Labor Market

Theory at both the micro and macro level predicts that investments in superior human capital generate better firm-level performance. However, human capital takes time and money to develop or acquire, which potentially offsets its positive benefits. Indeed, extant tests appear equivocal regarding its impact. To clarify what is known, we meta-analyzed effects drawn from 66 studies of the human capital-firm performance relationship and investigated 3 moderators suggested by resource-based theory. We found that human capital relates strongly to performance, especially when the human capital in question is not readily tradable in labor markets and when researchers use operational performance measures that are not subject to profit appropriation. Our results suggest that managers should invest in programs that increase and retain firm-specific human capital.

ABSTRACT
Refuse dumpsites are found both within and on the outskirts of cities in Nigeria and due to poor and ineffective
management, the dumpsites turn to sources of health hazards to people living in the vicinity of such dumps. This
study is therefore designed to examine, in quantitative terms, the health and economic implications of solid waste
disposal among sampled residents of two major refuse disposal dumps in Lagos, Nigeria. The data used for the
study was generated from the primary source, while the SPSS software was used in the data analyses. In addition to
the descriptive analysis which forms the bedrock for the conclusion drawn in this paper, both the linear probability
and ordinary least squares regression models were also used in the analyses. The models examined the
determinants of health status as well as the labour supply of the sampled respondents respectively. The results show
that pollution variables are statistically significant in the determination of health status as well as the labour supply
performance of respondents. Based on these findings, policy measures that would enhance the health status and
improved labour market performance of residents were put forward.

This article concerns the extent to which corrupt behavior is dependent on the organizational power structure and the resources available for illegal exchange. This qualitative study is based on 42 in-depth interviews with organizational actors in different organizations in Hungary. Four core themes emerged from the analysis of the interviews: (a) isolated corruption at the bottom, (b) the middle level’s own corruption, (c) “technicization” when middle-level professionals and expert groups are used to legalize the corruption of the dominant coalition, and (d) “turning-off controls” when organizational elites intentionally deactivate internal and external controls to avoid detection.

Organised and unorganised sector Employment in India in this paper main focus on unorganised women workers in India in this connection Unorganised labour is not formerly cohesive in any recognized association and union with defined ideology, goals and areas of specialization. The unorganised sector of the economy in India is the largest sector in term of employment of the workforce. It consists of agriculture and such related activities as forestry, livestock and fishing as well as non – agriculture. The bill if National Commission for Enterprises in the unorganised sector, 2006 presented by the government of India Women are still far behind in the actual distribution of social status, economic value and political authority. Women contributes almost half (49.7 per cent) of the global total population. The actual participation of women in all spheres of human interactions has been extremely poor. Similarly one of the two main tasks entrusted to our Commission is to propose umbrella legislation for workers in the unorganized sector. We have also been asked to see that the legislation, and the system that will be built around it, will assure at least a minimum protection and welfare to workers in the unorganized sector.

Most sociological research on racial discrimination has had an “inter-racial” focus. That is, researchers have been principally concerned with the disparate treatment that people of color receive relative to Whites in different social contexts. However, recent theoretical work emerging from legal studies sug- gests that an alternative conception of “intra-racial” discrimination exists that extends beyond colorism. This theory of intra-racial discrimination stipulates that many organizations in the “post-racial” era desire some measure of racial diversity. Yet, in their efforts to achieve this racial diversity they screen people of color based on their degree of racial salience. Whether a given person of color is hired, promoted, or in the case of college admissions, accepted, is a function of whether or not Whites within the organization consider them racially palatable, or not overly concerned with race. This creates an incentive for people of color to work their identity to allay any concerns among Whites that they may be too racially salient. In this paper I critically review this work and attempt to further buttress its claims by highlighting how this process has clear historical precedent. I conclude by showing how the audit method can be used to empirically examine this practice contemporarily.

"Corruption has become one of the most popular topics in the social scientific disciplines. However, there is a lack of interdisciplinary communication about corruption. Models developed by different
academic disciplines are often isolated from each other. The purpose of this paper is to review several major approaches to corruption and draw them closer to each other. Most studies of corruption fall
into three major categories: (i) rational-actor models where corruption is viewed as resulting from cost/benefit analysis of individual actors; (ii) structural models that focus on external forces that determine corruption; and (iii) relational models that emphasize social interactions and networks among corrupt actors. Focusing on actors’ behavior and the social context, this article explains corruption concepts taken from sociology, economics, organization studies, political science, social anthropology, and social psychology."

This essay, or rather collection of essays, draws together three distinct streams of thought, time and space into a single river of understanding concerning labor, leisure, human-nature relations, city and town planning and human evolution at both the individual and collective levels. From Daoist tales of effortless leisure under 'useless trees' to Pieper's eulogy of leisure in the Modernist world(view) of total work and onto the planning theory and practice of Sir. Patrick Geddes, this ambling and nomadic stream seeks to problematize hegemonic contemporary conceptions of evolution, order, labor, leisure, nature and human-nature relations and to plant the seeds of a new principle, a new mythos, to which human evolution and being can be oriented in ashes of the charred edifice of Modernity. Can we transcend the materially rationalist, labor centric conceptions of humanity that reign in contemporary hegemonic culture for a more holistic perspective in which the infinite and finite aspects of human being can co-exist without either one interfering with the other? Can human-nature relations, especially as cultivated through city and town planning, transcend the present order of hierarchical domination, objectification and callous consumption of nature for an order of relations in which nature acts upon us as a teacher and we consume nature in harmony with its own natural order rather than through creation of an artificial order?

The relentless process of the robotization in the new context of Industry 4.0 is already bringing about deep transformations in welfare democracies. This fourth information and technological revolution driven by the generalization of internet and automation is intensifying new applications of artificial intelligence. Eventually, the ongoing robotization will make the need for a large part of human paid work superfluous. What will be the coexistence between robots and humans? Everything seems to indicate that the transition towards a full robotization of economic activities capable of incorporating efficient automation processes will be gradual but accelerated. It will follow the paramount criteria of maximizing profitability in the present configuration of global capitalism.

The current study examines the risk-inducing effects of unemployment and the protective effects of language facility on the mental health of Southeast Asian refugees resettling in Canada. Rates of depression and of unemployment declined dramatically during the first decade after arrival. Although language fluency also improved during this period, approximately 8% of the sample spoke no English even after 10 years in the country. Initial depression was a strong predictor of subsequent depression. For males, job experience in Canada was the strongest predictor of subsequent employment whereas, for women, depression proved an important predictor of employability. For men in particular, unemployment was a potent risk factor for depression. During the initial period of resettlement, English-speaking ability had no effect on depression or on employment. However, by the end of the first decade in Canada, English language fluency was a significant predictor of depression and employment, particularly among refugee women and among people who did not become engaged in the labor market during the earliest years of resettlement. Study results demonstrate that the mental health salience of risk and protective factors changes according to the phase of resettlement. #

The World Bank's conceptual framework to assess pension systems and reform options evaluates initial conditions and the capacity to improve the enabling environment, then focuses on how best to work within these to achieve the core objectives of pension systems--protection against the risk of poverty in old age and smoothing consumption from one's work life into retirement. The Bank applies a multi-pillared approach towards pension system modalities to address the needs of target populations including: (i) a non-contributory "zero pillar" extending some level of old-age income security to all of the elderly; (ii) an appropriately sized mandatory "first pillar" with the objective of replacing some portion of lifetime pre-retirement income through contributions linked to earnings; (iii) a funded mandatory defined-contribution "second pillar" that typically provides privately-managed individual savings accounts; (iv) a funded voluntary "third-pillar;" and (v) a non-financial "fourth pillar." The primary evaluation criteria are the ability of the system to maintain adequacy, affordability, sustainability, equity, predictability and robustness. The secondary evaluation criteria are the system's capacity to: minimize labor market distortions; contribute to savings mobilization; and contribute to financial market development. Because pension benefits are claims against future economic output, it is essential that over time pension systems contribute to growth and output to support the promised benefits. Going forward, the Bank is focusing on strengthening its support in: (a) establishing a clearer results framework to assess pension systems and reforms; (b) enhancing knowledge management, including research and learning; and (c) improving implementation capacity. JEL Classification: H55, J14, J26

Crowdsourcing is rapidly evolving and applied in situations where ideas, labour, opinion or expertise of large groups of people are used. Crowdsourcing is now used in various policy-making initiatives; however, this use has usually focused on open collaboration platforms and specific stages of the policy process, such as agenda-setting and policy evaluations. Other forms of crowdsourcing have been neglected in policy-making, with a few exceptions. This article examines crowdsourcing as a tool for policy-making, and explores the nuances of the technology and its use and implications for different stages of the policy process. The article addresses questions surrounding the role of crowdsourcing and whether it can be considered as a policy tool or as a technological enabler and investigates the current trends and future directions of crowdsourcing.

Effective pre-employment skills development strategies are critical in preparing individuals with relevant labor market skills and competencies. Within the context of rapidly changing skills demands, this paper documents and examines recent pre-employment skills development trends within OECD countries and reviews its main success factors. Despite the increasing focus on general and higher education, we document that participation in TVET systems at the upper secondary level in OECD countries has remained at approximately 50 percent of total enrollment in recent years. In response to the growing demand for general competencies and higher-level skills, there has also been an increasing trend in OECD countries to defer vocational specialization and more effectively integrate general and vocational education. Furthermore, in an effort to combat the image of TVET as a "dead-end" pathway, OECD countries are undertaking measures to improve permeability between TVET and higher education (e.g. the establishment of national qualifications frameworks). Finally, while traditional apprenticeships are declining in popularity, OECD countries are adopting new approaches of effectively integrating workplace experience in pre-employment TVET systems. JEL: I21, J24,

In order to manage strategic demographic change in economic and labor markets, a common human resource (HR) change strategy is to increase the diversity of the workforce through hiring over time. This study examined department level consensus and valence regarding an organizational HR strategy to shift demography toward greater diversity in race and sex composition over an eight-year period. Though the organization had experienced signi®cant change in organizational demography: an increase in the overall representation of white women (36 percent) and minorities (41 percent) over time; work group members in units with the greatest change did not necessarily agree nor hold positive perceptions regarding these HR changes. The results show that HR strategies that focus on structural change without working to develop supportive group norms and positive climate may be inadequate change strategies. The Emerald Research Register for this journal is available at The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at http://www.emeraldinsight.com/researchregister http://www.emeraldinsight.com/0953-4814.htm JOCM 16,3 328

B y a 2-to-l margin (60% to 28%), American parents say "if forced to choose, they would prefer their sons or daughters to make C grades and be active in extracurricular activities rather than make A grades and not be active."' Why? Certainly, they are not expecting their child to make it into the NFL. Probably, they believe extracurricular activities teach teamwork, time management, self-discipline, and other skills important later in life and on the job. Those who participate in sports during high school spend more time doing homework and less time watching TV, are less likely to drop out of high school, are more likely to attend college, and earn more as an adult.

Although there is an extensive literature on the determinants of child labor and many initiatives aimed at combating it, there is limited evidence on the consequences of child labor on socio-economic outcomes such as education, wages, and health. We evaluate the causal effect of child labor participation on these outcomes using panel data from Vietnam and an instrumental variables strategy. Five years subsequent to the child labor experience, we find significant negative impacts on school participation and educational attainment, but also find substantially higher earnings for those (young) adults who worked as children. We find no significant effects on health. Over a longer horizon, we estimate that, from age 30 onward, the forgone earnings attributable to lost schooling exceed any earnings gain associated with child labor, and that the net present discounted value of child labor is positive for discount rates of 11.5 percent or higher. We show that child labor is prevalent among households likely to have higher borrowing costs, that are farther from schools, and whose adult members experienced negative returns to their own education. This evidence suggests that reducing child labor will require facilitating access to credit and will also require households to be forward looking. The conclusions also underscore that short of these changes, some kind of household-level transfers are needed in order to lead to voluntary elimination of child labor.

"ABSTRACT: This study provides an empirically based analysis of corrupt governmental networks. We conducted 45 interviews in Hungary with different organizational actors who were actually participating in corrupt transactions or at least had first-hand
experiences of corruption. Given the secret nature of the topic, this article provides a unique insight into the phenomenon. Our findings show that corrupt elite cliques consciously design and coordinate multilevel structures of corrupt networks within and among organizations that involve a large amount of people. We identified the major network elements and their functions in corrupt transactions. The article also provides a typology of corrupt networks. The networks have different structural characteristics based on location of the ‘‘cash cows,’’ points from where the system is fed, and the actors’ positions of power. Our findings are compared with the already existing literature on dark networks, terrorist, and organized crime formations."

Intersectional feminist scholars emphasize how overlapping systems of oppression structure gender inequality, but in focusing on the gendered, classed, and racialized bases of stratification, many often overlook disability as an important social category in determining economic outcomes. This is a significant omission given that disability severely limits opportunities and contributes to cumulative disadvantage. We draw from feminist disability and intersectional theories to account for how disability intersects with gender, race, and education to produce economic insecurity. The findings from our analyses of 2015 American Community Survey data provide strong empirical support for hierarchies of disadvantage, where women and racial minority groups with disabilities and less education experience the highest poverty levels, report the lowest total income, and have a greater reliance on sources outside the labor market for economic security. By taking disability into account, our study demonstrates how these multiple characteristics lead to overlapping oppressions that become embedded and reproduced within the larger social structure.

The integration of the countries of eastern and southeastern Europe into global flows of migration has become a major issue not only in migration policy debates , but also in analysing longer term social change in the region. Changes in the magnitudes of migrant remittances can be of crucial social and political importance. In this study, I link a conceptual contribution with a three-step empirical inquiry. First, I conceptualize migrant remittances as a form of external economic dependency. Next, I describe recent changes in the strength of the empirical relationship between migrant remittances as percentages of the GDP and per capita GDP for all societies of the world utilizing data from two online data sets. Employing what Charles Tilly (1984) called " variation-finding comparison, " I examine, next, the – as it turns out, quite sizeable – residual variation in the relative magnitude of remittances that remains after controlling for per capita GDP, and interpret it as a marker for patterns of remittance dependency. Finally, I trace the recent trajectories of the societies that had, until one generation ago, constituted the Soviet " bloc " against the backdrop of the global distribution in remittance dependency. The data have been adopted from two sources: Estimates for migrant remittances as percentages of the GDP of their home country come from the online World Develop

We provide empirical support for the hypothesis that the lower the EXECUTIVE opportunity costs of individuals, the more likely they are to undertake SUMMARY entrepreneurial activity. This prediction emerged from earlier theoretical work in which we modeled the decision of individuals to develop new ventures on their own, seek the backing of a venture capitalist, or remain as paid employees. We use a large sample, drawn from the 1992 Canadian Labor Market Activity Survey. We find that paid employees who choose to leave their employment to become entrepreneurs earned, prior to leaving, substantially less on average then those whose employment status did not change and who remained paid employees throughout the survey period. Specifically, we establish that the wages of those workers who chose to remain paid employees throughout the survey period were, on average, 12% higher than the wages of those who left their employment to become entrepreneurs. To obtain this result, we performed a multivariate regression analysis in which we isolated the effect of employment status by controlling for gender, age, education, marital status, and region of the country. The employment-status coefficient was 2349 (t = 2.644; p = .008), indicating that new entrepreneurs earned in 1988, on average, $2349 less than paid workers, ceteris paribus. In other words, 1988 paid employees who chose to become Journal of Bu,,me,,s Venturing 10, 95-106 © 1995 Elsevier Science lnc. 655 Avenue of the Amerlca~,,. New York, NY 10010 0883-9026/95/$9.50 SS DI 0883-9026(94)00017-0 96 AMIT ET AL.

We present an overlapping generation growth model with an imperfect labor market where the links among crime, growth and unemployment are jointly considered, both in an endogenous and exogenous set-up. We test the major implications of our theory and verify the two model specifications through the Italian regional data, using the Pooled Mean Group estimator proposed by Pesaran, . The empirical results are in favor of the exogenous version of the model and suggest that crime and unemployment have long-run income level effects. . The paper is the result of a common effort, although section 2 and 3 were written by L. Mauro and section 4 by G. Carmeci.

We provide empirical support for the hypothesis that the lower the opportunity costs of individuals, the more likely they are to undertake entrepreneurial activity. This prediction emerged from earlier theoretical work in which we modeled the decision of individuals to develop new ventures on their own, seek the backing of a venture capitalist, or remain as paid employees. We use a large sample, drawn from the 1992 Canadian Labor Market Activity Survey. We find that paid employees who choose to leave their employment to become entrepreneurs earned, prior to leaving, substantially less on average then those whose employment status did not change and who remained paid employees throughout the survey period. Specifically, we establish that the wages of those workers who chose to remain paid employees throughout the survey period were, on average, 12% higher than the wages of those who left their employment to become entrepreneurs. To obtain this result, we performed a multivariate regr...

Garland, C. (2014) ‘As Barriers Fall, Contingency Becomes Possibility: Protest Resisting and Escaping Containment and Categorization’, Part II Identity, Embodiment and Categorisation in Eds. Lamond, I. and Spracklen, K. 'Protests as Events: Politics, Activism and Leisure (London: Rowman & Littlefield International) Hardback ISBN/9781783480760 Paperback ISBN/978-1-78348-077-7 eBook ISBN/978-1-78348-078-4 

https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781783480760

Transitions in the American religious landscape including religious non-affiliation, congregational and seminary enrollment declines, and the proliferation of megachurches have reshaped the clergy labor market and increased the precariousness of this type of work. One potential indication of this growing instability is the supposedly increasing number of bivocational clergy who depend on a second job to supplement their income. There is little reliable data, however, that can trace out national-level trends of bivocational clergy. Using Current Population Survey data, this study tests whether there has been any proportional increase in bivocational clergy and to what extent such an increase has been localized to certain groups. We find that the percentage of clergy who report having a second job has not increased since 1996. However, clergy who are female, unmarried, or working in the American northeast are increasingly likely to report working a second job. These trends suggest that clergy who receive occupational advantages―due to gender or marital status―or who live in highly religious/low cost-of-living regions of the country may be protected from taking on a second job whereas those clergy without these advantages increasingly must depend on additional sources of income.

Having overcome the worst effects of the Great Recession unleashed in 2007-08, our democracies remain in a critical juncture. The context of analysis of this book is the Western Hemisphere but the implications of the ongoing change of era affect the global order. Above any other consideration, robotization implies long-term structural changes with far reaching consequences for democracy. This fourth technological revolution (Industry 4.0) has strengthened the autonomy of corporations and has empowered technostructure. Automation and the extensive use of internet are intensifying the progressive applications of the artificial intelligence (AI) and are set to further encourage productive maximization. Eventually, these ongoing processes will make superfluous many of the existing jobs. Shall we live a democratic future as we have known it until now? Will it be different because of the technological changes under way? What repercussions will they have for human relations? This essay book describes in detail the applications of robotization and IA, which will influence developments of neo-feudalism in the US and the implementation of citizenship income in the case of the EU.

In this paper, the schooling attainment and labor characteristics of those aged 12–19 years is assessed using data from the 1990 household survey from Paraguay. Although schooling is compulsory to age 13, it was found that 28% of those 12 years of age are already out of school. Among those out of school, 19% work formally in the labor market and contribute about a quarter of total family income. Among the 12-year-olds still in school, one-quarter have repeated a grade or more. The analysis suggests that language strongly influences school attainment and performance. Those who speak only Guarani at home may receive equal access to schooling, but their performance in school (in terms of years of attainment and grade repetition), is considerably inferior to that of Spanish-only and bilingual pupils. The number of siblings was found not to have had much of an effect on school enrollment, although it did have a significant impact on the probability of child labor. These findings may be evidence of ‘specialization’ in the household, whereby some children work, while their siblings are permitted to attend school and concentrate on studying. The results indicate that subsidies to poor households may be necessary to enable them to maintain their children in school for at least the duration of the primary cycle.

Can Crowdsourcing be used for policy? Previous work posits that the three types of Crowdsourcing have different levels of potential usefulness when applied to the various stages of the policy cycle. In this paper, we build upon this exploratory work by categorizing the extant research with respect to Crowdsourcing for the policy cycle. Premised upon our analysis, we thereafter discuss the trends, highlight the gaps, and suggest some approaches to empirically validate the application of Crowdsourcing to the policy cycle.

El trabajo se en la inserción
laboral de los migrantes latinoamericanos en EE. UU. Plantea
que “debe analizarse en el contexto general del modelo neoliberal —
adoptado desde mediados de la década de 1970—, del proceso de reestructuración
productiva consiguiente y el impacto de la crisis econó-
mica de 2008”. Apunta al hecho que “la reestructuración productiva
gestada durante las tres últimas décadas conllevó un intenso proceso de
desindustrialización y terciarización. Además a la flexibilización del mercado
de trabajo, que afecta principalmente a la fuerza de trabajo inmigrante,
legal e indocumentada, demográfica y socialmente más vulnerable.
Sostiene que “la crisis económica de EE. UU. modificó el escenario
para muchos potenciales migrantes con expectativas de migrar a ese país
en búsqueda de empleo y mejores condiciones de vida. En particular, la
pérdida de participación del empleo en el sector industrial, el incremento
del desempleo y el trabajo informal y precario impactaron mucho más
en la estructura de inserción laboral de los inmigrantes y, entre ellos, fue
aún mayor entre los inmigrantes latinos. Castillo concluye que “en el futuro
cercano es presumible que la demanda de trabajadores migrantes tienda
a orientarse hacia la ‘captura de cerebros’ procedentes de diversos paí-
ses subdesarrollados y al reclutamiento selectivo de trabajadores dirigidos
a ciertos sectores en los que la tasa de ganancia depende del trabajo intensivo
y el reclutamiento de mano de obra con bajos salarios”.

A widely held view among the public is that trade liberalization increases unemployment. In this paper we use state-and industry-level data on unemployment rates and trade protection from India to examine what the data say. We find little evidence to support the view that unemployment rises with trade liberalization. On the contrary, our analysis suggests that to the extent there is a statistically significant relationship, unemployment declines with trade liberalization in certain contexts. In particular, our state-level analysis reveals that urban unemployment declines with liberalization in states with more flexible labor markets and larger employment shares in net exporter industries. Moreover, our industry-level analysis indicates that workers in industries experiencing greater reductions in trade protection were less likely to become unemployed, especially in net export industries. There is some weak evidence that the short-run impact of a tariff reduction may be a quick increase in unemployment prior to reduction to a lower steady-state unemployment rate. Our results can be explained using a theoretical framework incorporating trade and search-generated unemployment and some institutional features of the Indian economy. # We thank J. Salcedo Cain for excellent research assistance. We also thank Deb Kusum Das for developing some of the data on trade protection used by us.

This article focuses on the implications of the integration of computer technology into education for teachers, the teaching profession and the educational labor market. A Delphi study was done, consisting of interviews with experts in the field of educational technology and a round-table discussion of the results of the interviews. This resulted in two scenarios about the future of computer technology in education and its impact on teaching. In the first scenario educational technology primarily supports individualization of learning processes, in the second scenario the emphasis is on authentic learning in a community of learners, supported by technology. The article discusses these scenarios and their implications for the role of the teacher, the teaching profession and the educational labor market. r

Hiring decisions can be risky. How much can employers save by better understanding the motivations and objectives of each applicant?  How much time and expertise should be invested in getting to know each applicant? Will such efforts raise the return on investment?  What are the shortcomings and deficits of the criteria to evaluate, compare and rank applicants?  How do they need to get changed to reflect the shift in the relative order of job skills between employees when the composition of the team (total of all employees) changes by hiring, firing or replacing?  A job description combines tasks and steps to a random set of job responsibilities.  But could there be better ways to bundle tasks together and to look for the most qualified applicant for this particular arbitrarily defined task bundle?  Could the employer benefit from regrouping all small tasks, which a company must perform, by changing which and how many small job tasks will be bundled together in different job descriptions?  And if so, how can reassigning each little tasks from different jobs to the most suitable employee (task-centered approach) instead of looking for the most qualified applicant for a particular job (job-centered approach) help in improving productivity and profitability?  How and why will the new task-centered approach help to increase the workforce diversity more than the job-centered approach?  How can reassigning tasks help disabled and handicapped lacking essential job functions to get hired anyways?  How can employers benefit from not only looking for the most qualified applicant for any particular job (i.e. arbitrarily bundle of tasks and steps) Why does the task-centered based hiring decision benefit employees, employees, applicants and disabled job-seekers more than job-centered based hiring decisions?  What are the benefits to seek the best employee for each task (task-centered) instead of the most qualified applicant for a particular job?  How can employers benefit from a paradigm shift replacing the job-centered with the task-centered hiring perspective?  How can the multi-dimensional effects, which different combinations of employees (i.e. teams) on the overall productivity and profitability be measured?  How much welfare and unemployment benefits could be saved if employers were aware of the additional benefits when making task or employee based hiring decisions instead of exclusively looking for the most qualified applicant?  How can reassigning job-tasks to different employees help applicants to become the most qualified job-seeker despite lacking essential job functions?  How could employers be convinced that they'd benefit most from reassigning tasks from different jobs to the employee most qualified for a particular task instead of only looking for the best applicant for a particular job consisting of an arbitrary bundle of tasks?

Obstacles to internal migration in China contribute to inefficiency, inequality, and land degradation. Academic and policy debate has primarily focused on discrimination against rural migrants on arrival in urban areas. Meanwhile, barriers to migration out of rural areas have received less attention. This paper examines the role of incomplete rural property rights in the migration decisions of rural households. We examine the relationship between tenure insecurity and restrictions on land rentals, and participation in outside labor markets. The results indicate that tenure insecurity reduces migration. This relationship is particularly pronounced on forest land, which has implications for the conservation of recently replanted forest areas.

As últimas décadas testemunharam um aumento sem precedentes da participação da mulher no mercado de trabalho. Um dos fatores que afeta esta participação é a educação. Este artigo analisa as mudanças ocorridas de 1992 para 1999 nos retornos em educação tendo como ferramenta de análise a regressão quantílica. Os resultados mostram que houve um crescimento do retorno em educação nos quantis mais elevados da distribuição condicional do salário da mulher. Há também uma indicação de que a educação passou a ser mais significativa no salário da mulher em 1999.

This article concerns the extent to which corrupt behavior is dependent on the organizational power structure and the resources available for illegal exchange. This qualitative study is based on 42 in-depth interviews with organizational actors in different organizations in Hungary. Four core themes emerged from the analysis of the interviews: (a) isolated corruption at the bottom, (b) the middle level's own corruption, (c) "technicization" when middle-level professionals and expert groups are used to legalize the corruption of the dominant coalition, and (d) "turning-off controls" when organizational elites intentionally deactivate internal and external controls to avoid detection.

This paper contributes to the ongoing discussion about the impact of robotization on welfare democracies. It advances conjectures on possible future scenarios following the examination of past trajectories. The context of analysis is that corresponding to welfare
capitalism in the Western hemisphere. An historical examination of the three Ages of Welfare (Golden, 1945-75; Silver, 1976, 2017; and Bronze, 2008--?) provides the
historical bases with the purpose of pondering prospective scenarios. Arguably, the structural economic overturn brought about by robotization and related technologies will challenge substantially the provision of social welfare as we have known it until
now. Among the various shocks induced by industry 4.0, robotization will have far-reaching implications for labour markets, employment and welfare arrangements.
Neo-feudalism practices and the eventual implementation of minimum income schemes
are identified as contrasting future trends.

The author meta-analyzed studies comparing child adjustment in joint physical or joint legal custody with sole-custody settings, including comparisons with paternal custody and intact families where possible. Children in joint physical or legal custody were better adjusted than children in sole-custody settings, but no different from those in intact families. More positive adjustment of joint-custody children held for separate comparisons of general adjustment, family relationships, self-esteem, emotional and behavioral adjustment, and divorce-specific adjustment. Joint-custody parents reported less current and past conflict than did sole-custody parents, but this did not explain the better adjustment of joint-custody children. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that joint custody can be advantageous for children in some cases, possibly by facilitating ongoing positive involvement with both parents.