Iaeme Ijciet

Generally, architecture can be termed as a field of art in building, a structure designed by human beings. Therefore, the grandeur and the height of a civilization is measured by the buildings it left behind which include religious buildings. This can be seen through Indian architecture that appeared as a result of the emergence of Buddhism and Hinduism. Between the main objectives of this study is to discuss the concept, goals and philosophy found in the architecture of India. In addition, the study also discusses the characteristics and elements of Indian architecture made up of Buddhist and Hindu architecture that has influenced some of the architecture of other buildings in the world. In this writing, the authors used qualitative methodology focusing on research on the analysis of documents and observations. The finding shows that the concept and philosophy of Indian architecture has been largely influenced by nation and world civilization. The study also identified the characters and elements. system along the western coast of India.

Buildings with a shear wall are a good choice in earthquake-prone countries like New Zealand, Chile, and the United States. Shear walls are more capable of resisting lateral forces, but they may contain multiple openings due to various requirements such as doors, windows, or other requirements, reducing the efficiency of the shear wall. Different sizes and locations of openings are provided in buildings for various purposes. This research investigates the impact of an opening in a building's shear wall. The ETABS finite element software is used in this study. The linear static and dynamic analysis methods are used in the analysis. The plotting of tables and graphs is done in terms of time

Noise is a conspicuous element of the environment comprising noise from road traf ic, aircraft, rail road, industries, noise in building and consumer products. Noise created by rail transport is comparatively low to that of road transport. Due to improper laying of railway lines near the urban areas people living around it are largely af ected by the noise produced by road transport. Noise pollution af ects human health particularly in the compactly colonised urban areas which results in headache, fatigue, sleep disturbances, blood pressure, temporary or permanent deafness. The study is carried out at St. Thomas mount (Chennai) which is known for its holy place, historical eminence, international prominence and tourist attraction with compactly colonised area in Chennai. This survey regarding noise is carried out at four dif erent locations such as residence, school, hospital, and level crossing surrounding the railway line in St. Thomas mount. Consecutive readings are recorded in each location for a week at peak hours in the units of decibel using sound level meter. The minimum and maximum noise level is identified for each location between 7:00am- 10:00am and 5:00pm – 8:00pm and is then compared with the limits given by CPCB. Finally some remedial measures are also suggested to reduce noise pollution.

Recycling of waste materials produced from the construction and demolition activities is becoming a demand for modern societies willing to achieve environmental sustainability. To date, the use of crushed concrete aggregate (CCA) in replacement of natural coarse aggregate to produce high quality concrete is very limited. This can be attributed to the missing information on the properties of the original concrete before crushing, the limited data that clarifies the influence of using CCA on the material properties of the concrete mixture as well as the overall structural behavior of the reinforced concrete element in which it is used. An experimental testing program has been conducted on reinforced concrete beams to assess the influence of CCA replacement ratio on their structural performance and the results have been briefly discussed in this paper. The primary aim of the study presented herein is to numerically evaluate the influence of the concrete compressive strength (fcu) and the shear span to depth ratio (a/d) on the structural performance of reinforced concrete beams casted with two dif erent concrete mixtures incorporating 0% and 100% CCA. Accordingly, ten beams have been modelled using ANSYS finite element software with two control beams being validated with the experimental data. The results demonstrate the increase of the load carrying capacity and ductility of beams with 100% CCA with increasing the fcu. On the contrary, increasing the shear span to depth ratio leads to the reduction in the capacity of the beams casted with the two dif erent concrete materials. As a final conclusion, the results of the performed numerical analysis designate undesirable structural performance of the concrete beams with 100% CCA. Therefore, it is not recommended to use concrete mixtures with full replacement of natural coarse aggregate by CCA in casting concrete structural members where ductile behavior is indispensable.

The volumes of construction, both in the private and public sectors, increase annually. Therefore, building materials become more and more popular, the manufacturers of which are on the move and constantly of er all new types that are significantly superior to the main characteristics of their predecessors. One of these materials is Lego brick, which is a high-quality product made by hyper pressing without using of firing. This article presents an analysis of the advantages of the Lego brick in modern construction, the technology of its production, and especially the use in stonework. It is described what raw material is used in the manufacture, its features of shape and structure.

Management of educational building assets is one of the most complicated factors because it has a bigger number of related and unrelated criterions. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) as a decision-making technique is widely deal with many decision problems that have bigger number of criterions. This paper proposes AHP method to define the judgment matrix of related and unrelated criterions that is used to calculate the relative weights (RWs) of each criterion. Analytic network process (ANP) was also used to calculate the RWs of the interrelated building categories (architectural, mechanical, and electrical). Such RWs can be used by managers for physical condition assessment of an educational building. The educational building hierarchy are divided into five levels. Each level is then defined in a judgment matrix to calculate its RWs. Then. The consistency of such judgment matrix has been evaluated to ensure that the RWs’ results are acceptable. As concluded in the space level of the building hierarchy, the classroom space type that includes most of the education processes had the highest relative weight (RW=26.76%) followed by the bathrooms (RW=26.14%) and corridors and stairs (RW=25.77%). On the other hand, the cafeteria space type was the least relative weight (RW=1.58%) among all other space types. AHP technique provided an improved approach to calculate the RWs of each criterion af ecting physical condition of educational building in Egypt.

Groundwater is a valuable source in Egypt. However, it is expected to face many challenges in next few decades due to climate changes, rapid population increase and development in the upper Nile Basin countries. All of these factors are putting more stresses on this source. Groundwater sector in Egypt is expected to suf er of rapid declination in levels due to the reduction of water recharge in the renewable aquifers (Nile Valley and Delta aquifers). This decline is expected due to climate change (on the long term) and due to GERD reservoir filling and operation stages (on the short term), which will cut large volumes of water which used to reach to Egypt from August to October/November.
Moreover, the availability of the water all the year time and turning the flow into controlled instead of natural flow will encourage for more uses of the water in Sudan, which means more shortage in water supply to Egypt. Such decline in surface water source will put more pressure on the renewable and non-renewable aquifers in Egypt. Other concerns, due to decline of surface water, are seawater intrusion and land salinization which will af ect the groundwater quality and adversely af ect the agricultural activities and production

Purpose - Building Information Modeling (BIM) technologies and Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) processes are becoming a driving force for advancing the design, construction and operation of buildings that may have the potential to reduce claims, disputes and litigation throughout the construction process. However, evidence shows that BIM isn’t universally successful. To this end, this research aims to identify the most common BIM contractual risks (BCR).
Design/Methodology/approach - This research intends to go further into about 22 BIM Contractual Risks that have been identified from the literature review. A questionnaire survey was made to identify the risks occurrence rate, involved parties and solutions for highest faced risks based on number of participants and their years of experience. Result analysis was based on experience years for each participant’s vs each risk’s parameters.
Findings - The presented process mitigates the construction project participant’s ability to complete the construction project under BIM collaborative environment and contracts isolation nature through the following: (1) identification and examination of about 22 BIM contractual risks, level of occurrence and solutions; (2) provide a BIM contractual framework that allows for defining each party’s responsibility in BIM workflow.
Research Limitations – Due to diversity in construction project, BIM based projects require an additional drafting method to the contract and provide an understanding of each party’s responsibility by analyzing legal implication of BIM adoption. In addition, local legislation can provide the support needed for BIM implementations.
Practical implications – Findings’ implication suggests providing a legal understanding of BIM work flow through the investigation of BIM risks among construction project’s parties and providing a contractual framework either in the BIM execution plan BEP or in the employer information request EIR. The presented BIM framework mitigates the likelihood of these risks rising into disputes.
Originality/value – While there have been publications that investigate BIM contractual risks, they mainly provide guidelines of the risks and solutions. The following publication propose a thorough examination of BIM contractual risks, introduce a BIM framework based on industry’s experts experience and the specification required in the contract, BIM execution plan regulation and legal background needed for BIM adaptation in a construction project.

The major objective of this study was to evaluate the groundwater quality in the coastal area of Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Groundwater quality is assessed by the Coastal Ground Water Quality Index (CGWQI) and groundwater pollution monitoring by using a key method is principal component analysis (PCA) this methodology determines the suitability of groundwater for drinking. Groundwater samples were collected from 20 Bore Wells in July 2019. The collected samples were analyzed for physicochemical and biological parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, Sulphate, nitrate, potassium, sodium, fluoride, Iron, and dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand was analysed as well as we're used to determining WQI and PCA. The obtained results are used to integrate the correlation matrix and pipeline plots, and compared with the water quality standards of (WHO) and (BIS) 2012. The WQI values range from 36 to 96. It shows a very poor quality unsuitable for drinking. The analytical results of the groundwater of the study area are recommended that regular monitoring is required, and some treatment before being used for utilization.

Peri-Urban regions are to a great extent characterized as the zones that encompass our metropolitan regions and urban areas - neither urban nor rustic in the regular sense. They are the quickest developing areas in numerous countries. The Peri-Urban zone can be viewed as not only a periphery in the middle of city and wide open, a zone of change; rather it is another sort of multi-practical domain. While it opposes basic definitions, there are basic highlights wherever such territories are discovered, for example, a moderately low populace thickness by urban guidelines, dispersed settlements, and high reliance on transport for driving, divided networks and absence of spatial administration. Numerous worldwide dif iculties emerge from the manners in which that urban communities develop and change, particularly the rising super urban communities in creating nations where huge social and natural issues can be found in their Peri- Urban hinterlands. Issues of Peri-Urban zones in creating countries are very not the same as that of created nations. Peri-Urban is a testing and topical subject from numerous points of view. It is positively a test for logical research. This paper will manage approaches/instances of arranged development measures for Peri-Urban zones in countries of landmasses like Asia, Europe, and so forth. A few nations have given considerable regard for these issues. It will be considered how these nations have managed the heedless improvement, framework issues, administration, and so on. Proposition of comparable kind can be proposed for developing nation like India.

Water tanks are water retaining structure, The important criteria of water tank should be such that it should be leak proof, long lasting and economical too. Economics of structure can be achieved through quantity of constituents of materials as concrete, and steel. For Optimization, paper deals with two different types of water tanks (1) Rectangular and (2) Circular. Selected water tanks were considered for the restrained base as a boundary condition. The selected water tanks were analyzed and designed by two well established methods 1, IS code method and 2, analytical method. The selected water tanks were designed for constant volume of 100 cu. m Mix M-30 with Fe – 415 and IS code 3370 part I, II, III, IV along with IS 456:2000 All the water tanks, mentioned above, were designed by working stress method only. A Computer program was developed to obtain an accuracy in results. The results thus obtained were compared and shown in a tabular form. From the observations, it was concluded that the circular water tanks designed by IS code method were economical as compared with all the other types of water tanks. Similarly, it was observed that saving in cost is proportional to decrease of height of water tank.

The awareness on seismic design for reinforced cement concrete (RCC) beam- column (BC) joint was started with publication of ACI-ASCE 352 report in 1976. In past earthquakes, several RCC buildings were suf ered by severe damages/collapses. These failures were occurred due to the usage of poor detailing in joint and insuf icient anchorage of beam longitudinal bars. The research on the BC joint was started in 1967 and extensive research has been carried out on studying the behaviour of RCC joints under seismic condition through experimental and analytical studies. There are dif erent methods of reinforcing techniques have been developed over the years and their main aim was to determine the ef ective reinforcing technique for beam-column joint which include easy to adopt, effective performance, economical and cost-effective. This paper gives an overview of the use of dif erent reinforcing techniques used in beam-column joint so far. The objective of this paper is to critically review the dif erent techniques developed so far with reference to the ef ect of each technique and outlined the salient features of each technique.

This paper is focused on studying the factors affecting the productivity of excavation works in Jordan. In order to investigate this target, a questionnaire was designed considering the most important factors that were proposed in the literature, then distributed to 55 of experts and contractors. Accordingly, the collected data was analyzed using SPSS software in order to evaluate those factors and to arrange them based on their importance sequence.
In general, several major factors affect the productivity of excavation works in construction projects. In this research, five of those factors were selected and studied, evaluated, and concluded to be the most major factors that could influence the productivity of excavation works for construction projects in Jordan, and could significantly affect the cost and time of carrying out the project. Accordingly, the results of this research showed that the increase in the productivity for excavation works is related to taking into account the factors recommended according to their priority, in which the first of these was the "the types and readiness of the excavation machines", followed by (in descending order) "the geological nature of the site", "the project site investigation", "the technical expertise specialized in carrying out excavation works", and "the financial liquidity and the payment of dues".

Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves are commonly used in water resources projects and hydrological analyses. One of the most important requirements for creating IDF curves is the actual distribution of rainfall intensity during the period of rainfall, but usually short-duration rainfall records are rare in arid regions while daily rainfall data are available. Hydrologists can generate short-duration rainfall data from daily rainfall data through using the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) standard synthetic rainfall distributions. The main purpose of this paper is to show the procedure to be followed in developing the IDF curves using the daily rainfall data recorded at the Hurghada weather station. Frequency analysis of the observed rainfall records was performed using HyfranPlus software. The gamma distribution is the most widely accepted probability distribution in this research.

Sustainable building design is paving the road for future building designs. In the research presented, a group of diverse civil engineering undergraduates designed a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design certified building and computed its cost analysis. A comparison between the cost of a conventional building versus a LEED certified building is presented to provide a realistic view of the cost of environmentally friendly buildings. The cost analysis compares between traditional materials, and typical building methods versus recycled materials, and new sustainable designs. Among these topics the group also discusses the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design certification standards and the green features that are added to the conventional building to make it an environmentally friendly building. In the research, it is illustrated that a green building is more costly in the present time but can pay itself off in the future as it consists of several cost saving features. Although sustainable building design requires detailed planning, and costly material, it is beneficial for the environment and society.

The purpose of this paper is to present the fundamental and critical dif erences between two of the most powerful methodologies in a process excellence initiative in food industryThe approach taken was to follow the methodology Mr Jiju Antony in his paper Six Sigma vs Lean - Some perspectives from leading academics and practitioners, to compare the results of two case studies carried out in a fish canning company in Morocco by experts in the field of both Lean and Six Sigma methodologies. Although both methodologies are focused on process and quality improvement, Lean is much more easy to use and allow to the company to collect the low hanging fruits without using complex statistics, however Six Sigma requires great mastery of statistical tools, which is one of the biggest lacks in food industry in Morocco. The results and viewpoints expressed in the article are those of a tow case studies carried out in a fish canning factory in Morocco, It is important to capture the viewpoints of more academics and practitioners to arrive at sound and valid conclusions. The paper provides an excellent resource for many researchers and for practitioners who are engaged in research and applications of the most two powerful methodologies for achieving and sustaining operational excellence. It is also critical to understand the fundamental dif erences between these two methodologies.

This research aims to acknowledge the influence of emotional intelligence and spiritual intelligence towards managerial competence, employee engagement, Counterproductive Work Behaviour (CWB), and managerial performance. This research focuses on the negative behaviour in the workplace since it has been far from being highlighted. CWB a negative behaviour in a workplace af ecting the decrease of managerial’s performance. Quantitative research method was used in this research with Generalized Structured Component Analysis (GSCA) as its measurement tool. The population of the research was 174 leaders of BNI 46 region of East Java, consisting of 25 branch managers, 25 managers of service, 29 manages of business, 3 managers of operational and 92 managers of supporting branch. The questionnaires were delivered to 122 samples of respondents taken proportionally. The research result shows that Emotional Intelligence is the most influencing factors towards the managerial competence, employee engagement, and CWB. furthermore, the indicator of being able to communicate towards other people is an important key of emotional intelligence. The implication of this research is that good emotional intelligence could increase the managerial competence and employee engagement as well as to minimize counterproductive work behaviourin the workplace. The minimum CWB may increase the managerial performance. The finding of the research shows that managerial competence is the most influencing variable towards managerial performance.

Based on information collected from various research papers [1] about the blood pressure values and daily checkup details of patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease (AD), a machine learning algorithm is applied to predict the fall of the patients. A wrist wrap is designed to detect the fluctuations in blood pressure, pulse rate and muscle activity of the patient and will help in predicting the fall of the patient with precise location [2]. The logistic regression model is trained using the dataset on two different platforms, i.e., Peltarion and Weka. Finally, the fluctuation in blood pressure and fall detection was verified using Arduino based tool and appropriate C# coding. The accuracy of the test was nearly 66%.

This study aims to model construction projects cost and time overruns, with the specific objectives of identifying the causes and effects of cost and schedule overruns in construction projects. This is because the concept of construction projects cost and schedule overruns has attracted much attention in recent years and that researchers and research bodies, be it corporate or government that try to formulate remedies to projects cost and schedule overruns should begin with an understanding of the causes of these overruns and their effects to the construction industry as a whole. Since, time and cost performance are the fundamental criteria for success of any project. The project management technique for tracking the most critical factors that af ect the project’s overruns of planned schedule and planned budget using tools and developed software are helpful in comparing the project with stipulated time and cost.
This research investigates ranking factors from two questionnaires to compute the severity index among various construction projects and ranked each factor according to the percentages of each factor occurrence. Two models constructed using Linear regression (LR) and machine learning (Support Vector Machine) is one of the artificial intelligence systems to fit the given data for all construction projects. First model is developed for time overrun prediction with high accuracy and second model is developed for cost overrun for various construction projects. Check the performance and accuracy of the predicting model by some certain projects of time and cost projects data and check the variation of the results between the actual results and predicted results.

Iraq is drained by the Tigris-Euphrates river system. Iraq has been suf ering from water scarcity due to climate change and so-called water war. In this research, we present several plans that can be followed in all governorates of Iraq from north to south; the city of Baghdad will be a model. Iraq will save billions of cubic meters of plans that the author will propose and provide billions of cubic meters of storage in the rivers. One of conclusions collected is summation of consumption values of water for governorates 10380123497 litter/day or 10380123497÷1000=10,380,123.497 m 3 /day The amount of wastewater for full consumption of water in the Iraqi governorates accept the north governorates of the Kurdistan Region. The research adopts the idea of taking advantage of the wastewater, recycling and leaking it to the ground to replenish the groundwater with this water or considering it an additional reservoir added to the water resources. In addition to suggest a procedure to collect rainwater by the manner of ground reservoir in all buildings of Baghdad (nearly 6318000000 liters may be collected). Baghdad is growing rapidly because of the overrun green areas. The green areas have been used for residential and commercial purposes, while large parts of parks and green landscapes was neglected by paving the sidewalks and neglecting the parks. We present solutions for the deterioration of the green landscapes and more studies for multiple sites of Baghdad’s soil. We have characterized Baghdad’s soil that originated from the Tigris river sediments that have non-homogeneous properties and saline because of the dryness of the atmosphere in the area and the lack of rain and sulfate salts. Groundwater is at a depth of 6.43m- 0.8m and considered close to the surface of the earth.

The dairy industry is a major enterprise in Egypt occupying a significant place in food supply. Its wastewater is a huge environmental problem that needs a special treatment. Our study problem is to treat the effluent wastewater from one of the Juhayna Company factories in 6th of October city where there is a need for reuse the treated effluent for landscape irrigation by spry or drop system. A wastewater treatment plant had been used consisted from a DAF unit followed SBR unit that drawn to rapid sand filter and contact tank for chlorination. The target was to reuse treated water for landscape irrigation by spray system. The plant operated on the design flow for a period of three months. The system used as new application for the very small area available in the factory site. From the study results it can be seen that the applied DAF + SBR system that applied givesthe ability to meet the design flow and loads with high effluent criteria for BOD, COD, TDS, pH & TSS parameters. In general, all effluent results are more than enough for the drainage to the city sewerage system and meet the legal requirements for reuse for irrigation for landscape green areas due to the Egyptian environmental laws [1]. Also the system takes very small area and fit inside the available area inside the factory with no erection, operation or maintenance problems due to the shortage of area..

Ordinary concrete is widely used in construction engineering due to its high compressive strength, low cost and abundance in raw material. However, the main problem of plain concrete is weak in resistance to tensile loads; constituting a major restriction to its usage. Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) tend to be most aspirational Nano material having favorable mechanical properties and developed aspect ratio, for reinforcing cementitious elements which are weak in tension. Nevertheless, CNTs may agglomerate within the cement matrix due to high Van der waals forces, resulting in low enhancement or even deterioration of concrete. Therefore, the objective of this literature survey is to summarize the past experimental data on the properties of concrete with carbon nanotubes. The prime objective is to identify the optimum content of CNT in concrete for improving the Compressive and Flexural strength of concrete. The Optimum Content of CNT in the concrete is the most important parameter that highly influences its mechanical properties, workability, durability and various other properties.

This study aims to model construction projects cost and time overruns, with the specific objectives of identifying the causes and effects of cost and schedule overruns in construction projects. This is because the concept of construction projects cost and schedule overruns has attracted much attention in recent years and that researchers and research bodies, be it corporate or government that try to formulate remedies to projects cost and schedule overruns should begin with an understanding of the causes of these overruns and their effects to the construction industry as a whole. Since, time and cost performance are the fundamental criteria for success of any project. The project management technique for tracking the most critical factors that affect the project’s overruns of planned schedule and planned budget using tools and developed software are helpful in comparing the project with stipulated time and cost. This research investigates ranking factors from two questionnaires to compute the severity index among various construction projects and ranked each factor according to the percentages of each factor occurrence. Two models constructed using Linear regression (LR) and machine learning (Support Vector Machine) is one of the artificial intelligence systems to fit the given data for all construction projects. First model is developed for time overrun prediction with high accuracy and second model is developed for cost overrun for various construction projects. Check the performance and accuracy of the predicting model by some certain projects of time and cost projects data and check the variation of the results between the actual results and predicted results.

Sprinkler irrigation is an alternative irrigation technology application that theoretically has a higher efficiency than open irrigation channels. In the form in the field, production of high-efficiency irrigation is achieved when most of the irrigation network is designed correctly and use an excellent tool and smooth operation. 4.0 to support the industry, irrigation precipitation can automatically be developed using the ESP8266 NodeMCU Android-based microcontroller. Tests in the laboratory by direct observation method. The statistical data analysis using the analytical statistic results of the T-test showed that the distribution of the automatic sprinkler water distribution compared to manual testing meets T-test. The relationship between the diameter of the emission and the discharge of water flowing in the pipeline sprayer through the use of Minitab software is Y = -319.6 + 0.017131 X (release), the value of R = 97.78% and R2 = 97.56 %, which means that the statistical relationship is very significant between the diameter of the emission and the discharge of the water flowing in the pipe sprayer.

Abstract-This paper represents the results of the investigation carried out from the use of saw dust as partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete.Saw dust is a waste material obtained from woods or otherwise resulting from the machine milling.In this fine aggregate was replaced by saw dust as 0%,5%,10%,15% by weight for M-20 Mix.The results obtained was 15% optimum replacement for compresssive strength.

The power generating industry is undergoing an unprecedented reform. Improvement in power plant has provided machines of higher rating with better stability and increased running life. Proposed soil characteristics represent the most important physical-mechanical parameters for foundation engineering purposes. The use of historical data, improved designed techniques with provisions for earthquake condition by Civil Engineers can enhance durability and running time of heavy machineries. This paper highlights some design issues with real time examples, need for a better interaction between foundation designer and machine maintenance engineer to ensure improved machine performance. Also provides knowledge about the foundation related problems and its percentage share on the partially or fully non availability of equipments in the overall power plant.

The focus of this research paper is to analyze the impact of employer branding and organization attractiveness factors on organization citizenship behavior of faculties in Odisha universities covering technical and higher education context. Data were collected from 350 faculties working in dif erent universities of Odisha. Structured questionnaire were used to gather the data for the study. Results of regression analysis have revealed employer branding factors like brand knowledge, brand internalization, brand equity, institutional culture and recognition of effort found to be strong and positive predictor of citizenship behavior .organization attractiveness in the form of respectful work environment and attractive place of employment, work place fun and informality, healthy association between employer and faculties had shown positive influence on OCB. Organization citizenship behavior is the increasingly desirable form of employees behavior where motivation for employer branding and attractiveness of institution must play a significant role .These concepts should be treated as an effective technological tool in the hand of management and must be adopted strongly in Technical educational institutions as well as in other sectors to attract and retain potential employees.

Transportation is a crucial factor in improving agricultural productivity. It enhances the quality of life of the people, creates a market for agricultural produce, facilitates interaction among geographical and economic regions and opened up new areas to economic focus. The link between the farmers and consumers is enhanced by efficient transport mechanism for constant inflow of farm produce. The economic investigation into how this process is undertaken is necessary for the profitability of any business venture. This research investigates the crucial role transportation plays in kola nut production using survey research technique. A total of 100 respondents were randomly selected and interviewed using well-structured questionnaires. This represents 20% of the registered kola nut farmers in Remo land, Ogun state. Sagamu Local Government Area has 40% of the respondents while 30% each were from Ikenne and Remo North Local Government Areas. The obtained data were analysed using descriptive statistics. This study revealed that an improved transportation will encourage farmers to produce more, add value to their produce, and reduce spoilage.

Road infrastructure is expensive for developing countries. Indeed, on the one hand the outdated implementation techniques, and the unavailability of standards materials such as crushed gravels in some project areas, attest to and accentuate this dif iculty. The northern part of Cameroon is part of the Sudano-Sahelian area of the African continent. Which is characterized by the scarcity and remoteness of rocky deposits as well as the delicacy of extraction conditions, illustrative of areas where road construction generates the most prohibitive expenditures. The work carried out, which is based on the mixture techniques commonly used in soil concretes, aims to implement locally in abundance available materials, by associating them a minimum fraction of hydraulic binders, in order to obtain a new constituent for the base course of road construction, according to the universal standards. After a comprehensive documentary compilation and experimental approach in the laboratory with samples taken in the extreme north of Cameroon, the results are convincing: the constituent of the mixture comprising 70% of sand, 25% of soil and 5% of hydraulic binder, meets the eligibility criteria prescribed in the implementation of the base course in road construction, in particular the bearing index or stability (CBR) and the hardness of skeleton’s (Rc, Rc ‘) product. This mixture would be recommended for road construction in the Sudano-Sahelian areas, alternating with crushed gravels which is scarce. Its implementation according to the prescribed optimal conditions, generally reduce considerably the expenses for an efficient development of road network in the Sudano-Sahelian area, and precisely in the north of Cameroon.

Background: The growth of overweight and obesity remains public health concern and reflects the overall low ability to achieve and maintain a healthy body weight [1][2][3]. Being overweight and obese is associated with risk of numerous comorbidities which are leading causes of disability and death, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and many types of cancer. Methods: Study were based on legislative documents, economics and statistics reports. Results: According to World Health Organization (WHO) obesity rate in Kazakhstan is about 21% of population. In 2012, Kazakh Academy of Nutrition promulgated the results of national research in overweight and obesity situation among adults and children. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults was 46.3 percent and 21.8 percent, respectively [4].Comparing with the similar research proceeded in 2002, the prevalence of pathology increased by 25 percent. However, these figures are questionable, as existing information systems are not adapted to proper registration patients with overweight and obesity so this figure can be increased even doubled.[5][6]. Conclusion: It is obvious that current situation requires ef ective activity for prevention and control of overweight and obesity among population. Establishing of national registry of obesity is an effective measure for provision obesity management covering all population, and timely interventions and intersectional cooperation are keys to curb the trend toward overweight and obesity in Kazakhstan.

Underground conduits are the backbone of pipeline transportation. In the design of buried pipes, thorough study on behavior of pipes and soil are the utmost necessitate. The objective of the study is to predict the performance of Un-plasticized Poly Vinyl Chloride Pipe of varied diameter commercially available in the market buried at dif erent levels of loose sand backfill. A laboratory model of the trench in the form of tank is made. The experimental test values are validated using the finite element software PLAXIS.

Batik home industry is widely developed at this time. Increasing the number of activies could increase environmental water pollution. Environmental pollution caused by batik waste water can be found in the river which is the main source of agricultural activities, fisheries and processed into drinking water sources. The aims of the study were to determine the ability of microorganisme in the Euchornia crassipes in improving the quality of water BOD and COD of waste water batik solution after treated with solution of water hyacinth microorganisme and rice sugarcane huskes and bamboo charcoal. Water waste solutions were taken from three different sites of home batik industries in: (1) Surakarta, (2) Sragen, and (3) Pekalongan. The Result showed that effluent pH dropped, temperature of liquid waste tends to fluctuate up and down with a difference of 1°C of the initial temperature of the liquid waste. Color Processing Waste after experiencing a decline of up, conductivity in the column reactor bagasse and rice husks column reactor increased and decreased in bamboo charcoal column reactor up. The value of BOD, COD, TSS and TDS tend to fluctuate. Chemical compounds of a Ammonia was drastically reduced. For the heavy metals chromium and cadmium has never been detected, which was much lower than the maximum levels of crom is (1 mg / L).

Expansive soils pose a significant hazard to civil engineering structures due to its high swelling and shrinkage potential. There are many techniques available to reduce the effect of volume change of expansive soil due to change in water content within the soil mass. Soil stabilization by mixing various chemical additives has been proved to be effective alternative solution to overcome the undesirable swell. The objective of present study is to determine and evaluate the effect of addition of chloride salts on expansive soil in term of change in index properties and swelling characteristics.In this study, an experimental program developed to investigate the effect of salt water on the engineering properties of high swelling clays. The laboratory tests were carried out in the soil mechanics laboratory of Al Azhar University and central laboratories of Arab Contractors. The materials used in this research were silty clay obtained from Bait El Watan project, western of Suez road in New Cairo city, tap water as well as saline water, which is obtained from mixing of salts and distilled water at various concentrations(5, 10,20,30,50 and 60%) as an effective chemicalstabilizerin expansive soils. However, the results showed a remarkable decrease in liquid limit by 47.8 percent. Plastic limit also showed a continuous decrease with increasing salt concentration to reach 6.2% decrease at 60% salt concentration. Compaction properties also significantly improved in presence of salty water as the maximum dry density increased from 17.83kn/m3 to 18.95 kn/m3 at salt concentration of 60%, with a corresponding decrease from 15.6% to 12% in optimum moisture content.
Free swell index reached a maximum decrease of 21.7% at a salt concentration of 30%, as it decreased from 66.65% to 56.8 %. Results of Oedometer test also revealed an improve of swelling properties of expansive clay soil expressed by a decrease in swelling heave from 5.61 for samples mixed with fresh water to 4.3 mm when mixed with 30% salt concentration with a rate of reduction 23.4%

In today's era of urbanization, the environment has been disturbed by human beings. Environmental imbalance is produced because of various activities created by us. The construction industry is performing an enormous role in this. While building procedures and after construction because of faulty preparation, pollution is produced in addition to many natural resources being wasted or exploited. A green Building design offers solutions to problems and contributes to keeping the surroundings clean, green, and eco-friendly. The green building momentum began in 1990 with the establishment of 1st green rating system - BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environment Assessment Method) in the U.K., then after followed by U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) in 1993 led a rating system' LEED' (Leadership in Energy & Environment Design). The green building and sustainable development moment is an entirely new environmentally friendly lifestyle that is steadily emerging worldwide and in India. In India, the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) started in 2001 with its rating and certification process. In the current research of current building taking advantage of the unlimited resource, e.g., utilizing sunlight through photo-voltaic tools and led lighting effects, numerous additional methods to transform the structure on the green building and also concentrates on the beneficial results, as well as results after the structure, is changed to green building, Case 1: The study is conducted on Residential complex of G+3 buildings having total flats of 27nos, Situated in dist.- Thane, state - Maharashtra Case 2: The project deals with studying the case study of g+4 storey building eco-friendly ideas, a set case in point of an eco-friendly building that could well be healthy for the people inside in addition to exterior.

In this experimental study the fly ash and GGBS is used to make the geopolymer concrete and PET fibers were added in it with dif erent percentage. The fly ash and ggbs based geopolymer concrete was used with equal quantity (50% fly ash and 50% ggbs) and PET fibers were used in it (volume fraction of fine aggregates/weight percentage of fine aggregates),with dif erent percentage i.e. 2%,3%,4% to study the mechanical and durability properties. Geopolymer concrete containing PET Fibers were cured with two methods i.e Oven curing (24 hours at 60 0C) and ambient curing. The PET fibers dimensions was used corresponding to 45 aspect ratio 90x2 (length x breadth).The prepared samples were tested at 7 days and 28 days. The study has been done on the fresh property, compressive strength, tensile strength and flexure strength of PET fiber encapsulated geopolymer concrete. The compressive strength improved a little with the incorporation of PET fibers, tensile strength and flexural strength tests gave significant improvement over controlled specimen.

A flood is a runof of water that sinks land that is generally dry. Floods are causes not only by rain but also by human changes to the surface of the earth. Flooding occurs as an overflow of water from water bodies, such as a river, lake, or ocean, in which the water overtops or breaks embankments. It results some of that water escaping its usual boundaries or it may occur due to an increase of rainwater on inundated ground in an areal flood. Deforestation and urbanization increase the runof from rains thus inundate vast areas today that previously caused no flooding. The careless building in vulnerable areas, poor watershed management and failure to control the flooding create the disaster condition. This paper presents a literature review on flood damage assessment in urban areas and their applications. It also describes the methodologies used for assessing the flood damage

Any building that is designed, constructed and maintained for the health and well being of the occupants while minimizing the negative impact on the environment falls under the category of green building. Other factors like resource-efficient site design and development practices helps to reduce the environmental impacts and improve the energy performance of newly built house. Bamboo is a positive green option since it qualifies under many of the categories for eco-friendly building material viz low energy consumption, sustainability, fast growing, environmental friendly, high strength to weight ratio and reduction to soil erosion. Moreover bamboo based housing system requires lower operating costs and increases thermal comfort. They have enhanced durability and needs less maintenance. Thus bamboo and bamboo composites have immense potential to serve as a green building material in innovative and aesthetic housing. Armed with a wide gamut of advantages, bamboo composites have a key role to play in the growing market in India. The developmental efforts for finding newer composites for existing and novel applications are an area of top priority. Considerable expertise exists in India in the technological institution and a few manufacturing industries, the usage of composites in all these years has been limited to multiple commercial application and potential for export have also not been tapped even in a limited way. In view of the crucial need for developing indigenous capability in composite technology, institutes like IPIRTI has taken a challenge towards developing bamboo and bamboo composite based houses for dwellings and commercial purposes.

This research wants to achieve purpose is to determine and analyze description clearly about planning, implementation and performance of Local Content Curriculum in Elementary School level in urban, coastal, and rural areas by introducing natural conditions, cultural environment, social environment in the areas. The research was conducted in Elementary Schools in Konawe Regency namely State Elementary School 1 Unaaha and State Elementary School 2 Unaaha, State Elementary School 1 and State Elementary School 2 Analahumbuti, State Elementary School 1 and State Elementary School 2 Muara Sampara. Meanwhile, information determination used snowball sampling method. With criteria: (1) Teachers, (2) principals, (3) Head of Of ice, (4) Head of Curriculum Unit.(5) Public figure with knowledge on studied issues. Data collection technique was conducted by in-depth interview, observation technique and Focus Group Discussion technique. Based on results of the research and discussion, then it can be concluded that: (1) implementation of local subject curriculum consists of three stages, namely planning, implementation and evaluation. (a) in the planning stage, there is identification analysis and need analysis which then determines competence standard and basic competence. (b) in the implementation stage, it is a learning activity consisting of teaching materials/contents, approaches, teaching methods and teaching aids/media. (c) in the evaluation stage, it uses two ways, namely evaluation on learning process and evaluation at final semester test. (2) there are supporting factors on the curriculum implementation of local content, namely: (a) local content curriculum has been composed integrally in education of ice in section of curriculum development, (b) there are package books as a source of learning obtained from education of ice, (c) all schools have class teachers who are from Tolaki tribe and (d) there are School Operational Assistance funds which can be used to finance implementation of local subject curriculum, (3) there are inhibiting factors on the implementation of local subject curriculum, namely: (a) facility and infrastructure are not adequately available such as LCD or nfocus, (b) there is no enough available time to teach the local content, namely only 2 hours per weeks, (c) teachers face difficult to find learning media which must be adjusted with learning materials and (d) there are many students who do not achieve Minimum Completeness Criteria since they are from tribe beyond Tolaki so they are not easy to understand the subject.

Methods of modelling risks can be considered as a kind of simulation of the future in laboratory conditions. Since the program chooses the values of input variables from random probability distributions, each resulting result reflects the possible state of affairs in the future. Each of these combinations can actually be realized, and with the same degree of probability. Therefore, the results are also possible in the future and are equally likely. The proposed method allows to select, according to certain criteria, the necessary risk indicators for their further study. The economic interpretation of various aspects of the results of managerial analysis obtained during the calculation of indicators is based on an integrated factor model for assessing the efficiency of the enterprise, and the visualization of the results of the analysis of indicators is carried out using such a tool as a managerial monitor. The second instrument – simulation method – allows obtaining more accurate results of calculating the influence of factors in comparison with the methods of chain substitution, absolute and relative differences, integral, logarithm, index and proportional distribution, and allows avoiding ambiguous evaluation of the influence of factors, because in this case the results does not depend on the location of the factors in the model, and the additional increment of  the effective indicator, which is formed from the interaction of factors, decomposes between them proportions It is also an indicator of influence.

This paper presents the experimental investigation on concrete which attempts to utilize the industrial wastes to the possible extent and internal curing compound to promote self-compacting self-curing light weight concrete. Cinder, Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS), Super plasticizers and Polyethylene Glycol (PEG-400) are used in the concrete mix and the tests are conducted to confirm its suitability as self-compacting self-curing concrete. The test results of air cured concrete are well comparable with that of water cured conventional concrete. Cinder, an industrial waste product is used as a light weight aggregate by partial and full replacement for coarse aggregate to satisfy the property for structural concrete and optimum use of water in the construction contribute to the sustainable development.

Nowadays, the mining of sand resources from rivers areas especially in Perak state is a common practice and may lead to destruction of public assets as well as impacts or increase stress on commercial and non-commercial living resources that utilize these areas. This study was carried out to determine possible river sand removal capacity and their consequences towards Sungai Perak. Van Veen Grabber and Helley Smith sediment sampler are used to collect bed soil samples and determine sediment transport at the time of sampling. These two methods could estimate the suitability of available sand material and the flux of sediment transport locally. By conducting the surveys and analysing all the collected data, it showed positive results. Almost 90% of the grab samples were good quality of sand. The minimum total quantity of minable sand in Sungai Perak at Bota Kanan is 713,073.1 tonnes (269,084.2 m 3 ) with the maximum replenishment period of 100 days. The recharge sediment transport yield on average is in range 0.14 tonne/km2 /day to 0.53 ton/km2 /day and it is in the range of reported sediment transport yield in several Perak’s rivers (0.04 – 1.4 ton/km2 /day). By implementing this method, the negative impact of sand mining activities can be reduced and the river will be sustained.

Green buildings are also referred to as green construction or sustainable buildings.This term refers to the environment friendly and resource efficient structures and processes in a building's life-cycle:including all the steps involved in the planning,design,construction,operation,maintenance,renovation and demolition of the building structures.1The Green Building concept endeavors to address the classical building design concerns of utility,economy,comfort and durability.This necessitates close cooperation among all stakeholders including contractors,architects,engineers and clients at all stages of the project. New technologies are coming up all the time to strengthen existing approaches to creating greener structures.

To develop the infrastructure, Indian government spends huge Crores every year. Claims are applicable where projects are lacking in design, plans, effective management, skillful supervision, and close coordination from the client side. Today, Construction industry has ruled the claims when compared to other industries. Claims are undesirable to client due to excess of project time and project cost. Claim process facing more problems in the current situation which creates dispute between Contractor and Client. This paper discusses about the various potential claim area, most influenced causes and disputes in construction claims which can be overcome through the modified methodologies in construction claim management.

A methodology for assessing the processes of dust formation and transfer from the external dumps of overburden rocks, formed near the Alekseevsky quarry of building materials in the Republic of Mordovia, was proposed in the Article. The basic element of this assessment is in consideration the physical-geographical characteristics of the quarry area, including basic meteorological characteristics and coefficients determining the dispersion conditions of pollutants, combined with an analysis of the geometric characteristics of the dump and the properties of the dump rocks. The proposed method includes the use of sieve analysis of dusting material soaring in the air, as well as computer simulation using the “Ecolog” software package. It was established, investigated dusty material is largely composed of particles that are a subtype of microscopic dust, 0.4 mm in size. Spherical particles and irregular polyhedrons are the predominant. This form is primarily associated with the genesis and structure of overburden and host rocks of sedimentary origin. As a result of the sieve analysis, the spatial patterns of dusting material distribution, blown of from the dump, were established. When moving away from the overburden dump, large particles from the dust flow quickly precipitate. Already at a distance of 10 m, the number of particles larger than 1.6 mm decreases sharply, and at a distance of 50 m particles larger than 0.63 mm make about 5% in a dust flow. The bulk of dust particles have a size of less than 0.14 mm at a distance of more than 70 m. As a result of the application of the “Ecologist” software complex, a prognostic map of inorganic dust dispersion from overburden dumps in the summer was built, considering that another similar dump was being formed simultaneously with the existing dump, which has practically exhausted the possibility of overburden accumulation. As recommendations for reducing dust emission from existing and projected dumps, it was proposed to fix their surfaces with a biogenic or chemical protective layer.

Variation orders are a common phenomenon in the construction industry on any project in Jordan. The traditional construction process in which there is a significant time lag between planning, design and implementation greatly increases the likelihood of changes and Variation orders in the project. There are many reasons that lead to changes in construction projects, and often these changes lead to an increase in project costs, time delays and administrative problems. This study aims to provide a good understanding of the main causes of change orders and their negative effects on the cost and time of the project, arranging these reasons according to the most important, and developing some proposals to mitigate their negative effects on the project. Where a sample of experts and other related people in government projects was studied and the most important changes that occurred in them that led to the issuance of change orders were studied The study shows that the most important reasons for issuing change orders in projects are generally produced by the owner as a result of poor design, many obstacles, or Errors in estimating quantities or the change in scope which requested by the owner. This study provides a general concept of changes and change orders in construction projects and the extent of their negative effects on the cost and time of projects. Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the critical factors impacting variation orders in Governmental Construction Projects. Research approach: A survey questionnaires were sent out to experienced managers and engineers of construction projects (ministry of public works and housing, Designers, contractors, consultants and Arbitrators). Findings: It was observed that, there are multi-factor affecting variation orders of the above Projects; the main factor from questioner survey was Weakness of the design for the project according to the mean value ranking method.

Increasing population growth rates leads to increasing waste generation rates, which causes pollution risks in the surrounding environment and groundwater. Impact of landfill leachate on the groundwater quality will be covered in this study at the governorate of Karbala, Iraq. Samples of seven wells used for irrigation purpose were collected and analyzed, which available in the study area and penetrate the unconfined aquifer, and also samples of the leachate from the landfill. This analysis aimed to reveal the impact of the leachate's pollutants on groundwater which used for irrigation in the surrounding wells. Groundwater Modelling System (GMS) was applied to prepare a simulation for the pollutants spread around the landfill and to predict the pollutants concentrations for the next fifty years, based on the results of analyzing leachate samples. The results showed the pollutants concentration with time, and they spread shapes.

Most of the breakwaters of the major, intermediate and minor ports as well as fishing harbours in India are constructed as flexible rubblemound structures, armoured with quarry stones or artificial concrete armour units. Tetrapods, Dolosse and Cubes are common concrete armour units, which are to be used in double layer in the armour of the rubblemound structures. Development of deep water ports in India has necessitated the designs involving lesser costs. In this context, use of single layer armour units on steeper slopes is inevitable. Single layer armour units like Accropode and Core-loc have also been used for a few breakwaters. Tetrapods are more popular in India in comparison with other armour units. Rubblemound breakwaters constructed in India, using artificial concrete armour units have stood well against the fury of waves. However, there are few examples of damages to the breakwaters during the severe cyclonic wave conditions. The design aspects, site conditions, constraints, and the performance of artificial concrete units have been discussed in the paper. It is observed that selection of design wave condition, packing density, placing method, slope, and proper toe-berm are important aspects in the design and construction of rubblemound breakwaters with artificial concrete armour units.

The construction of projects within highly densely populated cities, such as the construction of tunnels and bridges, is a common practice for the development of busy cities, some of which can be a solution to the congestion problem or the addition of new services to cities such as bridges and tunnels. In order to ensure the success of these projects the surrounding public facilities, which intersect with the proposed projects, must be studied in order to avoid the negative impacts of the population's water, sanitation, waste and communications needs. etc. Recent developments, like construction of new subways in old capitals, Cairo in this study, coincides with the lack of maps and data for existing infrastructure and conformity to nature, which negatively affects the time of completion of these projects on time due to many obstacles and accidents of facilities which are not studied. Therefore, this paper is studying management of facilities transformation under the three pillars of project management triangle (time - efficiency - cost) to reach to the maximum quality in the management of the transformation of existing facilities for the construction of new projects and facilitate traffic in old-crowded cities. Two multi criteria decision making methods were applied here for evaluating different alternatives or scenarios for a real case study to solve a problem of converting a large collector sewer in the residential area of KitKat district in Cairo for the construction of the third line of the underground metro within the framework of the project management. For this purpose, a questionnaire was designed and sent to many experts to use its results in the decision making. Results of the used tools gave the same priority for a certain scenario over the others. The selected scenario could achieve the management triangle pillars efficiently.