Masonry

Never entirely analyzed until now, the pictorial iconography of Maria Carolina looks more vivacious and interesting than that of her sister Marie-Antoinette, queen of France, both for its various languages from different countries, as the Neapolitan late baroque, the French rococo, the German neoclassic, and for the iconography and the iconology, as shown by the suggestive presence of the Antique, the allusions to the maternity and even some Masonic references.

En las elecciones estatales de 2015 en México, Jaime Rodríguez Calderón " el Bronco " sorprendió a la opinión pública al ganar la elección para gobernador de Nuevo León. En vísperas de finalizar el periodo de campaña, surgieron videos en YouTube señalando al " Bronco " como masón, adjudicándole toda una serie de mensajes religiosos, morales, políticos y sociales. Este artículo analiza los videos en el contexto de las percepciones sobre la masonería en México. Llego a la conclusión de que, debido al significado social e históricamente construido sobre la masonería en México, ha surgido una tendencia política y electoral antimasónica, con el fin de influir la intención del voto y manipular las percepciones sociales.

İnönü'nün ABD ile antlaşmasından sonra mason locaları yeniden açılır  Bu açılış süreci, dernekleşme ve o dönem mason tarikatı örgütlenme hareketleri  İstanbul'da kurulan ilk 3 locadan sonra, İzmir'de İzmir locası kurulur. İzmir locası kuruluş, yöneticileri ve üyeleri ve bazı önde gelen masonların çözümlemesi.

Provision of vertically reinforcing material close to the surface is termed as 'containment reinforcement'. It is a novel technique employed for the enhancement of performance of masonry structure when subjected to earthquake. Plenty of literature is available on experimental and analytical investigations on dynamic and static behavior of containment reinforced masonry. In the present work the FEM model proposed in the literature has been modified to an equivalent frame model (EFM) which is subjected to seismic excitations. Parameters used in equivalent frame model have been evaluated using experimental database. Present work includes evaluation of limiting drift ratios for unreinforced masonry and containment reinforced masonry buildings through incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). Modeling of unreinforced masonry and containment reinforced masonry buildings is carried out in SAP2000. Because of the simplicity and computational efficiency of EFM, it can be used for development of fragility curves for containment reinforced masonry structures.

The volumes of construction, both in the private and public sectors, increase annually. Therefore, building materials become more and more popular, the manufacturers of which are on the move and constantly offer all new types that are significantly superior to the main characteristics of their predecessors. One of these materials is Lego brick, which is a high-quality product made by hyper pressing without using of firing. This article presents an analysis of the advantages of the Lego brick in modern construction, the technology of its production, and especially the use in stonework. It is described what raw material is used in the manufacture, its features of shape and structure. The global housing shortage has stimulated the search for new cost-effective ways to erect walls of buildings and structures. Among the majority of technologies, there are many promising options with the use of bricks made by semi-dry hyper-pressing, both with and without masonry mortar. As a rule, builders always face the questions: how to reduce the effects of uneven brick laying, how to increase the strength of the walls and create a presentable appearance? We will try to answer these questions by proposing the use of Lego bricks in modern construction.

The paper presents an overview of the results of diagnostic and monitoring activities carried out in the last years through satellite radar interferometry (2011-2016) and in situ measurements (2017-2019) in the historical city of Gubbio, Italy. The study is aimed at contributing to understanding the potential of remote sensing technologies in measuring complex deformation phenomena in historic buildings, such as those caused by soil-structural interaction and earthquakes, considering the monumental Consoli Palace and the Town Walls as case studies. The research activities have been carried out within the European HERACLES project, funded in the framework of Horizon (2020) and aimed at proposing novel diagnostic monitoring solutions for enhancing heritage resilience against various types of hazards. Particular attention is focused on the cross-correlation of the outputs of satellite radar interferometry and in-situ structural monitoring data aimed at achieving engineering meaningful results supporting decision making and proactive interventions.

The volumes of construction, both in the private and public sectors, increase annually. Therefore, building materials become more and more popular, the manufacturers of which are on the move and constantly of er all new types that are significantly superior to the main characteristics of their predecessors. One of these materials is Lego brick, which is a high-quality product made by hyper pressing without using of firing. This article presents an analysis of the advantages of the Lego brick in modern construction, the technology of its production, and especially the use in stonework. It is described what raw material is used in the manufacture, its features of shape and structure.

Claude Perrault defined stereotomy as “the art of using the weight of stone against itself so as to hold it up thanks to the very weight that pulls it down”. It is indeed a sophisticated ancient technique
highly integrated with knowledge of both practical and erudite geometry as well as mathematics. With knowledge being a defining factor of stereotomy, a few questions are raised as to its democratic
distribution and accessibility as well as the social groups that have controlled it in a chronological context. Taking to consideration the emergence of Géométrie descriptive by Gaspard Monge  shortly
before 1800, one would wonder about the very existence of complex stereotomic buildings dating before the 18th century, one such example being the Chateau d’Anet, thus questioning the historical factors behind its development, geographical movement and the intentions of the people being in possession of such knowledge.

There have been numerous publications on unreinforced masonry construction in the literature; however, there is a lack of publications on the condition assessment of existing unreinforced masonry façades for disturbances due to nearby subway construction. To fill this gap, this paper presents a study in which a 5-story historical building with unreinforced masonry façade experiences inward and outward deformations perpendicular to the plane of wall due to nearby subway construction. The performance of the unreinforced masonry façade is examined under wind load combinations. For this, a finite-element (FE) model is built in ANSYS software to conduct a stress analysis of the brick façade. The results revealed that the tensile stresses exceeded the tensile stress limit at several locations; therefore, a structural remediation is required. A structural retrofit is proposed to tie the façade wall to the floor diaphragms with steel anchor rods at specific stories. Another FE model is built to represent the remedies proposed for stabilizing the façade wall. The results show that all stresses are within the limits, indicating that the structural solution for the remediation is appropriate. As a result of this study, the proposed remediation was implemented at the building, and the structure has been in good structural condition without any complaints, even after the subway construction was completed and the subway line was in operation.

This article presents an experimental study on the seismic behavior of arch-pier systems reinforced with tie-rods. In particular, the role of the tie-rod stiffness is stressed, with the aim of proposing innovative tie-rods characterized by lower stiffness than traditional ones. The experimental campaign was performed by adopting the inclined plane static test on a 1:10 scaled model. It is demonstrated that prestress applied to tie-rods barely influences the seismic capacity of the system. Moreover, it is shown that larger tie-rod deformability induces larger displacement capacity at collapse. Finally, a comparison between experimental results and simple analytical models based on rigid block systems shows the fundamental role of overall system deformability on the seismic response.dividual papers. This paper is part of the Journal of Structural Engineering, © ASCE, ISSN 0733-9445/04014137 /$25.00. © ASCE 04014137-1 J. Struct. Eng. J. Struct. Eng. Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by Universita degli Studi di Genova on 11/10/14. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. © ASCE 04014137-2 J. Struct. Eng. J. Struct. Eng. Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by Universita degli Studi di Genova on 11/10/14. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. © ASCE 04014137-7 J. Struct. Eng. J. Struct. Eng. Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by Universita degli Studi di Genova on 11/10/14. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. © ASCE 04014137-8 J. Struct. Eng. J. Struct. Eng. Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by Universita degli Studi di Genova on 11/10/14.

Il periodo di vibrazione fondamentale svolge un ruolo fondamentale nella valutazione della domanda sismica. Il suo valore dipende dalle distribuzioni di massa e rigidezza nella struttura in esame ed è in genere valutato mediante analisi numeriche o, per alcune tipologie strutturali ricorrenti, mediante formulazioni empiriche semplificate. Nel presente articolo vengono presentati i risultati di una campagna sperimentale di identificazione dinamica di torri in muratura ricadenti nel territorio molisano. Queste ...

Buildings have a significant and continuously increasing impact on the environment because they are responsible for a large portion of carbon emissions and use a considerable number of resources and energy. The green building movement emerged to mitigate these effects and to improve the building construction process. This paradigm shift should bring significant environmental, economic, financial, and social benefits. However, to realize such benefits, efforts are required not only in the selection of appropriate technologies but also in the choice of proper materials. Selecting inappropriate materials can be expensive, but more importantly, it may preclude the achievement of the desired environmental goals. In order to help decision-makers with the selection of the right materials, this study proposes a mixed integer optimization model that incorporates design and budget constraints while maximizing the number of credits reached under the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system. To illustrate this model, this paper presents a case study of a building in Colombia in which a modified version of LEED is proposed.

Using research that is now several decades old, the current Canadian masonry design standard, CSA S304.1-04, prescribes values for masonry design compressive strength based on the compressive strength of the concrete masonry unit and the type of mortar used in construction. The quality of unit production, masonry construction methods, and the theoretical understanding of masonry behaviour have improved significantly since these values were developed. As a consequence, current CSA S304.1-04 correlations between unit and masonry compressive strength values no longer reflect modern masonry construction and have been shown to be too conservative. In this investigation, 140 concrete masonry prisms were constructed for compression testing to recalibrate the tabulated unit strength values. An update to CSA S304.1-04 is proposed which includes strength increases of 33-40% for prisms with type N mortar, 10-30% strength increases for prisms with type S mortar and low unit strength, and 0-12% decreases with high unit strength.

Grout injection is a widely used technique for consolidation of multi-leaves masonries, aimed at increasing the compactness and to create links between the internal and external leaves that will improve shear, flexural and compressive resistances. Grouts can be seen as mixtures of binder with water, admixtures and/or additives, which should present low viscosity and high penetrability. The definition of a grout composition should involve the knowledge of the injection capacity within a specific type of masonry and good physical and chemical compatibility with the original materials present in the historic structures.

Confined masonry (CM) is an effective building construction technology for low-tech construction in seismic-prone regions. This paper focuses on developing a numerical model to study the in-plane seismic behaviour of CM wall. A half-scaled CM wall specimen is designed based on Mexican practice and tested under a combination of vertical load and in-plane cyclic load up to failure. Based on that a three dimensional (3D) finite element macro-modelling technique is developed using the commercial software package ABAQUS, where the masonry panel, RC tie-frame, and reinforcements are discretely modelled. The strength and stiffness degradation of masonry and concrete is defined using Concrete Damaged Plasticity (CDP), which is a damaged plasticity-based continuum constitutive model. All the input data in the numerical model are based on experimental test results and data obtained from past literature or inverse fitting, with justification. From the analysis, it is observed that the numerica...

Klenby sú oblúkové konštrukcia so vzopätím, ktoré sa používajú ako stropná konštrukcia alebo na preklenutie otvorov v stenách. V dávnejšej minulosti sa zhotovovali klenby murované z kameňa, pálených prípadne nepálených tehál, niekedy zo špeciálnych keramických tvaroviek. V niektorých prípadoch zvyčajne, v iných krajinách sa klenby vytvárali aj liatím či odmazávaním iných konštrukcií, alebo murovaním napríklad z drevených klátikov. Od 19. storočia sa stavajú aj betónové klenby a klenbové statické pôsobenie sa využíva aj v oceľových konštrukciách.

In Brazil, structural masonry is widely used in the construction of tall buildings. As the country does not have its own standard for masonry in a fire situation, the Fire Department recommends that the design of masonry structures in a fire situation be carried out in accordance with the instructions of Eurocode or similar international standard. This article critically analyses the adoption of design procedures in use in the USA, Australia and Europe for a typical Brazilian masonry structure, verifying the applicability of these codes and taking into account the differences in aggregates used in blocks and finishes, aiming to support discussions on Brazilian standardisation, in addition to comparing the different ways of approaching each standard. The results showed that it is possible to use international codes, but their use will not always portray the real situation, requiring the sector and the technical-scientific community urgently unite to address this issue.

This paper focuses on large domes' building techniques and use of geometric rules in the design and construction of religious structures. A quick excursus on the cultural heritage in Italy and abroad highlights how domes have been used almost exclusively in sacred architecture, rather than in civic buildings, for most of history. Born of the need to cover large spaces without facing with the encumbrance of vertical elements, the domed cover, ideal for places of worship crowded by hundreds of faithful, has assumed, over the centuries, a symbolic meaning to every religion. In fact, identifying the shape of a large dome in the urban landscape immediately means to recognize the sacredness of that place. The ancient Romans who believed in the gods, Christians, Hindus and Muslims, all used this very peculiar architectural element in churches or mosques to express a kind of spiritual symbolism and, as mentioned, the fact that the shape of the dome arises from a functional reason, it has over time got pushed aside. Furthermore, the circle is a geometric form that possesses a great symbolic force, generated by the idea that, having no beginning and no end, reflected perfection, the eternal, and also the heavens. In this perspective, drawing a circle both in the horizontal and vertical section, the ultimate paradigm for all monumental domes was the Roman Pantheon which, with its centrally placed "oculus" or "eye of heaven" proved to be a model for all other domes after it, retaining its position as the most ancient and well preserved dome in the world. Therefore, this article concentrates on the study of the Pantheon as an emblem and reference model for all monumental domes. By analyzing the "meaning" of its architectural design and its structural and geometric characteristics, the research dissects a comparison between similar large domes, similar to each other, such as that of St. Francesco di Paola in Naples and the Mosta Dome in Malta. The comprehension of these valuable architectural artifacts lies between the search for their original geometry and the identification of structural models through which their shape was defined, namely the geometric and proportional rules of the past.

[EN] The hands-on course on "Stonecutting and vault construction" held in Universidad Politécnica de Valencia in July 2017 included a practical workshop involving the execution of a ribbed vault in ashlar using traditional instruments such as molds, templets, chisels and axes, as well as a series of theoretical lectures, including one on large-scale architectural tracings, which dealt both with general issues and a number of research papers, stressing their methodological aspects

[ES] El curso práctico "Cantería y construcción de bóvedas" impartido en la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia en Julio de 2017 incluía una serie de sesiones prácticas orientadas a la ejecución de una bóveda nervada en piedra de cantería mediante medios tradicionales como plantillas, cerchas, escuadras, cinceles y escodas, y una serie de lecciones teóricas, de las que se incluye aquí el soporte visual de la dedicada a las monteas o trazados de cantería o tamaño natural, abordando tanto sus aspectos generales como una serie de trabajos de investigación, con especial atención a la metodología empleada

The rapid growth in civil construction field has resulted in a substantial scarcity in availability of conventional building materials. Due to the combustion of coal in industries/thermal plants, there are large quantities of wastes obtained such as fly ash, GGBFS, silica fume etc. Wastage disposal issues and environmental issues has become prime concern in the society. These issues have encouraged and necessitated to develop new building materials and construction technologies. The purpose of building mud blocks is to renovate stable natural soil into an engineered block. Mixing geopolymers along with mud generate significant strength in the characteristics of block. Geopolymer technology has resulted in lowering carbon-dioxide emissions in the ecosystem. This article presents the procedure for manufacturing and testing compressed geopolymer mud block masonry specimens. The compressed geopolymer mud blocks has proven to be a sustainable alternative material compared to Portland cement concrete blocks. The article focusses on choosing the right mix proportion of the block and to determine the basic properties of masonry units, masonry strength of the prisms/wallettes and walls.

Adobe construction is the oldest building form on earth; it has been supporting the human evolution for more than 5000 years. Adobe has the advantage of cheap resources and the wide availability regardless of location. It is the most environment friendly construction method since it is fully recyclable and does not emit any greenhouse gasses.

Mason’s marks in the Gothic Cathedral in Wrocław

The Cathedral in Wrocław is a brick construction that abundantly uses sandstone to make many architectural details (piers, shafts, vaults’ ribs, portals, windows). The first register of mason’s marks present in the Cathedral in Wrocław is included in the catalogue of historical monuments dating from 1930. It was not complete, but in spite of the war damages the occasionally taken inventory enabled to find new marks. Based on it some of the introductory conclusions about the number of masons employed, the intensity of their work, activities at other building sites in Wrocław and phases of building of the Cathedral can be drawn. The conclusions are only hypothetical on account of numerous replacements of the stone joints during reconstruction after 1945. When deciding about the chronology it is crucial to take into account the structure -and-style analysis of sculptural decorations.
About 35 stone-masons took part in building the chancel in the 3rd quarter of the 13th century. Only a few out of a more numerous group that worked at the level of the ambulatory, also participated in sculpting elements of choir’s upper windows, to which new stone-masons were employed as well.
Much more plentiful set of marks comes from the nave of the Cathedral erected between the 1st and the 3rd quarter of the 14th century. It was managed to recognize in it around 340 marks left by about 69 individual stone-masons. If we took into account the marks registered in the catalogue in 1930 and which did not remain to these days, the number of stone-masons employed at building of the nave would increase to 80. Based on the analysis of the registered marks it can be asserted that the oldest part of the nave is the ground level of western towers crowned with a cornice sculpted about year 1330 at earliest. Together with them the walls of aisles were arising, whereas the middle part of the nave starting from the western portal through all the piers and vaults of aisles up to windows of the upper storey belongs to a separate stage. In the crew working here there is a group of permanent masons employed continuously. We find some of them in some other buildings in Wrocław from about the mid-14th century.

The mechanical parameters (shear strength of bed joints) derived from triplet tests can apparently be significantly different from those obtained through the so called " shove test " procedure executed on the same type of masonry. It was observed that this discrepancy may be caused by a wrong estimation of the compressive stress in the bed joints of the shove test. This article describes a numerical technique implemented in Abaqus to provide a sound interpretation of the phenomena involved in the failure of a mortar bed joint. The level of accuracy required to accomplish the objectives of the present study has driven the attention toward the detailed micro-modelling approach. Units and mortar joints have been modelled with continuum elements whereas the cohesive interfaces with zero thickness have been used for the unit-mortar interfaces. The material nonlinearities of masonry have been attributed to mortar and unit-mortar interfaces. The dilatancy of the bed joint during the shear failure process can generate, under certain boundary conditions, a local increase of the normal compression stress. Hence, particular attention has been dedicated to the modelling of this phenomenon. Several triplet tests and shove tests have been used as experimental benchmark for the numerical simulations. With the aim to accurately calibrate the parameter that controls the dilatancy, this work has paid attention also to the numerical-experimental comparison in terms of normal expansion of the joints, whereas commonly the comparison is generally carried out only in terms of shear stress-displacement curve. With the proposed technique, the triplet test and the shove test can be simulated with great accuracy. Thanks to these features, it has been also possible to relate the two types of test by highlighting the factors that affect the local normal stress during the shear failure process, providing a more detailed explanation of why and how the shove test results must be carefully interpreted in order to derive a realistic estimate of the shear strength of bed joints.

There is an ever-increasing demand for more advanced and user-friendly FEM packages. Despite the great progress achieved in FEM industry, the modelling of masonry structures is still challenging at several scales. The present paper discusses the potential capabilities of both FEM packages ANSYS and LS-DYNA for multiple scales modelling of masonry structures. The smeared and discrete modelling approaches, constitutive models and solution strategies will be discussed and the outcome will be supported with examples for unreinforced and reinforced masonry. Further discussion will be given to the difficulties and challenging problems. The paper will be concluded to recommendations to enhance the current state and the aspects of future works.

This paper examines issues related to deflection criteria for masonry beams. Masonry walls supported by beams and lintels act compositely with the beam. As the height of the masonry wall increases, the behavior becomes more like that of a tied arch, with the masonry in compression and the beam acting as the tension tie. Deflection limits are only needed so that sufficient stiffness is provided during construction to prevent serviceability problems, with the suggested limit being l/600. Several methods for determining the deflection of reinforced masonry beams are examined, and a method for the effective moment of inertia of cracked reinforced sections is recommended. Beams and lintels that exceed this deflection do not necessarily have to be increased in size, but rather shores could be used during construction. Masonry beams and lintels with l/d 8 should not be controlled by deflections. Therefore, it is recommended that the code not require these members to be checked for deflections.

Mindfuck - Beyni Becermek               
(Petra Bock)

Remembering the Latin proverb ‘’Verba volant, scripta manent – söz gider yazı kalır’’ in Turkish; I am going to introduce the book to you which I evaluated that is really  important from ‘’personal development’’ and ‘’life coaching’’ points of view.  My third book introduction is;  ‘’Mindfuck (Beyni Becermek)’’ which is summarized by my dear friend Halit Yıldırım under this generic title. I must reiterate that this book has been awarded by ‘’The Coaching Award of 2012’’ in the highest cathegory of ‘’special success in coaching’’ given by the periodic namely ‘’Coaching Heute’’ on January 14th 2012.

A book that will change your life, covering a prize-winning approach to overcoming mental self-sabotage. Therefore I suggest this book to those who have not read yet.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Mindfuck - Beyni Becermek
               
Author / Yazar: Petra Bock
Original Language / Orijinal Basım Dili: German / Almanca
Language / Basım Dili: Türkçe
Publisher / Yayınevi: Paloma (Kişisel Gelişim Dizisi)
Publication Date / Basım Tarihi: 2015
Page Nr. / Sayfa Sayısı: 200

M. İskender TARGAÇ

Siamo giunti al penultimo contributo al pensiero di Carlo Paredi.
In questo omaggio proponiamo la lettura e meditazione su due scritti, tanto brevi quanto densi di profonda Sapienza operativa.
Ci siamo presi la libertà di presentarli sotto il titolo che ne racchiude i Significati:
Conosci te stesso. Tutto è Giusto e Perfetto
Oltre non c’è nulla che possiamo dire, solo l’Auspicio che questi semi possano fruttificare nello scrigno segreto dei vostri cuori, oltre la dimensione materiale della profanità, oltre il raziocinio, oltre l’intuizione, oltre……………

A través de las diferentes represiones y exilios que padecieron los masones en Asturias completamos la historia de esas represiones y exilios de los siglos XIX y XX en España. Archivos aún por revolver quedan en muchos países, labor pendiente, ardúa pero que se ira realizando. Como elemento "novedoso" se acerca la lupa investigadora sobre la estrategia de la "delación".

There is little doubt that Major General Benedict Arnold was recognized as a "hero" during the American Revolutionary War.  However, the name of "Benedict Arnold" is synonymous with "traitor."  What is the truth behind his leaving the American cause and going back to his "British" allegiance to the crown.  Why was he not found "guilty" through his Masonic membership and "black-balled."

En 1916, Isaac Alcheh y Saporta viajó desde Salónica a Madrid para interceder ante el gobierno español con respecto a la concesión de la nacionalidad española a varias familias sefardíes. Durante su viaje se relacionó con políticos e intelectuales españoles, dio una conferencia en el Ateneo de Madrid y asistió a una reunión del Gran Oriente Español como representante de la logia masónica Perseverancia, de Salónica. En este artículo se analiza la repercusión que tuvo su visita en la prensa española del momento

Note that HPB speaks of "Blue Ether" when describing the Vril force, or energy of Agni as corresponding to the release of atomic energy of the Buddhic plane. Correspondingly, we recall that the fourth plane of the system, is the Buddhic plane and that this system is "a system of the fourth order" with our solar lord known as the "blue logos (literally indigo) the indigo vibration of this love system". We might ponder on the nature of atomic fusion of our Solar Logos for a moment. This Blue is stated by DK to be Indigo which itself is also stated elsewhere as "indigo blue, a deep electric blue", again, "The Synthetic Ray which blends them all is the great Love-Wisdom Ray, for verily and indeed "God is Love." This Ray is the indigo Ray, and is the blending Ray." We note that the "vibration" and note of our Logos is on the Buddhic plane and that his fusion/magnitude is of the fourth order and of the nature of "Vril", the "blue ether" the rock destroying force of J.W.Keely. We might recall that Master Hilarion refers to the Sun viewed outside our atmosphere as a "black hole" perhaps we might, for a time, consider it as a "dark indigo blue-midnight blue".

Proponiamo la lettura del lavoro di Vinicio Serino  “Arturo Reghini, Pitagorico”, apparso nel 2005 come introduzione alla raccolta, curata da Moreno Neri, Per la restituzione della Massoneria Pitagorica Italiana .
Il contributo di Vinicio Serino è testo da leggere con calma più volte, assaporandone gli stimoli e scoprendone i profondi Significati. Siamo di fronte ad una sintesi viva ed efficace, utile per ravvivare l’interesse per chi già conosce la tematica, ancor più utile per i tanti che probabilmente non hanno avuto l’opportunità di affrontarla.
Ritornare alle fonti, soprattutto quando ci si trova immersi nel caos, è una necessità se si desidera proseguire il cammino con la dovuta vigilanza e perseveranza.
Tanto più quando ciò consente di riscontrare, ancora una volta, l’unicità della sorgente comune rappresentata dalla Sapienza tradizionale.

In this paper the results of an experimental investigation carried out to determine the load carrying capacity of brick masonry dome in mud mortar is reported. Dome has been constructed without using formwork. Dome of span 3m, thickness 0.075m, and central rise 0.6m has been considered in the study. The entire outer surface of the dome was subjected to uniformly distributed load of upto an intensity of 2.845kN/m 2 . Further more, the dome was also subjected to partial uniformly distributed load around the crown upto an angle of α = 6.309 degree measured from the crown.

stvorenih za borbu protiv komunizma. "Top secret" anex za NSC-4, NSC-4A, upućuje direktora središnje tajne službe da provodi psihološke aktivnosti u postizanju u NSC-4 čvrsto određenih ciljeva. Početna ovlast CIA-e pokrivanje operacija pod NSC-4A nije utemeljeno formalnom procedurom niti koordinacijom ili provođenjem ovih operacija. Jednostavno upućuje DCI da "pokriva tajne akcije i osigurava, kroz suradnju sa Državom i Obranom, da rezultati operacija budu u skladu sa američkom politikom".