Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual

Pakistan being a developing country, with many budget constraints, poor governance and legislation of commercial vehicle's loading limits facing the dilemma of overloading of commercial vehicles from the last decade, as overloading is the main factor for pavement deteriorations. Highway authorities would be facing the serious problems of maintenance, rehabilitation and reconstruction of existing roads together with designing the future roads to meet the criteria for much higher traffic loadings. Thus, there is grim need to evaluate the impact of commercial vehicle's overloading on pavement performance to come-up with the optimum solution. Data of three weigh in motion stations between the two major cities (Peshawar and Rawalpindi) on the main national highway N-5 of Pakistan were collected and analyzed. A comparative study of actual and design load equivalency factors (NTRC-1995) were carried to determine the impact of current loading pattern on the pavement performance. AASHTO flexible pavement design method was applied to compute the axle load equivalency factors and thicknesses required for pavement structures. Furthermore, the effect of variation in truck factor due to current loadings, on pavement design practice in Pakistan in term of performance period and economy was evaluated. It is found that, on average 90% of the commercial vehicles in Pakistan are going overloaded than the suggested limits with axle type-2 vehicle is more damaging to pavement structures having truck factors 2.65 times more than the design truck factors. Moreover, it was analyzed that the pavement structure designed on the basis of truck factors suggested by NTRC would get deteriorate in 3.5 years rather than 10 years with the economic loss of 4.5 million rupees approx.

Abstract—While passenger and freight transportation is growing up in developing countries, traffic congestion, accidents and environmental pollution are getting to be a serious concern for policy makers. Using Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) has been recently introduced as a main solution to overwhelm the above problems. Since, weigh in motion system (WIM) is known as a very important component of ITS, its usage is increasingly to be applied for axle load enforcement. On the other hand, huge investment in construction and maintenance of pavement lead policy makers to tackle overloading using weigh in motion systems. Installing weight in motion system is a constructive project with high investment in terms of needed special pavement, electronic devices, and data transferring device and human resource to overloading reduction and save pavement condition in proper situation. Following the above mentioned, it is necessary to be a trade-off consideration between pavement cost repairing and installing weigh in motion system. So in this research will be presented on the basis of break-even at the cost of purchase, installation, operating and maintenance costs of the system and saves the cost to repair the pavement as the top model in terms of income. The average overloaded axles under enforcement performed by authorities to tackle overloading is studied a criterion and the proposed model determines the minimum average overloaded axes in which installing WIM would be an economic project. Although, the proposed model is as a parametric pattern, but an installed WIM system has been selected as case study and the number of required enforcement calculated. The results of this study will help decision-makers in the field of transport, as in the operation of WIM to achieve a balance between costs and revenues from it the right decision to take.

This paper describes derivation of the curvature change for the transition curve in a 2 nd degree increasing concave formulation. The investigation of the usability of the developed transition curve in new designs and rehabilitation of existing roads are also included in this study. New transition curves are compared with the most used transition curves (clothoid, sinusoidal and bloss) in highways, and it has been targeted to indicate whether it is the most economic and comfortable one or not.