidien ne cesse de croître avec en parallèle la démocratisation des sports électroniques. Rassemblé autour d'une dizaine de jeux se faisant figure de proue, l'eSport révèle par son aspect compétitif un genre de jeu en marge des productions AAA traditionnelles. Caractérisé par des traits de game design particulier et des enjeux propres au genre, les jeux en ligne multijoueur font naître chez le joueur des émotions complexes et intenses que ce dernier peine à retrouver dans les productions mono-joueur aux arcs narratifs définis. L'induction d'émotion par de nouveaux biais en dehors de tout procédés scénaristiques font des jeux multijoueurs des artefacts à part qu'il nous convient d'étudier afin de rendre compte de leur impact sur les joueurs. Avec plus de 67 millions de joueurs à son actif, le MOBA en ligne League of Legends de Riot Games bât tous les records en suscitant l'investissement d'un nombre colossal de joueurs. C'est dans ce cadre que nous avons réalisé une enquête auprès de 2992 joueurs traitant de l’expérience émotionnelle que représente League of Legends. Quelles émotions sont induites par ce type de jeu ? Comment les mécanismes de game design de League of Legends les génèrent-elles ? Quel coût psychologique cela représente-t-il pour le joueur, et comment ce dernier s'en protège-t-il ? Une réflexion qui va nous amener à nous questionner sur le propre du joueur professionnel dans l'eSport et sur une typologie des actions et mécaniques sources de l’expérience émotionnelle du joueur.

We examine culture-and racial-based toxicity and hate speech in player communities and explore how this toxicity might be informed and affected by the design of the game elements and content. To illustrate these effects, we used a mixed method approach to analyze the experiences of players from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) regions within the League of Legends (LoL) community as a case study. By qualitatively and quantitatively analyzing more than 2 million lines of in-game chats from 30,000 game sessions on 2 LoL servers and also 89 forum discussions containing hundreds of lines of text, we find that despite the world and characters of LoL being fictional, they are recognized by the player base as having connections to the real-world cultures and, accordingly, they affect the way that players communicate. We provide specific examples of both negative and positive inspirations to elaborate on how the design of certain regions and characters affects the way that the MENA players and issues are received or addressed. Additional analysis of in-game chat data describes other topics where toxic behavior emerges and how these topics correlate.

Esta investigación corresponde a mi Trabajo de Fin de Grado en Comunicación, estudios que he cursado en la Universidad Internacional de La Rioja. La investigación ha sido sobre los eSports (deportes electrónicos) haciendo hincapié en el videojuego League of Legends.

The idea of writing a play about the legendary princess
Inikpi who willingly offered herself for sacrifice as
divined by the Oracle, to ascertain victory for the Igala
people during the Igala-Bini war said to have taken
place in the early 16th century was first natured late
1983.
The challenge at provoking my creative acumen by
putting the Inikpi story into a play sprang up when I
was to submit a play for the course, Advance
Playwriting and Play creating at my final year level,
coordinated by Professor S. O. O. Amali the current Vice
Chancellor of the University of Ilorin, who was my
Head of Department and course supervisor at the
University of Jos. The play, titled "The Beloved Voice"
was in two parts. While part one was about the Igala-
Jukun war, part two concerned itself with the Igala-Bini
war and the Inikpi story. In his own words, having read
through the play, Professor Amali said "whenever and
wherever this play is being staged, do let me know"
There and then I realized the play was worth reading or
performing even outside its initial mere academic
exercise. This pregnant notion for so long a time has
given birth to this play in its present status.
The Inikpi story has for long been a hot controversial
issue when it comes to the war for which Inikpi was
sacrificed. Some early works of anthropologists,historians, and of late, some attempts by people at
drafting it into play format, have it directly, or by
implication, that princess Inikpi was sacrificed during
the Igala-Jukun war. They also contend that Ayegba
Oma-Idoko was the Ata Igala by then. These may after
all not be historically accurate.
This play, The Legendary Inikpi is a result of extensive
research work, conducted into the heart and core of the
matter; and of which the Ata Igala, His Royal Majesty
Mallam Aliyu O. Obaje, the Amanata (Senior Royal
Counselor, Late Achimugu Obaje), the Ohioga Ata
(Chief Ifa diviner to the Ata institution Abaro Akwu)
and the At'ebo (Chief priest to the Ata institution, Late
Ichifu Idu) were principal or main informants.
On the conflict of the particular war for which Inikpi
died and the misconception(?) that it was during they
Igala-Jukun war, the Ata Igala confessed when put to
task (during my interview with him) that those who
documented it as such, never “came to the source to hear
from the horse's mouth before jumping to the printing
house”. Here lies one of my contentions to disapprove
of this misleading (?) perspective. He agreed with me
that princess Inikpi was never sacrificed during the
Igala-Jukun war. It was Omodoko, Idoko's daughter
who was sacrificed by the river Inachalo bank, the Jukun
army route to Idah. Ayegba Oma-Idoko was not the Ata
Igala as at the time the Igala people were at war with the
Jukuns or Wukaris in present day Taraba State, it was Idoko, his own father. Inikpi died by life burial for the
Igala-Bini war and by the river Niger bank (where her
statute stands till today), the only route of the Bini forces
to Idah. By this time, her father, Ayegba Oma-Idoko
was the Ata Igala.
tradition (being documented), having gone through
generation, under-gone or under-going alterations,
even as some wrote out of ignorance and little or no
authenticity of claim.
glorifying tradition as it were, but in a way, rehistoricizing
history by attempting to give the lnikpi
case a prominent place and in a special way never done
before. How successful this attempt is or will be,
depends on the reader and his understating.

Esta investigación de pre grado en Antropología pretende estudiar distintas practicas sociales,  formas de identidad y significado mediante la figura de los Avatares en una sección del ciberespacio -los videojuegos-, el avatar es algo que se construye a partir de una teoría denominada "triada" en donde no se puede despojar al avatar del origen orgánico que es el jugador junto a su mundo cognitivo-interno que llega a través del ciberespacio por medios físicos como las maquinas computacionales y la internet.

Online fandom encompasses many convergent (Jenkins, 2006) dynamics. As the space between producer and consumer or professional and fan have increasingly blurred, this convergence has been reflected in new modes of monetisation and affective lines of address. These dynamics are particularly pertinent in online games where new models of ‘fair’ free to play games, valuable bottom up forms of playful innovation and affective lines of address all present themselves in a myriad of influential games genres. One of these genres is the Multiplayer Online Battle Arena (MOBA) that has recently risen to become one of the most played genres in the world with a thriving e-sports industry and a radical new model of free to play. This paper seeks to critically explore the dynamics of the MOBA space with a particular focus upon the affective lines of address and underlying gift economics that are fundamental to this far reaching cultural activity.


The free to play model for MOBA games are noteworthy as ‘fair’ due to all of the content being available to any player with no in-game advantages. The model relies upon the sale of purely aesthetic in-game customisations and as this paper argues, a reciprocal relationship between the professional developer and fan. How do professional developers position themselves as fans in paratextual spaces? How do these lines of address de-commoditise their content and enable this ‘gift’ (Mauss, 1954; Hyde, 1983) orientated free to play model to thrive economically? What is the significance of this affective relationship between fans and producers to wider participatory platforms (Schäfer, 2011; Dijck, 2013; Jenkins et al, 2013)? Drawing upon online ethnographic PhD research surrounding the MOBA League of Legends (Riot Games, 2011), which last year raised over one billion dollars (Chalk, 2014) through this model, this paper seeks frame these questions as a symptom of wider ‘affective economies’ (Bennet et al, 2015) that are increasingly numerous, influential, and paradoxically hidden.


Bibliography

Bennett, L. Chin, B. and Jones, B. (2015) ‘Crowdfunding: A New Media & Society Special Issue’, New Media & Society, February 2015; 17 (2).
Chalk, A. (2014) ‘League of Legends has made almost $1 Billion in Microtransactions, PC Gamer, 24th October, 2014.
Available at: http://www.pcgamer.com/league-of-legends-has-made-almost-1-billion-in-microtransactions/
Dijck, V, J. (2013) Culture of Connectivity: A Critical History of Social Media, New York: Oxford University Press.
Hyde, L. (1983) The Gift How the Creative Spirit Transforms the World, London: Cannongate.
Jenkins, H. (2006) Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide, London: New York University Press.
Jenkins, H. Ford, S. and Green, J. (2013) Spreadable Media: Creating Value and Meaning in a Networked Culture¸ New York: New York University Press.
Mauss, M. (1954) The Gift: Forms and Functions of Exchange in Archaic Societies, trans by Cunnison, I. (2011) Glencoe: The Free Press.
Schäfer, T, M. (2011) Bastard Culture! How User Participation Transforms Cultural Production, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.

This article starts with a literary review of the conceptual frames through which esport has been labeled academically. It shows how the concept of 'electronic' has been taken as the core term for labeling esport, often accompanied by a strong emphasis on 'professionalism.' The literary review is followed by the submission of an alternative conceptual frame based on the economic notion of executive ownership, which provides a theoretical grounding for esport as a cultural phenomenon. In accordance with the above, the article concludes with a reframed look at the history of esport and suggests commercial analog gaming (especially Magic: The Gathering) as its point of origin.

League of Legends has become one of the most popular electronic sports video games of the last few years. With this, the musical practices surrounding it have assumed increasing power and relevance, materializing in configurations that extend beyond the field of online gaming. Along with the possibilities offered by using CGI (Computer- Generated Imagery) technologies on stage, every year video game developer Riot Games opens the World Championships with a musicalized show, designed to formalize the competitive event.
This article contextualizes and reviews the audiovisual opening ceremony of the 2019
World Final through an analysis of its three pieces: Awaken, Giants and Phoenix. The show’s role as a warm-up to the main event brings to light a structure akin to the opening of a ritual, with specific objectives, enabling the event to be recast in terms of the extra-ordinary. Music is presented as a binding element, which highlights the importance of the sound in and for the competition.
Finally, the scope of the ritual is enhanced beyond the physical environment in which it takes place thanks to a live broadcast. This allows for the participation of a much larger audience than would fit in the stands of a stadium. In this way, the ritual and its music allow video game fans to witness and experience the event in a delocalized way.

ABSTRACT The electronic sports, or eSports, industry has grown into a multi-million dollar industry. The significant growth of eSports can be seen far beyond the participation numbers and spans from eSports’ events being hosted in major arenas and televised on ESPN. Most recently eSports were added to intercollegiate athletic departments. Though eSports has gained a lot of momentum economically and in popularity, academic research and study in the area of eSports is still in its infancy. This paper presents: (1) a brief history of eSports, (2) a further developed definition of eSports, (3) eSports size and market scope, (4) and provides an overview of eSports in intercollegiate athletics to date. The main goals of this paper are to create awareness around the economic growth of eSports and shed light on the potential positive implications of adding eSports to intercollegiate athletic departments. Boosting participation numbers, revenue generation, and creating diversity within an athletic department are all considered in this paper.

An emblematic figure, occasionally used to denounce the scandalous morals of the pontifical court, the famous Pope Joan has long been confined to the register of legend.  This legend, with its many variants, has just been examined in the book of Professor Agostino Paravicini Bagliani (La papessa Giovanna. I testi della leggenda [1250-1500], Florence, Sismel Edizioni del Galluzzo 2022, p. 679, ill. 120).

RESUMO

CARVALHO, F, A. Formação de Identidade a partir de Jogos Digitais: League Of Legends e a Reprodução Socioespacial. 2019. Monografia – Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Campus Sorocaba. Sorocaba, 2019.Um olhar superficial sobre jogos digitais pode acrescentar leituras e conclusões simplistas. As inovações do meio técnico-cientifico-informacional ocorridas no final do século XX, especialmente com o advento da grande propagação da rede mundial de computadores – a Internet – a partir da segunda metade do século 1990, causaram um grande impacto sobre as relações socioespaciais e cotidianas do ser humano. O presente trabalho objetivou aprofundar esse “olhar” e buscou procurar entender a pressão por trás dos espaços de jogos (digitais) e como eles atuam sobre o indivíduo e em sua identidade, cotidiano, e no tempo que se faz e refaz o mundo globalizado, consolidando e intensificando suas relações sociais, oferecendo ferramentas para comunicação, formação e uma gama praticamente infinita de informação ao mesmo passo em que serve de rota de fuga das pressões da realidade social. As pesquisas relacionadas à internet e ao ciberespaço vêm ganhando destaque à medida que as novas tecnologias são introduzidas em determinadas sociedade exemplo disso são os estudos sobre jogos interativos online. A expansão da internet como interação humana e o desenvolvimento dessas novas tecnologias da informação possibilitam o acesso similar de milhares de pessoas a uma forma de relacionamento social ainda novo e repleto de questões. O jogo League Of Legends, com plataforma para computadores, é um jogo online e gratuito, sendo atualmente o jogo mais jogado e conhecido da sua categoria (multiplayer online battle areana) bem como um dos jogos online mais lucrativos. Seu sucesso deve-se ao ambiente simples atrelado a muitas batalhas e magia que o jogo apresenta, em diferentes mapas e possuir uma fácil jogabilidade. O presente trabalho procura entender como as pressões do espaço virtual atuam sobre o indivíduo e moldam seu cotidiano e que se integra ao mundo globalizado.

_____________________


Palavras-chaves: Espaço, Identidade, Jogos, League Of Legends.

__________________________________________________________________________________

                                                                    ABSTRACT

CARVALHO, F, A. Identity Formation from Digital Games: League of Legends and Socio-spatial Reproduction. 2019. Monography. – Universidad Federal de São Carlos,
campus Sorocaba. Sorocaba, 2019. A cursory look at digital games can yield simplistic readings and conclusions. The innovations of the technical-scientific-informational environment that occurred in the late twentieth century, especially with the advent of the great spread of the world wide web - the Internet - from the second half of the 1990s onwards, had a major impact on socioeconomic relations. space and daily life. The present work aimed to deepen this "look" and sought to understand the pressure behind (digital) game spaces and how they act on the individual and his / her everyday identity, and in the time that is made and remakes the globalized world, consolidating and intensifying their social relations, providing tools for communication, training and a virtually infinite range of information while serving as a route of escape from the pressures of social reality. Research related to the internet and cyberspace has been gaining prominence as new technologies are introduced in a given society, such as studies on interactive online games. The expansion of the internet as a human interaction and the development of these new information technologies make it possible for thousands of people to have similar access to a still new and questionable form of social relationship. League Of Legends, a computer platform game, is a free online game and is currently the most widely played and known game in its category (battleareana online multiplayer) as well as one of the most lucrative online games. Its success is due to the simple environment coupled with the many battles and magic that the game presents, in different maps and easy gameplay. This paper seeks to understand how the pressures of the virtual space act on the individual and shape their daily life and that integrates with the globalized world.

_____________________

Keyword: Space, Identity, Games, League Of Legends.

Pier Gerlofs Donia (c. 1480 – 28 October 1520) was a Frisian rebel leader and pirate. He is best known by his West Frisian nickname Grutte Pier ("Big Pier"; in the pre-1980 West Frisian spelling written as Greate Pier), or by the Dutch translation Grote Pier which referred to his legendary size and strength.

His life is mostly shrouded in legend. Based upon a description now attributed to Pier's contemporary Petrus Thaborita, the 19th-century historian Conrad Busken Huet wrote that Grutte Pier was.

A tower of a fellow as strong as an ox, of dark complexion, broad shouldered, with a long black beard and moustache. A natural rough humorist, who through unfortunate circumstances was recast into an awful brute. Out of personal revenge for the bloody injustice that befell him (in 1515) with the killing of kinsfolk and destruction of his property he became a freedom fighter of legendary standing.

In 1791, Jacobus Kok wrote that above the porticus of the New City Hall of Leeuwarden, two remarkably large swords were found which were said to have belonged to Grutte Pier and Wijerd Jelckama. Donia was noted for the ability to wield this great sword so efficiently that he could behead multiple people with it in a single blow.

Today, a great sword that is said to have belonged to Pier is on display at the Fries Museum in Leeuwarden. It measures 2.13 metres (7 ft) in length and weighs about 6.6 kilograms (14.6 lb). Pier was alleged to be so strong that he could bend coins using just his thumb, index and middle finger. Some sources put Pier Gerlofs height at 213 cm (almost seven feet). A huge helmet said to be Grutte Pier's is kept in the town hall of Sneek.

Video gaming has become part of the mainstream culture in recent years. League of Legends (LoL) alone, the object of this study, has 27 million daily players. In its own way, it creates a microcosm of youth online culture. This makes it an interesting and a valuable arena in which to study language usage, more specifically impolite language study.

One of the most important priorities set for the theoretical section of this study was that all readers would be able to understand the context of the study, i.e.the intricacies of LoL as a game and an online social network. Thus, the first chapter focuses on the introduction of the mechanics, the social setting, and the overall attitude towards rude behaviour within the game. This was followed by a detailed look at impoliteness as linguistic field: starting with the definition, following to the introduction of key issues in the study of impoliteness, e.g. face, maxims, impoliteness strategies, and such. The theoretical section concludes with a thorough examinationof the specifics of online impoliteness.

The two hypotheses for the study were: (1) ‘There is a large frequency of impolite utterances to be observed in LoL, which is caused by the stress of a competitive environment’ and (2)‘There are significant differences in the amounts of impolite utterances in the lower tiers of the ranked leagues and the high tiers’. Overall, the two primary objectives of the study were to discover whether online video games make for a meaningful and unique source of impolite interaction and research and to deepen the analysis of the specifics of impolite interaction in LoL.

Both hypotheses were supported, as LoL clearly contains a large amount of unique impolite interaction. Nearly all of the various strategies for implementing impoliteness introduced in the theoretical section were to be found in the corpus data. Furthermore, there were clear differences between the low and high tiers of the game, further adding to the unique context of LoL as a platform within which to study impoliteness.

Esports, or competitive video gaming, has rapidly increased in online play and viewing. The popularity of esports such as League of Legends may derive in part because it features skills-based coalitional competition. Whereas a sizable literature focuses on adult human hormones and competition, little research has addressed the hormone responses of men playing video games. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of playing a coalitionary-based esport on young U.S. men's steroid hormone levels in a naturalistic study. We tested salivary steroid changes in response to esports club members (n ¼ 26) playing League of Legends against other people and the computer. We hypothesized that esports competition would increase testosterone, cortisol, DHEA and androstenedione levels, with more pronounced increases in winners than losers. Participants provided saliva samples before and after competitions lasting 15e27 min in duration. Salivary testosterone, cortisol, DHEA and androstenedione levels did not change overall or between play against people vs. the computer or with respect to winning or losing. However, play duration (range 16e27 min) was positively related to changes in DHEA, an-drostenedione and testosterone during play against people. Aldosterone levels decreased overall. We suggest that the informal and familiar environment as well as relatively short play duration help account for generally null findings. These findings help document physiological effects of esport play, in turn contributing to a richer understanding of why so many play and watch esports.