History of Serbian Language

"HANDWRITTEN DICTIONARY OF FOREIGN TERMS OF THE PRINCE’S CHANCELLERY
1815–1839 BY PROFESSOR VELIMIR MIHAJLOVIĆ AS A TESTIMONY TO A CERTAIN AGE AND ITS LANGUAGE"

"The Dictionary of Foreign Terms of the Prince’s Chancellery 1815–1839" by Professor Velimir Mihajlović from the University of Novi Sad is a manuscript containing over 4,000 words excerpted from documents from the Chancery of Prince Miloš Obrenović. During their lexical studies, Professor Mihajlović and his collaborators published two dictionaries of the 18th and 19th century lexis. The third dictionary remained a manuscript. Within the framework of the research project of Matica srpska Linguistic data for the Dictionary of Foreign Terms of the Prince’s Chancellery (with etymological notes), the dictionary was digitalised, supplemented with lexical and theoretical material and, in collaboration with Professor Mato Pižurica, prepared for publication.
The lexical material shows the structure of lexical borrowings in administrative terminology related to new state institutions and the sources of these borrowings in general.

Based on the history of the Serbian language, with particular attention being given to the Serbian migration to Austria since the end of the 17th century, this paper will consider the development process of the Serbian language variety as a minority language in the Habsburg Monarchy with specific regard to Austria. Therein, the process of interaction of the language in Serbia with that of the migrants is of vital importance. This paper will reflect the further development of Serbian standard within pluricentric Serbo-Croatian (since the end of the 19th century) as well as in the framework of newly in Austria established Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian (since the end of the 20th century). Preeminent attention is being dedicated to the role of Austro-Hungarian and Austrian language and school policy, which governed the different naming and codification of this language. Considering the Serbian language varieties, it will, for instance, indicate interdependencies of dominant and non-dominant variations and the position of one standard within a pluricentric language. Furthermore, it exemplifies circumstances under which a language’s variety developing in migration can recursively influence the language in the country of origin.

This paper addresses the problematic nature of the current (from Miklosich to Derksen) supposition about the Proto-Slavic, implicitly also Proto-Indo-European, antiquity of the verb *žьlděti ‘desiderare, cupere’. On the level of Church Slavonic, its absence from Russian Church Slavonic is proven and the autochthonous nature of its Old Russian derivatives
is denied – these turn out to be of South Slavonic provenance. The absence of continuity of either the verb or its derivatives in Bulgarian is also noted. However, in Serbo-Croatian, in the central Štokavian terrain, it is exceptionally well documented, continually from the 13th c. to the present day – in both literary Serbian (starting from Serbian Slavonic) and in folklore, including modern attestations in dialects. Hence, the possibility of the Old Church Slavonic antiquity of the verb being practically ruled out, an alternative interpretation is offered: S.-Cr. žud(j)eti may be a locally developed formation, secondary to the adjective
žedan (< *žędьnъ), through its earlier form *žĭndĭnŭ which through a dissimilation n – n > l – n could have yielded *žĭldĭnŭ > žьldьnъ. Formal-semantic and typological parallels to such a development, with examples from Serbian and other languages, Slavic and non-Slavic, are presented. Keywords: etymology, relict, innovation, Proto-Slavic *žьlděti ‘desiderare,
cupere’, Church Slavonic, Serbian.

Предмет рада су системски опис и анализа језичких и стилских одлика поезије за децу предзмајевског периода. Корпус сачињавају текстови у распону од прве песме (и књиге) за децу – Мелодије к пролећу (1765) Захарије Орфелина – до покретања Змајевог листа Невен (1880). У корпус су ушле књиге песама, циклуси и, у изузетним случајевима, појединачне песме из поменутог периода. Ексцерпирани текстови писани су на рускословенском, славеносрпском, вуковском и српском народном језику. Референтне тачке истраживања су неколике: 1. писани језик проматраног периода, 2. (језичко-)стилске карактеристике књижевноисторијских праваца којима припадају дати аутори и 3. језички захтеви који чине песму (не)примереном песништву за децу, а који (могу да) долазе од свести аутора о имплицитном читаоцу.
Кроз анализу одабраног материјала на нивоу графије и фонетике, морфологије, творбе речи, као и на лексичком, синтаксичком и стилском плану, покушали смо да покажемо у којој су мери и на које начине на поезију за децу предзмајевског периода утицали разноврсни фактори: 1. прилике у српском књижевном језику, 2. књижевно-историјске прилике, 3. тематска усмереност текста и његово жанровско обликовање, 4. свест о психо-интелектуалним могућностима реципијента. Такође, покушали смо да опишемо језичке црте и стилска средства помоћу којих се остварује дидактичност поезије за децу у назначеном периоду, као и да њене одлике сагледамо узевши у обзир даљи развој српске поезије за децу. /// The aim of this work is a systematic description and analysis of the linguistic and stylistic features of poetry for children in the period before Jovan Jovanovic Zmaj. The corpus of this research consisted of poetry books, sets of poems and, by exception, single poems created between 1765; when the first Serbian poem for children – A Melody for The Spring by Zaharije Orfelin – was published, and 1880; in which year Neven was founded, a well-known children’s magazine edited by the famous Serbian poet J.J. Zmaj. The selected material was written in Russo-Slavonic, Slavonic-Serbian, Vukian, and the Serbian folk language. The reference points of our exploration were: 1. written language in the period before J.J. Zmaj, 2. stylistic features of contemporary literary movements of the time, and 3. linguistic demands which make a poem adequate or inadequate for children’s poetry as well as linguistic features which may or may not appear as a result of the author’s awareness of the nature of their implied reader.
Through description and analysis of the phonological and morphological features, word building, lexical, syntactical and stylistic forms of poems, we tried to show ways in which children’s poetry had been influenced by various factors: 1. circumstances in the Serbian literary language, 2. circumstances in Serbian literature, 3. it’s own main themes as well as it’s own genres’, and 4. the author’s awareness of the psycho-intellectual ability of their implied reader. We also tried to describe the linguistic and stylistic characteristics which made these poems highly didactic, as to comprehend their features in light of the further development of Serbian poetry for children.

"Serbian diachronic linguistics at the beginning of the 21st century"
The article provides information on bibliographical data illustrating the condition of research in Serbian diachronic linguistics at the beginning of the 21st century. During this period three phenomena deserve particular attention The firts one are reeditions of fundamental theoretical works by Serbian linguist. The second ones involves the attempts to familiarize the Serbian reader with works by foreign authors which are usually hardly accessible in Serbia (books by Nikita Tolstoy, Joseph Schütz, Emil Benveniste's dictionary). Serbian translation of Ivan Popović’s Geschichte der Serbokroatischen Sprache (The History of the Serbo‑Croatian Language), originally written in the German, gives readers a chance to get acquainted with this version of the book which had previously been known only from a small paper published in Novi Sad in 1955. The last important element of Serbian diachronic linguistics are two large lexicographic projects (etymological dictionary and the dictionary of Serbian editing of the Church Slavonic language). The research of Serbian linguists focuses primarily on the works from the period of Middle Ages and the processes which accompanied the development of contemporary Serbian language at the turn of 18th and 19th centuries.

"THE TURKISH INVASION AND ITS INFUENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OS SERBIAN SOCIAL VOCABULARY"

In the development of Serbian social vocabulary it is possible to distinguish three main periods parallel to the three main eras and great events in social-political history of the nation. These are primarily the early middle ages and the biggest development of the Serbian state from the end of the XII century with strong Byzantine influences, the period of the Ottoman Empire‟s reign and the epoch from the end of XVIII until XX century; the period of democratization and occidentalization of the society and with it the vocabulary.
As Pavle Ivić notes, and what can be clearly noticed based on the example of social vocabulary, the borders of these periods are not transitory moments, but breakthroughs meaning a change of the foreign source of completing the vocabulary. As far as we the epochs of the middle ages with its Roman and Byzantine influences and the epoch of the XVIII and XIX centuries with the western European influnce may be concerned as peri-ods of a rather peaceful revolution in the inflow of foreign vocabulary, the Turkish pe-riod characterizes with a complete change of paradigms. It brought the most radical changes not only in terms of the state and social organization, but also in terms of the vocabulary from these fields. Only the Christian terminology form the middle ages is preserved, whereas the social system was completely shattered and changed with vo-cabulary of eastern origin.

This is an accepted manuscript. The publisher (Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg) allows publishing of the accepted manuscript. It differs from the published version notably in the formatting of citations. Please refer only to the published version in the printed version of "Zeitschrift für Slavische Philologie" (ISSN 0044-3492) when citing this review.

"VOJVODA SERBO-MONTÉNÉGRINE"
L’article présenté ci-dessus renferme l’histoire de l’un de plus captivant titres protoslaves des personnes provenant du premier ordre dans la hiérarchie sociale. Ce titre dont la signification étymologique, non pas seulement dans la langue serbe, correspondait au commandant de l’armée a évolué ensuite vers le noble, le dignitaire de la cour, le seigneur, seconde commandant de l’armée après le souverain, par le responsable administratif et l’autorité tribale au Monténégro, jusqu’à l’animateur de mariage participant aux rites de noce serbes et monténégrins. L’ancien grade militaire slave pourrait être un emprunt lexical d’un grade germanique haritogo, du protogermanique herizogo ou de la langue grecque στρατηγός, στρατελάτής.