Halal Laws

The project of this bachelor thesis was carried out at the certification body Halal Quality Control (HQC) Germany, a leading Halal certification body for products and services. The author of this thesis is himself a Halal auditor at HQC Germany. The aim was to show, in the context of his work as an auditor, what the requirements of a Halal food certification and an associated Halal audit are, based on a case study. For this purpose, he took part in a pre-audit as well as in an initial certification audit.
The author felt that the topic was important because the issue of halal is interpreted very differently in practice, depending on whether it is a producer or consumer. Likewise, the importance of elaborating the topic was based on the fact that the halal food industry is globally growing in importance for both producers and distributors, as well as for consumers. So, the elaboration was cut off for interested consumers for Halal to the interested producers in the economic sector.
Within the framework of this thesis, the theoretical part was literary, while the main part or the practical part was about the certification and audit based on the practical findings.
In the theoretical part, the following relevant findings emerged:
- The market of Halal is the fastest growing market in the world, led especially by strong non-Muslim countries and their producers.
- For producers and consumers, Halal does not only concern Halal meat in particular, but also many other food sectors.
In the practical part, the following results became clear:
- The institutions that develop and prescribe halal standards worldwide are certain professional accreditation bodies consisting of experts in all relevant fields. These standards are subject to the standards of the International Organization of Standardization (ISO), GCC Standardization Organization (GSO), United Arabic Emirates (UAE) and others.
- The resulting certification standards are specified for the Halal certification institutes. Accordingly, auditing and certification is carried out in accordance with the Halal-guidelines of the result of these experts.
- From these results the work corresponding to the standards in the context of an audit and a certification, from the preliminary work by examination of relevant documents up to the certification.

ABSTRAK Kebersihan dan keselamatan makanan di kantin adalah antara perkara yang perlu diberi perhatian di sekolah selain dari aspek pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Ia melibatkan 10,208 buah sekolah dan hampir 5 juta orang pelajar sekolah di Malaysia. Maka penyediaan makanan yang bersih, selamat, seimbang dan berkhasiat serta kebersihan diri pengendali makanan, kebersihan premis dan peralatan adalah amat perlu selain ilmu dan latihan khusus berkaitan kebersihan dan keselamatan makanan kepada pengendali kantin. Walaupun pihak sekolah telah dibekalkan dengan Buku Garis Panduan Pengurusan Kantin Sekolah Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia 2004, namun masih berlaku kes keracunan makanan di sekolah akibat kecuaian pengendali kantin semasa penyediaan makanan. Kurang pemantauan dan penguatkuasaan undang-undang yang lemah ke atas pengendali kantin merupakan antara punca ketidapatuhan pengendali kantin terhadap undang-undang dan garis panduan sedia ada. Sehubungan itu, artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengenalpasti isu-isu berkaitan pemantauan dan penguatkuasaan undang-undang terhadap pengendali kantin sekolah dalam pengendalian kebersihan dan keselamatan makanan di kantin sekolah. Analisis akan dibuat terhadap beberapa dokumen seperti Garis Panduan Pengurusan Kantin Sekolah Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia 2004, pekeliling-pekeliling Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia dan undang-undang berkaitan. Kajian mendapati pihak Kementerian Kesihatan menjalankan pemantuan di kantin sekolah dua tahun sekali selebihnya bergantung kepada inisiatif pihak sekolah yang mempunyai amalan masing-masing dalam aspek pemantauan terhadap pengendalian kebersihan dan keselamatan makanan di kantin sekolah. Kajian ini adalah signifikan bagi membantu pihak sekolah dalam menangani isu-isu berkaitan pengendalian pengendalian kebersihan dan keselamatan makanan di kantin sekolah.

The objective of this paper is to analyse the Halal standards among OIC Country specifically on preparation of food standard. One of the reasons why the Halal industry cannot grow faster, despite rising demands for Halal products worldwide, is because there is no consensus on a Halal standard. Each country has its own certification body, which leads to disagreements over animal feed, slaughtering methods, packaging, logistics and other issues. Indeed, all sectors of the market from inter-government agencies to the smallest trader have recognized the need for one global Halal standard that is recognised by all importing countries. Amidst the growing number of agencies issuing Halal certificates, there is also an increasing trend for local government departments to take charge of Halal certification as a result of the increasing demand for the export of Halal goods. It would be very difficult for countries to collectively agree on one global Halal standard as this would mean surrendering their sovereign rights. As a conclusion, uniformity and consensus especially among OIC Countries is very much important in order to ensure Halal standard for OIC Countries can be develop or otherwise it will be a dream forever. Implication of this paper is to educate people and industry on the importance of having uniformity for Halal standard. Hence, in the future research, it is suggested to study on the establishment of International Accreditation for Halal.

Dalam interaksi masyarakat pelbagai kaum dan agama, terdapat pelbagai isu sensitif yang timbul, khususnya pasca Pilihan Raya Umum ke-14. Situasi politik yang tidak stabil ditambah lagi dengan serangan virus COVID-19 menyebabkan keadaan menjadi semakin tidak harmoni. Setiap isu yang berbangkit akan mendapat berbagai respons berbagai pihak sama ada yang menyokong, membangkang atau yang memilih jalan selamat untuk berkecuali. Khususnya dalam aspek kepenggunaan, isu pelabelan sesuatu produk turut menjadi polemik kerana pemasaran dalam komuniti berbilang kaum, budaya dan agama sewajarnya bijak dalam mempromosikan suatu produk. Walaupun mendapat pulisiti yang negatif dan produk akan menjadi terkenal secara percuma ekoran polemik yang timbul, hakikatnya ia ibarat menyiram cuka di tempat yang luka. Bahkan, keuntungan ringgit tidak berbaloi dengan kerugian sosial yang ditanggung bersama. Justeru tiap pihak perlu berhati-hati dalam memilih nama bagi jenama sesuatu produk pengguna.
Kata kunci: masyarakat majmuk, kepenggunaan, pemasaran, entnosentrisme, perpaduan

Halal adalah satu tema yang sangat luas dibincangkan pada masa kini. Kupasannya meliputi aspek makanan dan bukan makanan. Begitu juga, halal dibincangkan berkaitan aspek perundangan, transaksi kewangan dan perkembangan sains teknologi. Berasaskan perkembangan sains dan teknologi, pelbagai produk halal banyak dihasilkan seperti berasaskan bioteknologi, teknologi rekombinan, sintetik dan kejuruteraan genetik. Sungguhpun demikian, penghasilan produk tersebut menimbulkan keraguan apabila sebilangan penghasilannya didapati tidak memenuhi kehendak syariah yang sebenar. Walaupun pada dasarnya penghasilan tersebut memberikan banyak kebaikan dan lebih ekonomi, ia tetap dianggap sebagai haram dalam Islam kerana sumbernya yang tidak dibenarkan. Penerbitan buku Isu Halal Kontemporari ini adalah bertujuan mengenengahkan isu berkaitan dengan penghasilan produk halal semasa di samping dapat dijadikan alternatif penyelesaian kepada permasalahan yang timbul. Usaha penerbitan ini sangat memberi manfa...

The objective of this article is to examine the consumer protection of Halal product in Malaysia and its application. The (USIM) industry is a highly potential market of the future that has not been fully explored. This is supported by the growing number of the world's Muslim community estimated to increase to 1.8 billion by 2011 with current Halal market value estimated to reach USD 2.3 billion. However, there are some issues regarding the Halal industry either domestically or internationally, particularly in relation to the abuse of Halal logo and other offenses relating to the Halal logo. The question arises as to whether the rights of Muslims were fully protected under the relevant laws and what will happen on the the lawful rights of Muslims if these laws were not adhered to? The outcome of this writing would be an improvement in consumer protection and consumer's understanding in matters related to Halal products, to protect and educate consumers and to educate producers to be more vigilant and responsible for the manufacturing of their products.

The halal industry is a highly potential market of the future that has not been fully explored. This is supported by the growing number of world's Muslim community estimated to increase to 1.8 billion by 2011 with current halal market value estimated to reach USD2.3 billion. However, there are some issues regarding the halal industry either domestically or internationally, particularly in relation to the abuse of halal logo and other offenses relating to the halal logo. The question is arised whether the rights of Muslims were fully protected under the relevant laws and their lawfully rights if these laws were not adhered to? The objective of this article is to examine a preamble to the highlight of consumer protection in Malaysia and its application. The research methodology is by documentations analysis based on literature review and the outcome of this writing would be an improvement in consumer protection and consumer's comprehension in matters related to halal products, to protect and educate consumers, and to educate producers to be more vigilant and responsible for the manufacture of their products.

In Islamic teachings, the terms Halal-Thayyib are often used together in unison. Thayyib brings in the ontology of goodness into the discourse of religious permissibility (Halal). Nevertheless, Thayyib is often being removed from the legal and social dynamics of Halal contextualization. This article aims at examining the extent of existence or marginalization of the Thayyib construct from two different legal environments, namely Indonesia and the Americas of America (USA). Indonesia is chosen because it is the most populated Muslim nation, while the U.S. is the country that has a public regulation on Kosher food laws. Moreover, to signify that a 'product/output' ought to be religiously permitted (Halal) and good (Thayyib), this article has a three-prong objective. Firstly, to compare the criteria of Halal food with Kosher food as defined in Indonesia and the Americas respectively. Secondly, to compare the written laws and regulations that have been instituted in both countries visa -vis Halal & Kosher food and to identify the overlapping spaces between these two definitions as well as laws and regulations. Lastly, to examine the ontological gaps in the context of Thayyib within Halal and Kosher foods. Document review used as a method in qualitative design. The result says that in specific regulation the Halal Thayyib used as a principal at both of regulations in essence. However, there is some overlapping covenant that might the consumer get confused. Moreover, this study contributes to better policy in Halal Thayyib in regulation forms.

Through recourse to material from academic scholarship and various online media resources, which I interpret through a queer theoretical framework, I postulate that the adamant insistence on specific performances of masculinity and sexuality to the extent of persecuting non-heteronormative Malay-Muslim men by Islamic and civil authorities underwrites the pursuit of an image of ‘Malay-Muslim cohesiveness,’ which in turn secures the maintenance of political power. I further argue that heteronormative forms of masculinity and sexuality which claim the endorsement of institutional Islam are further fortified by their intersectionalities with categories of ethnicity, heteropatriarchy and citizenship. I first draw attention to the bid for greater Islamic moral authority between two political parties - the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) and Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) - by imposing particular norms of heteropatriarchy, masculinity, ethnicity, religiosity and citizenship on Malaysian Malay-Muslim men. Thereafter, I briefly discuss how non-heteronormative Malaysian Malay-Muslim men who are perceived as transgressing such norms meet with civil and religious condemnations, threats of corporeal punishments and anti-LGBT programmes. I also demonstrate how attacks are particularly directed individuals who are deemed aberrant, notably Malaysian writer Azwan Ismail who publicly disclosed his sexuality, and Ariff Alfian Rosli, a Malaysian student who underwent a same-sex commitment ceremony in Ireland. Vitriolic attitudes towards non-heteronormative men are justified by perceptions of a contradiction of norms that have been sanctioned by institutional Islam and advocated by political echelons. My queering project thus demonstrates how non-heteronormative Malaysian Malay-Muslim men such as Azwan and Ariff become agents of effrontery and dislodgement who expose insidious political agendas that feed off heteronormative categories of masculinity and sexuality, and their multiple intersectionalities with religion, ethnicity, heteropatriarchy and citizenship.

... are directly related to wider unresolved ethnic conflicts over issues such as 'language, youth, education, rural ... She has totally neglected the 'Indonesian connexion' and thus has failed to consider the crucial role ... Religous ideology and social change: the Islamic revival in Malaysia ...

CRITICISM of HALAL CERTIFICATES and PROSPECTIVE PRIVATE LAW DISPUTES ARISING THEREFROM
Assoc. Prof. Özlem Tüzüner (PhD)
Abstract
Halal certification, with its two-sided benefits, affects not only the buyer or consumer but also the seller or supplier. Still, the existence of halal certification in commercial life is criticized in both Turkish and international doctrine. Criticism of a halal certificate may be useful in increasing its reputation. Whether a commodity or a service is halal can never be ultimately doubtful. Such a suspicion is temporary, only arising from the lack of knowledge about the production or presentation process. If the production or presentation processes, and especially the ingredients and additives, are thoroughly analyzed, it immediately becomes clear whether a given commodity or service is halal or haram.
Products that are sold as if they are certified even though they are not, or those that are certified as if halal even though they are haram, may cause various legal disputes among all actors of the purchase and sale. The Turkish Civil Code, the Turkish Code of Obligations, the Turkish Commercial Code, and the Law on Consumer Protection may find applications in the national resolution of private law disputes arising from halal certificates. The decisive factor in the implementation of the aforementioned laws is the legal status of the subjects involved in the case in question. In private law disputes that arise from halal certificates, the question of whether the buyer is a consumer or a merchant is considered when choosing one of the legal institutions provided by national law over another, and in this way, the dispute may be qualified as originating from the law of obligations, consumer law, or commercial law.
Keywords: Halal certificate, doubtful, criticism, private law disputes

Halal adalah satu tema yang sangat luas dibincangkan pada masa kini. Kupasannya meliputi aspek makanan dan bukan makanan. Begitu juga, halal dibincangkan berkaitan aspek perundangan, transaksi kewangan dan perkembangan sains teknologi. Berasaskan perkembangan sains teknologi, pelbagai produk halal banyak dihasilkan seperti berasaskan bioteknologi, teknologi rekombinan, sintetik dan kejuruteraan genetik. Sungguhpun demikian, penghasilan produk tersebut menimbulkan keraguan apabila sebilangan penghasilannya didapati tidak memenuhi kehendak syariah yang sebenar. Walaupun pada dasarnya penghasilan tersebut memberikan banyak kebaikan dan lebih ekonomi, ia tetap dianggap sebagai haram dalam Islam kerana sumbernya yang tidak dibenarkan. Penerbitan buku Isu Halal Kontemporari ini adalah bertujuan mengenengahkan isu-isu berkaitan dengan penghasilan produk halal semasa disamping dapat dijadikan alternatif penyelesaian kepada permasalahan yang timbul. Usaha penerbitan ini sangat memberi manfaat dalam meningkatkan kesedaran halal dalam kalangan pengguna, pengusaha industri halal dan badan pensijilan halal dalam serta luar Negara. Selain itu, penerbitan buku ini adalah bertujuan mendidik masyarakat supaya lebih peka dan berkesedaran tinggi terhadap pemilihan produk halal yang memenuhi kehendak syarak. Halal bukan sahaja menyentuh aspek kebaikan mengambilnya malah lebih kepada tanda kepatuhan kepada syariah Allah S.W.T.