Graviton

The electron is not an elementary particle. The Standard Model is wrong


“The electron is not an elementary particle, because it is composed of a Photon and a Dark electron”
Adrian Ferent

“The Standard Model is wrong because the electron is not an elementary particle, and it does not include Dark Matter particles”
Adrian Ferent

“I explained Particle physics with Dark Matter from Ferent Quantum Gravity”
Adrian Ferent

“I discovered what the electron is, because I discovered what Dark Matter is”
Adrian Ferent

“The electron equation:”
Adrian Ferent

You learned that the Standard Model is a theory describing three of the four known fundamental forces, but not the gravitational force, and classifies all known elementary particles.
The electrons are elementary particles because they have no known components or substructure.

“I explained Particle physics with Dark Matter from Ferent Quantum Gravity”
Adrian Ferent

“The electron is a photon around Dark Matter”
Adrian Ferent

“The Dark Matter electron is the Dark Matter inside the electron”
Adrian Ferent

“Between the Ferent time t = 1.294 × 10^(-86) s and the Planck time t = 5.391 × 10^(-44) s were created the Dark Matter electrons”
Adrian Ferent

“When the photons were created, the photons with the energy 0.5 MeV and the Dark Matter electrons created the electrons”
Adrian Ferent

“I calculated the charge created by the photon with f = 10^20 Hz inside the electron Q = 1.6 × 10^(-19) C, the electron charge”
Adrian Ferent

“The Spin of the electron is the Orbital angular momentum of the photon within the electron”
Adrian Ferent

“Ferent equation for elementary particle, made of 2 particles, a Matter particle and a Dark Matter particle, is the Unification between Matter and Dark Matter!”
Adrian Ferent

“The electron equation:”
Adrian Ferent

Where Ψ is the wave function of the electron.

“I discovered what the electron is, because I discovered what Dark Matter is”
Adrian Ferent

The Standard Model does not include Dark Matter particles.

The Standard Model does not include particles beyond the Planck wall, like Dark Matter particles Dark Photons, Dark Electrons, Gravitons…

“Two important walls:
The Ferent wall: here at time t = 1.294 × 10^(-86) s were created Dark Matter, Dark Photons and Gravitons. 
The Planck wall: here at time t = 5.391 × 10^(-44) s were created Matter and Photons”
Adrian Ferent

All the scientists did not understand what the electron is, they did not understand what they did collide in particle accelerators.

“What the scientists, the Nobel Laureates, your professors… do not understand?
When the electron is accelerated gains kinetic energy and when the electron – positron collide the kinetic energy is transferred to the photons and Dark Matter electrons”
Adrian Ferent

What scientists, the Nobel Laureates, your professors… do not understand?
They do not understand Gravitation, Dark Matter, the electron…
The problem is that the Universities do not payback the money to students for wrong theories like Einstein Gravitation theory, the Standard Model, Cold Dark Matter theory, String theory, Loop Quantum Gravity theory…

“The electron is not an elementary particle because it is composed of a Photon and a Dark electron”
Adrian Ferent

“The Standard Model is wrong because the electron is not an elementary particle, and it does not include Dark Matter particles”
Adrian Ferent

267. I am the first who discovered that the electron is not an elementary particle because it is composed of a Photon and a Dark electron

268. I am the first who discovered that the Standard Model is wrong because the electron is not an elementary particle, and it does not include Dark Matter particles

269. I am the first who explained Particle physics with Dark Matter from Ferent Quantum Gravity

270. I am the first who discovered what the electron is, because I discovered what Dark Matter is

271. I am the first who discovered the electron equation

“I am the first who explained the Gravitational redshift”
                                                                          Adrian Ferent
I discovered the equation for photon – graviton interaction:

                          E = h × f + a × f - a × ν

All physicists were not capable to explain Gravitational time dilation, gravitational redshift.
Time dilation in Special theory of relativity is caused by positive energy.

“Gravitational time dilatation is caused by negative energy”
                                                                                          Adrian Ferent

Only my Gravitation theory explains the gravitational redshift.

In the last century, a small minority of physicists considered a hypothetical binary logarithmic connection between the large and the small constants of physics, which also implies a base-2 power law (Fürth, 1929; Eddington, 1938; Teller, 1948; Salam, 1970; Bastin, 1971; Sirag, 1980, 1983; Sanchez, Kotov and Bizouard, 2009, 2011, 2012; Kritov, 2013). This paper brings to attention a plausible triple electro-gravito-informational significance of the fine structure constant, with its implications in a plausible four fields unification pattern at Planck scales and the existence of life forms in our universe: this triple significance is based on the existence of a unifying global scaling factor of nature which appears in a hypothetical fine tuning of both big G magnitude and all the non-zero rest masses of the all the elementary particles in the Standard Model. Furthermore, this paper also proposes dimensional relativity hypothesis (DRH) stating that the 3D appearance of space (or the 4D nature of spacetime) may be actually explained by the relative magnitude of the photon quantum (angular) momentum (and the hypothetical graviton quantum momentum respectively) and this global scaling factor (GSF): DRH also includes a generalized electrograviton model (EGM) for any hypothetical graviton. This paper also proposes a set of strong (and very strong) gravity constants and a gravitational field varying with the energy (and length) scale, all with potential importance in the unification of the four fundamental fields. Each of these hypotheses is a potential update for the Standard Model of particle physics.

Keywords: fine structure constant with triple electro-gravito-informational significance; unifying global scaling factor of nature; four fields unification; the Standard Model of particle physics; dimensional relativity hypothesis; electrograviton model; life forms

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A team of researchers affiliated with several institutions in France has revisited the idea of improving on estimates of the upper limit of the mass of a graviton. [20] An international group of astronomers, including physicists at the University of St Andrews, has revived a previously debunked theory of gravity, arguing that motions within dwarf galaxies would be slower if close to a massive galaxy. [19] While last year's discovery of gravitational waves from colliding neutron stars was earth-shaking, it won't add extra dimensions to our understanding of the universe-not literal ones, at least. [18] A global team of scientists, including two University of Mississippi physicists, has found that the same instruments used in the historic discovery of gravitational waves caused by colliding black holes could help unlock the secrets of dark matter, a mysterious and as-yet-unobserved component of the universe. [17] The lack of so-called "dark photons" in electron-positron collision data rules out scenarios in which these hypothetical particles explain the muon's magnetic moment. [16] By reproducing the complexity of the cosmos through unprecedented simulations, a new study highlights the importance of the possible behaviour of very high-energy photons. In their journey through intergalactic magnetic fields, such photons could be transformed into axions and thus avoid being absorbed. [15] Scientists have detected a mysterious X-ray signal that could be caused by dark matter streaming out of our Sun's core. Hidden photons are predicted in some extensions of the Standard Model of particle physics, and unlike WIMPs they would interact electromagnetically with normal matter. In particle physics and astrophysics, weakly interacting massive particles, or WIMPs, are among the leading hypothetical particle physics candidates for dark matter. The gravitational force attracting the matter, causing concentration of the matter in a small space and leaving much space with low matter concentration: dark matter and energy. There is an asymmetry between the mass of the electric charges, for example proton and electron, can understood by the asymmetrical Planck Distribution Law. This temperature dependent energy distribution is asymmetric around the maximum intensity, where the annihilation of matter and antimatter is a high probability event. The asymmetric sides are creating different frequencies of electromagnetic radiations being in the same intensity level and compensating each other. One of these compensating ratios is the electron-proton mass ratio. The lower energy side has no compensating intensity level, it is the dark energy and the corresponding matter is the dark matter.

“Black Holes are Dark Matter”
Adrian Ferent

“Information is lost in black holes”
Adrian Ferent

“Our universe will die; Gravitons will change Matter in Dark Matter, inside the Black Holes”
            Adrian Ferent

How Matter is change in Dark Matter by Gravitons:
Ferent equation for photon – graviton interaction, photon absorption by a Black Hole:

E = h × f + a × f + a × ν

where  a × ν is the negative energy of the graviton
ν is the frequency of the interaction graviton.
I calculated: the graviton’s energy emitted by black holes is higher than: 
E = 4.14559 × 105 GeV

After n interactions the energy of the photon is:

where f is the initial frequency of the photon.
Because graviton’s frequency νk > fk the energy E of the photon is higher after each photon-graviton interaction, this means photon’s frequency is much higher and this is the process how Matter is change in Dark Matter inside a Black Hole.

“Gravitons change Matter in Dark Matter, inside a Black Hole”
Adrian Ferent
That is why:

“Information is lost in Black Holes”
Adrian Ferent

“Black holes are Dark Matter”
Adrian Ferent

“Black holes are Ferent Matter”
Adrian Ferent

This is another proof that my Gravitation theory is right.

Wrong things what you learned about Black Holes, because Gravitons are not present in Einstein’s wrong Gravitation theory!

That is why in my view Gerard 't Hooft, Leonard Susskind, Stephen Hawking, Jacob Bekenstein… are wrong regarding Black Holes:
Bekenstein and Hawking conjectured that the black hole entropy is directly proportional to the area of the event horizon divided by the Planck area.
From the entropy it is possible to use the usual thermodynamic relations to calculate the temperature of black holes.

The entropy measures how many such squares, whose side is a Planck length, are there on the surface of a black hole.
From here Gerard 't Hooft and Leonard Susskind suggested that the information is in fact preserved and is stored on the boundary of a system.
After the “The Black Hole War”  Gerard 't Hooft, Stephen Hawking  and Leonard Susskind agreed that the information is not lost inside a black hole; Gerard 't Hooft and Leonard Susskind discovered the holographic principle, the informational content of all the objects that have fallen into the black hole is entirely contained in surface fluctuations of the event horizon.
They considered a photon falling in a black hole, that will increase the black hole entropy and surface area; the black hole’s mass increases and the photon information is stored on the event horizon.

Alice and Bob thought experiments:
Alice jumps into a very large black hole, leaving Bob outside the event horizon. Physicists have assumed that Alice won’t notice anything unusual as she crosses the event horizon.

Gerard 't Hooft and Leonard Susskind are wrong because Information is lost in black holes.

That is why:

“The holographic principle is wrong”
      Adrian Ferent

“My Quantum Gravity theory explains that the Event Horizon is made of Gravitons”
Adrian Ferent

That is why the informational content of all the objects that have fallen into the black hole is not contained in surface fluctuations of the event horizon.

What happens when we fall in a Black Hole?

“When we fall in a Black Hole, the Gravitons will break our atoms before we get to the event horizon”
Adrian Ferent

That is why:
Gerard 't Hooft and Leonard Susskind are wrong regarding Alice and Bob thought experiments, because the Gravitons will break the atoms of Alice and Bob, before they get to the event horizon.

You learned from your professors, from your books about the temperature of Black Holes!

“Because Black Holes are Dark Matter, Black Holes do not have temperature”
Adrian Ferent

“Black holes are Ferent Matter”
Adrian Ferent

“Ferent Matter is Dark Matter with the density greater than Planck density”
      Adrian Ferent

I discovered that Black holes are Dark Matter, I discovered that the Information is lost in Black Holes, I discovered what is the Event Horizon, I explained that the holographic principle is wrong and I discovered what happens when we fall in a Black Hole.

51. I am the first who explained Gravitation

52. I am the first who discovered what happens when we fall in a Black Hole: the Gravitons will break our atoms before we get to the event horizon

53. I am the first who explained that the holographic principle is wrong

54. I am the first who discovered that Black holes are Dark Matter

55. I am the first who explained that Information is lost in black holes

56. I am the first who explained what is the event horizon: the Event Horizon is made of Gravitons

57. I am the first who explained that our universe will die; Gravitons will change Matter in Dark Matter, inside the Black Holes

58. I am the first who discovered that Gravitons change Matter in Dark Matter, inside a Black Hole

59. I am the first who discovered that Black Holes do not have temperature, because Black Holes are Dark Matter

We use that the gravitational Compton scattering factorizes on the Abelian QED amplitudes to evaluate various gravitational Compton processes. We examine both the QED and gravitational Compton scattering from a massive spin-1 system by the use of helicity amplitudes. In the case of gravitational Compton scattering we show how the massless limit can be used to evaluate the cross-section for graviton-photon scattering and discuss the difference between photon interactions and the zero mass spin-1 limit. We show that the forward scattering cross-section for graviton photo-production has a very peculiar behaviour, differing from the standard Thomson and Rutherford cross-sections for a Coulomb-like potential.

I found another wall, the Ferent wall beyond the Planck wall.
The single graviton state is an eigenstate of H and the corresponding energy is aν.
I replaced Max Planck equation E = h × f with the Ferent equation for the energy of a photon:  E = h × f + a × f
I discovered the momentum of the graviton: p = a / λ
I replaced Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Δp × Δx ≥  h / 4π with Ferent Uncertainty Principle: Δp × Δx ≥  a
In my view the electromagnetic wave is the superposition of 3 sinusoids, because the photon has relativistic mass and travels with a coupled graviton.

The graviton has negative momentum, negative mass and negative energy.
Ferent equation for photon – graviton interaction:
E = h × f + a × f - a × ν

I am the first who understood and explained that the gravitons with the speed of light are too slow to keep the constellations and the galaxy together. I explained the gravitation with the speed of the gravitons bigger than the speed of light.
I calculated the volume of the universe at Planck wall and the volume of the universe at Ferent wall.

“Black holes are Ferent matter”
Adrian Ferent
“Ferent matter is matter with density higher than Planck density”
Adrian Ferent

Graviton momentum > Photon momentum

“Because the electromagnetic waves, the photons, can not escape from a black hole, this means the gravitons momentum emitted by the black hole is higher than the momentum of the photons”
      Adrian Ferent

The gravitational force exerted by a black hole on a planet is much higher than the gravitational force exerted by a planet on a black hole.

Newton’s third law is wrong:
The energy of the gravitons emitted by a black hole, the frequency of the gravitons emitted by a black hole ν > 4.176 ×10^71 Hz, is much higher than the energy of the gravitons emitted by a planet, than the frequency of the gravitons emitted by a planet ν  < 4.176×10^56 Hz.

“Einstein bent the space, Ferent unbent the space”
Adrian Ferent

It is the ultimate dream of physicists to forge a hypothetical single, all-encompassing, coherent theoretical framework of physics that fully explains and links together all physical aspects of the universe, a single mathematical framework in which all fundamental forces and units of matter can be described together in a manner that is logical and coherent with current and future observation. Having extra dimensions of space makes it possible to substantiate such a theory … five-dimensional anti-de Sitter space, 26-dimensional spacetime in bosonic string theory, 10-dimensional spacetime in superstring theory, and 11-dimensional spacetime in supergravity theory … Starting with the exploration of the fourth dimension envisioning why it is not possible to physically explore a higher dimension a surprisingly simple deduction will have a significant impact on the quest and research of n-dimensional spaces with repercussions in those fields of science where extra spatial dimensions, if they really exist, are thought to be curled-up, or compactified.

“Ferent’s Universe is Big Crunch and Big Bang oscillation from Ferent Wall”
Adrian Ferent

“Ferent's Universe that began at Ferent Wall will last forever”
Adrian Ferent

“A Big Crunch followed by a Big Bang is Big Bounce, from Ferent Wall.
Ferent’s Universe follows an endless series of oscillations Big Bounce, each begins with a Big Bang and end with a Big Crunch.”
Adrian Ferent

Graviton absorption cross sections and emission rates for hydrogen are calculated by both semi-classical and field theoretic methods. We point out several mistakes in the literature concerning spontaneous emission of gravitons and related phenomena, some of which are due to a subtle issue concerning gauge invariance of the linearized interaction Hamiltonian.

We explore some second-order amplitudes in loop quantum gravity. In particular, we compute some second-order contributions to diagonal components of the graviton propagator in the large distance limit, using the old version of the Barrett-Crane vertex amplitude. We illustrate the geometry associated to these terms. We find some peculiar phenomena in the large distance behavior of these amplitudes, related with the geometry of the generalized triangulations dual to the Feynman graphs of the corresponding group field theory. In particular, we point out a possible further difficulty with the old Barrett-Crane vertex: it appears to lead to flatness instead of Ricci-flatness, at least in some situations. The observation raises the question whether this difficulty remains with the new version of the vertex.

In the last century, a small minority of physicists considered a hypothetical binary logarithmic connection between the large and the small constants of physics, which also implies a base-2 power law (Fürth, 1929; Eddington, 1938; Teller, 1948; Salam, 1970; Bastin, 1971; Sirag, 1980, 1983; Sanchez, Kotov and Bizouard, 2009, 2011, 2012; Kritov, 2013). This paper brings to attention a plausible triple electro-gravito-informational significance of the fine structure constant, with its implications in a plausible four fields unification pattern at Planck scales and the existence of life forms in our universe: this triple significance is based on the existence of a unifying global scaling factor of nature which appears in a hypothetical fine tuning of both big G magnitude and all the non-zero rest masses of the all the elementary particles in the Standard Model. Furthermore, this paper also proposes dimensional relativity hypothesis (DRH) stating that the 3D appearance of space (or the 4D nature of spacetime) may be actually explained by the relative magnitude of the photon quantum (angular) momentum (and the hypothetical graviton quantum momentum respectively) and this global scaling factor (GSF): DRH also includes a generalized electrograviton model (EGM) for any hypothetical graviton. This paper also proposes a set of strong (and very strong) gravity constants and a gravitational field varying with the energy (and length) scale, all with potential importance in the unification of the four fundamental fields. This paper also proposes: (1) a common unifying mechanism of generation for both gravitational mass and inertial mass; (2) a multiple big G hypothesis (in which every type of isotope has its own quantum big G imprint, slightly deviated from the empirical average of experimental G values determined in different experiments until now); (3) a preonic toy-model which predicts a bijective (one-to-one) correspondence between all known baryons and leptons. Each of these hypotheses/toy-models is a potential update for the Standard Model of particle physics.

Keywords: fine structure constant with triple electro-gravito-informational significance; unifying global scaling factor of nature; four fields unification; the Standard Model of particle physics; dimensional relativity hypothesis; electrograviton model; multiple big G hypothesis; preonic toy-model; baryon-lepton bijective correspondence; life forms

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The long-range forces that act between neutral atoms and molecules have been known as dispersion forces since the work of London, who was the first to make manifest the connection between these forces and the dispersion of light by atoms, already guessed at by Newton. The analysis and application of the analyticity properties of scattering amplitudes, developed several decades ago in the context of quantum field theory, is known as dispersion theory. In this article we review the approach to dispersion forces based on dispersion theory. We give a general discussion ofthe concept of potential in quantum field theory and then show how a study of two-photon exchange amplitudes leads to a model-independent derivation and generalization of the formulas describing retarded dispersion forces for the case of two neutral atoms, first obtained by Casimirand Polder. We then review later extensions to the interaction of a charged and a neutral system and recent work on the case where both systems are charged. The connection between the dispersion-theory approach and more conventional methods is described. We also illustrate the use of dispersion-theory techniques to study forces arising from two-neutrino exchange and two-meson exchange. The effect of dispersion forces on the energy levels of the Rydberg states of helium is briefly sketched. Finally, some open questions are mentioned.

We construct the gauge field and graviton propagators in Euclidean AdS d+1 space-time by two different methods. In the first method the gauge invariant Maxwell or linearized Ricci operator is applied directly to bitensor ansatze for the propagators which reflect their gauge structure. This leads to a rapid determination of the physical part of the propagators in terms of elementary functions. The second method is a more traditional approach using covariant gauge fixing which leads to a solution for both physical and gauge parts of the propagators. The gauge invariant parts agree in both methods.

Graviton absorption cross sections and emission rates for hydrogen are calculated by both semi-classical and field theoretic methods. We point out several mistakes in the literature concerning spontaneous emission of gravitons and related phenomena, some of which are due to a subtle issue concerning gauge invariance of the linearized interaction Hamiltonian.

We determine solutions to 5D Einstein gravity with a discrete fifth dimension. The properties of the solutions depend on the discretization scheme we use and some of them have no continuum counterpart. In particular, we find that the neglect of the lapse field (along the discretized direction) gives rise to Randall-Sundrum type metric with a negative tension brane. However, no brane source is required. We show that this result is robust under changes in the discretization scheme. The inclusion of the lapse field gives rise to solutions whose continuum limit is gauge fixed by the discretization scheme. We find however one particular scheme which leads to an undetermined lapse reflecting the reparametrization invariance of the continuum theory. We also find other solutions, with no continuum counterpart with changes in the metric signature or avoidance of singularity. We show that the models allow a continuous mass spectrum for the gravitons with an effective 4D interaction at small scales. We also discuss some cosmological solutions.

Yangton and Yington Theory is a hypothetical theory based on Yangton and Yington circulating particle pairs (Wu’s Pairs) with a build-in inter-attractive force (Force of Creation) that is proposed as the fundamental building blocks of the universe. It has explained successfully the formation of all subatomic particles, propagation of gravitational force, cosmological redshift, universe expansion and many other correlations between space, time, energy and matter. More than 31 major physical phenomena and theories are interpreted and derived from Yangton and Yington Theory. In summary, a road map of systematic derivation and a correlation network between the major physical phenomena and Yangton and Yington Theory are presented.

We compute the one loop fermion self-energy for massless Dirac + Einstein in the presence of a locally de Sitter background. We employ dimensional regularization and obtain a fully renormalized result by absorbing all divergences with BPHZ counterterms. An interesting technical aspect of this computation is the need for a noninvariant counterterm owing to the breaking of de Sitter invariance by our gauge condition. Our result can be used in the quantum-corrected Dirac equation to search for inflation-enhanced quantum effects from gravitons, analogous to those which have been found for massless, minimally coupled scalars.

In this paper we study the role of the 5D Gauss-Bonnet corrections and two loop higher genus contribution to the gravity action in type IIB string theory inspired low energy supergravity theory in the light of gravidilatonic interactions on the lightest Kaluza-Klein graviton mass spectrum. From the latest constraints on the lightest Kaluza-Klein graviton mass as obtained from the ATLAS dilepton search in 7 TeV proton-proton collision, we have shown that due to the presence of Gauss-Bonnet and string loop corrections, the warping solution in an AdS_5 bulk is quite distinct from Randall-Sundrum scenario. We discuss the constraints on the model parameters to fit with present ATLAS data.

We propose a framework of modulus stabilization in two brane warped geometry scenario in presence of higher curvature gravity and dilaton in bulk space-time. In the prescribed setup we study various features of the stabilized potential for the modulus field, generated by a bulk scalar degrees of freedom with quartic interactions localized on the two 3-branes placed at the orbifold fixed points. We determine the parameter space for the gravidilaton and Gauss-Bonnet required to stabilize the modulus in such higher curvature dilaton gravity setup.

This paper proposes an elegant Adimensional Cyclic Universe (toy-)Model (ACUM) mainly based on the electrograviton hypothesis (EGH), the quantized gravitational waves hypothesis (QGW-Hyp) and the dimensional relativity hypothesis (DRH). DRH pushes the relativity of space and time to its…“informational” extremes (defining them as illusions created by the exchange of information in a bulk virtual matrix [BVM]): I have chosen the "ACUM" acronym also because “acum” means "now" in Romanian AND because ACUM emphasizes that both space and time are illusions created by pure-adimensional information transfer/exchange. Important note. No matter this current paper version, its latest variant can be always downloaded from this URL: http://dragoii.com/ALDragoi_ACUM_latest.pdf
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Electromagnetic radiation emitted by the colliding beams is expected to play an important role at the next generation of high energy e + e − linear collider(s). Focusing on the simplest process e + e − → µ + µ − , we show that radiative effects like initial state radiation (ISR) and beamstrahlung can lead to greatly-enhanced signals for resonant graviton modes of the Randall-Sundrum model.

We explore some second-order amplitudes in loop quantum gravity. In particular, we compute some second-order contributions to diagonal components of the graviton propagator in the large distance limit, using the old version of the Barrett-Crane vertex amplitude. We illustrate the geometry associated to these terms. We find some peculiar phenomena in the large distance behavior of these amplitudes, related with the geometry of the generalized triangulations dual to the Feynman graphs of the corresponding group field theory. In particular, we point out a possible further difficulty with the old Barrett-Crane vertex: it appears to lead to flatness instead of Ricci-flatness, at least in some situations. The observation raises the question whether this difficulty remains with the new version of the vertex.

One of the main problems of contemporary physics is to find a quantum description of gravity. This present approach attempts to remedy the problem through the quantization of a finite but large flat Minkowski space-time by means of Fourier expansion of the displacement four vector x   . By applying second quantization techniques, space-time emerges as a superposition of space-time eigen states or lattices of quantized space-time vibrations also known as gravitons. Each lattice element four vector is a graviton and traces out an elementary four volume (lattice cell). The stress-momentum tensor of each graviton defines its curvature and also the curvature of the associated lattice as described by General Relativity. The eigen states of space-time are found to be separated by a quantum of energy equal to the product of the Hubble constant and the Planck constant. The highest energy state is at Planck energies. This paper also shows that gravitons can be absorbed and emitted by the space-time lattice changing the volume of its primitive cells and that particles of observable matter are associated with a graviton whose frequency is equal to the particle's Compton frequency which the lattice can absorb producing a perturbation in the lattice. The space-time lattice is found to be unstable and decays by radiating low energy gravitons of energy equal to the product of the Hubble constant and the Planck constant. This decay causes the space-time superstructure to expand. The graviton is seen a composite spin 2 particle made from a combination of spin half components of the displacement four vector elements. The spin symmetry of its constituent elements can breakdown to give rise to other vector or scalar bosons. Dark Matter is seen as a consequence of Bose-Einstein statistics of gravitons which results in some regions of the lattice having more energy than others.

In this work, we find exact wormhole solutions in the context of noncommutative geometry, and further explore their physical properties and characteristics. The energy density of these wormhole geometries is a smeared and particle-like gravitational source, where the mass is diffused throughout a region of linear dimension alpha due to the intrinsic uncertainty encoded in the coordinate commutator. Furthermore, we also analyze these wormhole geometries considering that the equation governing quantum fluctuations behaves as a backreaction equation. In particular, the energy density of the graviton one loop contribution to a classical energy in a traversable wormhole background and the finite one loop energy density is considered as a self-consistent source for these wormhole geometries. Interesting solutions are found for an appropriate range of the parameters, validating the perturbative computation introduced in this semi-classical approach.

Essential fundamentals of gravitomagnetism are found by applying the process of the reciprocal gravito n-losses by particles that are defined here as trapped photons. The gravity fi eld is found to be generated by a Coriolis effect, exerted by gravitons upon particles. Inertial resistance is generated by a Corio lis effect as well. In order to demonstrate the for mer case, we apply the graviton mechanics to the Sun. The amplitude of this effect is found to match the Sun’s rotation frequency.

Essential fundamentals of gravitomagnetism are found by applying the process of the reciprocal graviton-losses by particles that are defined here as trapped photons. The gravity field is found to be generated by a Coriolis effect, exerted by gravitons upon par-ticles. Inertial resistance is generated by a Coriolis effect as well. In order to demonstrate the former case, we apply the graviton me-chanics to the Sun. The amplitude of this effect is found to match the Sun&#39;s rotation frequency.

Electromagnetic radiation emitted by the colliding beams is expected to play an important role at the next generation of high energy e + e − linear collider(s). Focusing on the simplest process e + e − → µ + µ − , we show that radiative effects like initial state radiation (ISR) and beamstrahlung can lead to greatly-enhanced signals for resonant graviton modes of the Randall-Sundrum model.

This paper proposes a dimensional relativity hypothesis (DRH). DRH pushes the relativity of space and time to its…“informational” extremes, defining them as illusions created by the exchange of information in a bulk virtual matrix (BVM). No matter this current paper version, its latest variant can be always downloaded from this URL: http://www.dragoii.com/ALDragoi_DRH_latest.pdf A paper version is also available on Academia.edu at this URL: https://www.academia.edu/40196655
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This work addresses spherically symmetric, static black holes in higher-derivative stringy gravity. We focus on the curvature-squared correction to the Einstein-Hilbert action, present in both heterotic and bosonic string theory. The string theory low-energy effective action necessarily describes both a graviton and a dilaton, and we concentrate on the Callan-Myers-Perry solution in d-dimensions, describing stringy corrections to the Schwarzschild geometry. We develop the perturbation theory for the higher-derivative corrected action, along the guidelines of the Ishibashi-Kodama framework, focusing on tensor type gravitational perturbations. The potential obtained allows us to address the perturbative stability of the black hole solution, where we prove stability in any dimension. The equation describing gravitational perturbations to the Callan-Myers-Perry geometry also allows for a study of greybody factors and quasinormal frequencies. We address gravitational scattering at low frequencies, computing corrections arising from the curvature-squared term in the stringy action. We find that the absorption cross-section receives α ′ corrections, even though it is still proportional to the area of the black hole event-horizon. We also suggest an expression for the absorption cross-section which could be valid to all orders in α ′ .

In this paper we work in perturbative Quantum Gravity and we introduce a new effective model for gravity. Expanding the Einstein-Hilbert Lagrangian in graviton field powers we have an infinite number of terms. In this paper we study the possibility of an interpretation of more than three graviton interacting vertices as effective vertices of a most fundamental theory that contain tensor fields . Here we introduce a Lagrangian model named I.T.B. (Intermediate-Tensor-Boson) where four gravitational "pseudo-currents" that contain two gravitons couple to three massive tensorial fields of ranks one, three and five respectively. We show that the exchange of those massive particles reproduces, at low energy, the interacting vertices for four or more gravitons. In a particolar version, the model contains a dimensionless coupling constant "g" and the mass M Φ of the intermediate bosons as free parameters. The universal gravitational constant G N is shown to be proportional to the inverse of mass squared of mediator fields, particularly G N ∼ g 2 /M 2 Φ . A foresighting choice of the dimensionless coupling constant could lower the energy scale where quantum gravity aspects show up.

Essential fundamentals of gravitomagnetism are found by applying the process of the reciprocal graviton-losses by particles that are defined here as trapped photons. The gravity field is found to be generated by a Coriolis effect, exerted by gravitons upon particles. Inertial resistance is generated by a Coriolis effect as well. In order to demonstrate the former case, we apply the graviton mechanics to the Sun. The amplitude of this effect is found to match the Sun’s rotation frequency.

Math models may resolve about 10 particle-physics and astrophysics problems.  The models use harmonic-oscillator math.  The models correlate with Standard Model basic particles.  The models seem to correlate with the following.
A family of zero-mass bosons includes photons, gravitons, and spin-3 and spin-4 particles.  Effects of the family govern the rate of expansion of the universe.  Dark matter and dark energy consist of up to two kinds of stuff.  One kind features peers of baryonic matter.  The other kind includes fermions with spins 3/2 and 7/2.  C, P, and T violations exceed amounts correlating with models limited to spins that do not exceed 1.  Reactions led to matter/antimatter imbalance.  Gravitons and some spin-1 bosons correlate with neutrino oscillations.  Some ratios correlating with particle masses feature integers.  Basic fermions have 3 generations.  Possibly-infinite zero-point vacuum energy need not be a concern.

An intriguing feature of extra dimensions is the possible production of Kaluza-Klein gravitons by nucleon-nucleon bremsstrahlung in the course of core collapse of massive stars. In this event Kaluza-Klein gravitons are copiously produced and a significant fraction of them remains trapped around the newly born neutron stars. They slowly decay into 2 gamma rays, making neutron stars gammaray sources. In this letter, we strengthen considerably the limits on the radius of compactification of extra-dimensions for small number n of them, or alternatively the fundamental scale of quantum gravity, considering the gamma-ray emission of the whole population of neutron stars sitting in the Galactic bulge, instead of the closest member of this category. For n = 1 the constraint on the compactification radius is R < 400µm, overlapping with the distance (180µm) at which Newtons law is directly measured. In addition, for n=1 and n=2, the fundamental energy scale of quantum gravity is far beyond the collider technology. These results imply that if n < ∼ 4 and if strong gravity is around a TeV, the compactification topology is to be more complex than that of a torus.

The electron is a photon around Dark Matter “The electron is a photon around Dark Matter” Adrian Ferent “The photon wavelength is 2πr, r the electron radius” Adrian Ferent “The high energy Gravitons emitted by Dark Matter keep the photon inside the electron” Adrian Ferent “In Ferent Quantum Gravity is important the energies of the Gravitons emitted by Dark Matter, not the Dark Matter mass” Adrian Ferent “Inside the electron, Dark Matter mass is much smaller than electron mass, but has much bigger energy” Adrian Ferent “Ferent electron and positron collision:” Adrian Ferent “Photon momentum after n interactions:“ Adrian Ferent “The way how the photon ‘oscillates’ inside the electron will give the electron spin” Adrian Ferent “The way how the photon ‘oscillates’ inside the electron will give the electron charge, negative charge – electron, positive charge – positron”” Adrian Ferent “Because electron–positron pair is produced by a photon – photon interaction and two gamma rays of 0.5 M...

Various processes that are forbidden in the vacuum due to angular momentum conservation can occur in a medium that is isotropic and does not carry any angular momentum. We illustrate this by considering explicitly two examples. The first one is the decay of a spin-0 particle into a photon and another spin-0 particle, using a model involving the Yukawa interactions of the scalar particles with a charged fermion field. The second one involves the decay of a neutrino into another neutrino and a graviton, in the standard model of particle interactions augmented with the linearized gravitational couplings.