Loop Quantum Gravity

A brief overview 1 of loop quantum cosmology of homogeneous isotropic models is presented with emphasis on the origin of and subtleties associated with the resolution of big bang and big crunch singularities. These results bear out the remarkable intuition that John Wheeler had. Discussion is organized at two levels. The the main text provides a bird's eye view of the subject that should be accessible to nonexperts. Appendices address conceptual and technical issues that are often raised by experts in loop quantum gravity and string theory.

The fundamental holographic principle is first proposed, then demonstrated in its validity and viability through a thought experiment and then finally derived. The Heisenberg uncertainty relations are shown to follow from this fundamental relation. The quantum blackhole entropy is then demonstrated using this holographic uncertainty relation along with the application of the Landauer’s principle for the thermodynamic erasure of a bit yielding a formula with a logarithmic correction. The blackhole entropy is found to be half the value normally delivered by any other method. So, it is proposed that there is a real relevant physical horizon at the twice the Schwarzschild radius dubbed the holographic information geometric horizon.

In this paper we have tried to deduce the possible origin of particle and evolution of their intrinsic properties through spiral dynamics. We consider some of the observations which include exponential mass function of particles following a sequence when fitted on logarithmic potential spiral, inwardly rotating spiral dynamics in Reaction-Diffusion System, the separation of Electron’s Spin-Charge-Orbit into quasi-particles. The paper brings a picture of particles and their Anti Particles in spiral form and explains how the difference in structure varies their properties. It also explains the effects on particles in Accelerator deduced through spiral dynamics.

Quantum entanglement, a term coined by Erwin Schrodinger in 1935, is a mechanical phenomenon at the quantum level wherein the quantum states of two (or more) particles have to be described with reference to each other though these particles may be spatially separated. This phenomenon leads to paradox and has puzzled us for a long time. The behaviour of entangled particles is apparently inexplicable, incomprehensible and like magic at work. Locality has been a reliable and fruitful principle which has guided us to the triumphs of twentieth century physics. But the consequences of the local laws in quantum theory could seem "spooky" and nonlocal, with some theorists questioning locality itself. Could two subatomic particles on opposite sides of the universe be really instantaneously connected? Is any theory which predicts such a connection essentially flawed or incomplete? Are the results of experiments which demonstrate such a connection being misinterpreted? These question...

1 Centre de Physique Theorique de Luminy 4 , Case 907, F-13288 Marseille, France 2 Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit`a degli Studi Roma Tre, I-00146 Roma, Italy 3 Dipartimento di Matematica, Universit`a degli Studi Roma Tre, I-00146 Roma, Italy

Lemaitre-Tolman-Bondi models as specific spherically symmetric solutions of general relativity simplify in their reduced form some of the mathematical ingredients of black hole or cosmological applications. The conditions imposed in addition to spherical symmetry turn out to take a simple form at the kinematical level of loop quantum gravity, which allows a discussion of their implications at the quantum level. Moreover, the spherically symmetric setting of inhomogeneity illustrates several nontrivial properties of lattice refinements of discrete quantum gravity. Nevertheless, the situation at the dynamical level is quite nontrivial and thus provides insights to the anomaly problem. At an effective level, consistent versions of the dynamics are presented which implement the conditions together with the dynamical constraints of gravity in an anomaly-free manner. These are then used for analytical as well as numerical investigations of the fate of classical singularities, including nonspacelike ones, as they generically develop in these models. None of the corrections used here resolve those singularities by regular effective geometries. However, there are numerical indications that the collapse ends in a tamer shell-crossing singularity prior to the formation of central singularities for mass functions giving a regular conserved mass density. Moreover, we find quantum gravitational obstructions to the existence of exactly homogeneous solutions within this class of models. This indicates that homogeneous models must be seen in a wider context of inhomogeneous solutions and their reduction in order to provide reliable dynamical conclusions.

A superluminal quantum-vortex model of the electron and the positron is produced from a superluminal double-helix model of the photon during electron-positron pair production. The two oppositely-charged (with Q = ±e sqrt (2/α) = 16.6e) open-helix spin-½ half-photons compose the double-helix photon. These half-photons separate and curl up their separated superluminal single-helical trajectories to form an electrically-charged superluminal closed-helix spin-½ quantum-vortex electron model and a corresponding positron model. The helical radius and the Dirac equation's zitterbewegung angular frequency of the quantum vortex electron and positron models equal the helical radius and zitterbewegung angular frequency of the two spin-½ half-photons, each of energy E = mc^2 , that composed the double-helix photon model of energy E = 2mc^2 from which the electron and positron models were produced. The photon and electron models are also compatible when a photon of energy E > 2mc^2 produces a relativistic electron-positron pair. Implications of the quantum vortex electron model for electron stability are discussed.

Je tiensà remercier toutes les personnes qui m'ont entouré durant ces trois années de thèse et plus généralement tous les membres du CPT pour m'avoir accueilli. Tout d'abord, j'aimerais remercier Carlo Rovelli, mon directeur de thèse, pour ses conseils, ses encouragements et son constant intérêt pour mon travail, et Lee Smolin pour son encadrement durant ma première année de thèse et pour m'avoir fait découvrir le monde de la recherche. J'ai eu le plaisir de collaborer avec Laurent Freidel, qui m'a beaucoup appris et aidé au cours de ma thèse. Je lui suis très reconnaissant pour sa patience, sa motivation et son enthousiasme. Je remercieégalement chaleureusement mon ami Daniele Oriti, pour nos nombreuses sessions de travail, qui m'ont beaucoup apporté, ponctuées d'aussi nombreuses parties de ping-pong, toujours aussi relaxantes. Je tiensà remercier tout particulièrement Florian Girelli, qui a eu la patience de (re)lire toute ma thèse, pour ses conseils et les nombreuses discussions. Je dois beaucoup aux discussions que j'ai eu avec Karim Noui et Philippe Roche, et avec mes collaborateurs Sergeï Alexandrov, Robert Oeckl et David Louapre. Et je tiensà remercier mon co-bureau Raphaël Zentner pour la bonne ambiance de bureau "productive". J'aimeraiségalement remercier mes amis Simone, toujours prêtà faire une partie de Worms, Loïc et Séverine, pour leur hospitalitéà Lyon, Mike, qui m'a si souvent hébergéà Cambridge, et Anahita, pour son continuel soutien. Je tiensà remercier mes parents, Calixte et Jenny, pour m'avoir toujours soutenu et aidé, et mes (toujours petites) soeurs Daphné et Charlotte, toujours aussi drôles. Finalement, je remercie de tout coeur Anne-Laure pour avoirété là, pour son soutien et sonécoute, pour sa joie et son enthousiasme, qui m'ont permis de m'enfuir de ma thèse chaque fois que je me suis retrouvé submergé par mon travail, pour sa patience, qui lui a permis de me supporter... Résumé Boucles et Mousses de Spin en Gravité Quantique : Une approche covarianteà la quantification non-perturbative de la relativité générale La gravitéà boucles est une quantification canonique de la gravité 4d. Lesétats quantiques de géométrie 3d sont les réseaux de spin SU (2) et ont une interprétation naturelle en termes de variété triangulée. Une mousse de spin est une histoire de tels réseaux : c'est un formalisme d'intégrale de chemin et permet d'étudier la dynamique des modèles. Le modèle de Barrett-Crane est le modèle le plus prometteur. Il est issu des théories topologiques et de quantification géométrique, et utilise les représentations du groupe de Lorentz SL(2, C). Je développe les réseaux de spin pour groupes non-compacts tel le groupe de Lorentz. Ceci s'appliqueà la gravité quantique 3d et je dérive un spectre des longueurs, continu pour distance spatiale et discret pour intervalle temporel. En 4d, j'explore la géométrie quantique du modèle, décris le rôle de la causalité et dérive la théorie canonique correspondante utilisant des réseaux de spin SL(2, C) dont je discute l'interprétation en tant que géométrie 3d. mots clés : relativité générale, gravité quantique, gravitéà boucles, quantification canonique, réseaux de spin, mousses de spin Loop Gravity and Spin Foam : Covariant methods for the non-perturbative quantization of general relativity Loop gravity is a canonical quantization of 4d gravity. Quantum states of 3d geometry are the SU (2) spin networks and have a natural interpretation as triangulated manifolds. Spin Foams are histories of spin networks : it is a path integral formulation, allowing to study the dynamics of the theory. The Barrett-Crane model is the most promising model. It originates in topological field theory, uses geometrical quantization and is based on representations of the Lorentz group SL(2, C). I develop spin networks for non-compact groups such as the Lorentz group. I apply these techniques to 3d quantum gravity and derive a length spectrum, which turns out to be continuous for spacelike distances and discrete for timelike intervals. In 4d, I explore the details of the quantum geometry of the model, analyse the issue of causality and derive the corresponding canonical theory based on SL(2, C) spin networks whose interpretation as 3d geometry I discuss.

The author of this article is a theoretical physicist and computer scientist, who has no background in literature or creative writing. Nor did he intend to write a book on poetry. This book entitled: “About Love” came as Divine Inspiration. The writing was so captivating, majestic, fascinating and effortlessly magical. The poems came to him during the draft of his book Digital Physics: The Meaning of the Holographic Universe and Its Implications beyond Theoretical Physics. During the writing, he started asking himself many questions, particularly about where do our ideas come from? Is there a universe of ideas out there that we have access to it? Indeed, he is aware that some of our thoughts originate from the books we read, from school, society and the environment surrounding us, but that perhaps does not answer the question. The facts before his eyes say that not all our ideas come from society or learning.

Keywords: computes, digital, discrimination, divine, happiness, injustice, inspiration, love, multiverse, physics, Platonism, struggle, togetherness, universe.

Let H be a nontrivial subgroup of index d of a free group G and N be the normal closure of H in G. The coset organization in a subgroup H of G provides a group P of permutation gates whose common eigenstates are either stabilizer states of the Pauli group or magic states for universal quantum computing. A subset of magic states consists of states associated to minimal informationally complete measurements, called MIC states. It is shown that, in most cases, the existence of a MIC state entails the two conditions (i) N = G and (ii) no geometry (a triple of cosets cannot produce equal pairwise stabilizer subgroups) or that these conditions are both not satisfied. Our claim is verified by defining the low dimensional MIC states from subgroups of the fundamental group G = π 1 ( M ) of some manifolds encountered in our recent papers, e.g., the 3-manifolds attached to the trefoil knot and the figure-eight knot, and the 4-manifolds defined by 0-surgery of them. Exceptions to the aforementi...

La physique contemporaine pourrait bien nous livrer un enseignement incroyable, à savoir que l'espace et le temps n'existent pas fondamentalement. Je présenterai succinctement les ontologies suggérées par les deux principaux programmes de recherche en gravité quantique : la théorie des cordes et la gravité quantique à boucles. Je soutiendrai ensuite qu'il est fructueux de prendre les différentes conceptions ontologiques de la conscience en philosophie de l'esprit en modèles pour la construction de solutions au problème de l'émergence de l'espace-temps.

This paper presents an understanding of consciousness based on Bantu cosmology. The author's motivation is to discuss consciousness in a new light. The writer has included some stories that he heard and events he witnessed during his childhood. In Bantu cosmology, the universe is governed by souls or spirits (taken here as consciousness). These are found in all elements of the universe: in trees, stones, wind, animals, and human beings, etc. The author argues that this idea is worth investigating to assess whether the Bantu understanding of consciousness can provide a better understanding of physical theories concerning consciousness.

For a long time, one of my dreams was to describe the nature of uncertainty axiomatically, and it looks like I've finally done it in my co∼eventum mechanics! Now it remains for me to explain to everyone the co∼eventum mechanics in the most approachable way. This is what I'm trying to do in this work. The co∼eventum mechanics is another name for the co∼event theory, i.e., for the theory of experience and chance which I axiomatized in 2016 [1, 2]. In my opinion, this name best reflects the co∼event-based idea of the new dual theory of uncertainty, which combines the probability theory as a theory of chance, with its dual half, the believability theory as a theory of experience. In addition, I like this new name indicates a direct connection between the co∼event theory and quantum mechanics, which is intended for the physical explanation and description of the conict between quantum observers and quantum observations [4]. Since my theory of uncertainty satises the Kolmogorov axioms of probability theory, to explain this co∼eventum mechanics I will use a way analogous to the already tested one, which explains the theory of probability as a theory of chance describing the results of a random experiment. The simplest example of a random experiment in probability theory is the " tossing a coin ". Therefore, I decided to use this the simplest random experiment itself, as well as the two its analogies: the " "flipping a coin " and the " spinning a coin " to explain the co∼eventum mechanics, which describes the results of a combined experienced random experiment. I would like to resort to the usual for the probability theory " coin-based " analogy to explain (and first of all for myself) the logic of the co∼eventum mechanics as a logic of experience and chance. Of course, this analogy one may seem strange if not crazy. But I did not come up with a better way of tying the explanations of the logic of the co∼eventum mechanics to the coin-based explanations that are commonly used in probability theory to explain at least for myself the logic of the chance through a simple visual " coin-based " model that clarifies what occurs as a result of a combined experienced random experiment in which the experience of observer faces the chance of observation. I hope this analogy can be useful not only for me in understanding the co∼eventum mechanics.

In this book I discussed some of gravitational waves properties and symmetry through my theory, and dealt with its propagations through many types of masses beginning from pure space with no mass, Earth, Sun, Black Hole, early universe, and present universe, and I made boundaries that mass can tolerate the passage of these waves without any damage or change its amount. Also I studied it through casualty and light’s cone diagram and discovered that it may propagate at speed higher than light’s.
In the second chapter I discussed the symmetry that controls time flow rate through time acceleration per unit length of the radius at many surfaces beginning with huge masses to atoms and elementary particles, and I found that the time flow rate differs according to the interactions between gravity and the space, and found that the reason of the controlling of the quantum mechanics at very tiny species comes from the high flow rate of time on tiny masses.
In the third chapter I discussed the mass creation according to symmetry and time dilation then connect it with the gravitation waves, then I gave two examples of mass creation for waves on earth’s tolerance and black hole’s tolerance. Then I returned the action of star destroy inside black hole to this concept.
The importance of this study comes from the vital roles of the gravitation waves which is:
• Information about gravitational waves properties and behaviour during transmission across different media.
• Information that can obtained from gravitation waves’ specific telescopes instead of electromagnetics’ telescopes.
• Information about universe origination and fate.
• Improvement of utilities for detection and measurements.
• Use it as another tool to study our universe.
• Solving mysteries like the dark energy and dark matter.
• Astrophysics studies.
Then I reached to the conclusion that: the existence of the quantum mechanics returns to the anomalies interactions between gravity and asymmetric de Sitter space which effects on the time flow rate making two forces to submerge (electromagnetic and nuclear weak) to make the electroweak force at the surface of earth and with decreasing the gravity according to mass decreasing, many submerge will happen until reach the all four forces, in the other hand, with rising the gravity with rising the mass causes all forces separate to act everyone independently from the others to create phenomena like the event of horizon in the black hole that make the mass shrinks inside it due to the electron falling inside the nucleus without any reaction.
Finally I hope this book fulfil its anticipated value and I would like to thank you for your patience.
My greetings.
#Ali_Yousif_Hassan_Edriss

This book is aimed at undergraduate and graduate students, researchers or those interested in looking for an alternative to string theory (ST) or statistical quantum mechanics. It assumes a basic working knowledge of information theory, computation, quantum mechanics (QM), space-time and cosmology, ST and loop quantum gravity (LQG). Digital physics (DP) is an all-encompassing theory of the universe which attempts to unify the forces of the universe, including gravity, in a single framework. The premise of DP is that at the fundamental level, matter is made up of information. Recent advances in the physics of information suggest that the universe is more fundamentally made up of bits or qubits: everything in the cosmos, from black holes to galaxies and planets registers these bits of information. In addition, the holographic property of the universe suggests that information is the basis for understanding reality. It appears that humans, animals, plants and particles, in fact everything in the universe, communicates, computes and transmits information non-locally and holographically.

This book is intended to provide a comprehensive introduction to the current debate on the physical principles underlying the theory of digital physics (the physics of information, computation, self-organization and consciousness) as an alternative to statistical quantum mechanics and string theories in the quest for the theory of everything. Its emphasis lies in providing the basic conceptual and analytical tools underpinning further study in the area. The book is therefore presented from a unified viewpoint with connections drawn among what may seem to be disparate topics. It begins with an overview of the basic concepts needed to start the discussion of computation. These concepts include quantum theory, information theory, computation, quantum computers, discrete mathematics, simulation, cellular automata, and holography.

Una passeggiata alla ricerca della comprensione del tempo tra: le confusioni temporali e causali della Fisica Classica; gli artificiosi equilibrismi per farlo scomparire della Meccanica Statistica; gli assolutismi e relativismi per unire il tempo allo spazio con la Relatività; le indeterminazioni ed i dualismi per raccontare materia ed energia con la Meccanica Quantistica; le multidimensionalità estreme e le quantizzazioni dello Spazio-Tempo delle Teorie del Tutto. Andando anche oltre la Fisica, vagando tra Neuroscienze e Filosofia, per perdersi tra: Visioni Olistiche e Invasioni di Campo, Soggettivo e Oggettivo, Sensibilità e Forme a Priori, Essenza ed Esistenza, Uomo e Universo.

Gravity was discovered accidentally by Newton after he observed an apple falling from a tree. But what actually is gravity and what is its role in nature? However, gravity remains much of a mystery. We experience gravity and are affected by it all the time, and yet we do not know what it really is except for interpreting it as a force or field. This paper, which is published in an international physics journal, takes on the challenging task of examining gravity and suggesting the possible actual role of gravity in nature, from our macro-world to the micro quantum world, and hence the possible unification of gravity with all the other forces of nature, through two modes of reasoning, namely reasoning by reductio ad absurdum and by analogy. The paper contains preliminary and explanatory materials which lead to the author’s hypotheses in Sections 5 and 6; Section 6 also provides some anecdotal evidence of what gravity is.

Quantum gravity was born as that branch of modern theoretical physics that tries to unify its guiding principles, i.e., quantum mechanics and general relativity. Nowadays it is providing new insight into the unification of all fundamental interactions, while giving rise to new developments in mathematics. The various competing theories, e.g. string theory and loop quantum gravity, have still to be checked against observations. We review the classical and quantum foundations necessary to study field-theory approaches to quantum gravity, the passage from old to new unification in quantum field theory, canonical quantum gravity, the use of functional integrals, the properties of gravitational instantons, the use of spectral zeta-functions in the quantum theory of the universe, Hawking radiation, some theoretical achievements and some key experimental issues.

Quantum gravity was born as that branch of modern theoretical physics that tries to unify its guiding principles, i.e., quantum mechanics and general relativity. Nowadays it is providing new insight into the unification of all fundamental interactions, while giving rise to new developments in mathematics. The various competing theories, e.g. string theory and loop quantum gravity, have still to be checked against observations. We review the classical and quantum foundations necessary to study field-theory approaches to quantum gravity, the passage from old to new unification in quantum field theory, canonical quantum gravity, the use of functional integrals, the properties of gravitational instantons, the use of spectral zeta-functions in the quantum theory of the universe, Hawking radiation, some theoretical achievements and some key experimental issues.

My dissertation studies the foundations of loop quantum gravity (LQG), a candidate for a quantum theory of gravity based on classical general relativity. At the outset, I discuss two-and I claim separate-questions: first, do we need a quantum theory of gravity at all; and second, if we do, does it follow that gravity should or even must be quantized?

"UKRAY" - UNIFIED FIELD THEORY -
- A New Unification Theory on Electromagnetic Gravitation-

THIS THEORY, GETS THESE QUESTIONS INTO;

- A CHANGE into Gravitational field and field equations, STATIC AND UNIVERSAL GRAVITATIONAL CONSTANTS,
- THE DYNAMICS OF Gravitational field with Combining the Electromagnetics Theory.
- THE VELOCITY OF LIGHT COULD BE EXCEEDED?
- THIS THEORY WAS PREPARED AS A CONSEQUENCE OF APPROXIMATELY 16 YEARS STUDY,
- WHOLE "666" PAGE
- INCLUDES ABOUT 100 THEOREMS,
- AND 1000 ILLUSTRATED DRAWINGS,

I imagined the situation of a mass falling towards the singularity point in a blackhole singularity in electrodynamic gravity conditions for some relative structures in the electromagnetic theory which is the most important and understandable theory in the classical physics I had comprehensive knowledge in my last years of my undergraduate term of the academic life (in about 2000) in an article of Faraday on the topic of the law of induction I had incidentally seen while I was examining the existing physics literature in the faculty's library. I wondered if the law of induction in a circular conducting wire differently perceived according to an observer in the train and the one on the land in the special relativity of Einstein may occur by the increase and decrease of mass during the course of falling to singularity in this blackhole and may create an electromagnetic gravity wave and a magnetic charge current which would decrease the impact of gravitation in parallel to this.

This oriented me to a series of researches to study and create this theory for years and then directed me to create a unified electromagnetic gravity theory composed of SEVEN ARTICLES in total I will submit here in order and step by step. Even though the theory includes a deductive mathematical approach, tensor calculation and geometric modellings, I will give solutions of Einstein-Maxwell Equations with a different mathematical 4×4 Pauli-Dirac Spinors and Tensor calculation construction in direction of closed extra dimension of the space (5 Dimension Effect)

This study which aims to prove that all forces and laws of physics exist in a single unified structure at the Starting and Ending moment of the Universe analyzes all laws of physics within the framework of a unified structure from Newton Mechanics to Quantum Theory, Einstein Relativity to modern 11-dimensional Super string theory. The study may also be considered as a "MODERN ERA PRINCIPIA" since it was started to be written in about 300 years (early 2007) after the publication of the great study of Newton named "PRINCIPIA" (1703-1707) on the topic of gravity theories.

The volume also includes SEVEN CHAPTERS in the form of SEVEN different articles which follow each other and make clear the subject when they are read consecutively. In addition, FOUR additional chapters in the form of APPENDIXES in nature of FUNDAMENTALS OF MATHEMATICS were also included at the end of the volume for readers who have a less degree of technical knowledge about the topic…”

What Does the Theory Tell?
{Short Abstract and Philosophy of the Theory}

The THEORY summarizes the general and simple mathematical description of the universe in the form of general conclusion items and forecasts the followings;

Basic Projections of the Theory?

– NEW MODEL OF AN ATOM,
– NEW MODEL OF THE UNIVERSE,
– CHANGE IN GALILEO Inertia Principle,
– A FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE IN THE STRUCTURE OF MAXWELL's EQUATIONS, AN ADDITIONAL TERMS AND ADDITIONS,
– A CHANGE IN POYNTING ENERGY THEORY,
– A NEW ATOMIC MODEL,
– A NEW UNIVERSE MODEL,
– CHANGE IN GALILEO'S PRINCIPLE OF INERTIA,
– A FUNDEMENTAL CHANGE AND AN ADDITIONAL TERM IN THE STRUCTURE IF MAXWELL EQUATIONS,
– A CHANGE IN STATIC FIELD EQUATIONS OF THE GRAVITY FIELD AND IN THE UNIVERSAL GRAVITY CONSTANT.
– CHANGE IN POYNTING ENERGY THEOREM,
– HOW CAN THE VELOCITY OF LIGHT BE EXCEEDED?

The goal of this review is to present an introduction to loop quantum gravity-a background-independent, non-perturbative approach to the problem of unification of general relativity and quantum physics, based on a quantum theory of geometry. Our presentation is pedagogical. Thus, in addition to providing a bird's eye view of the present status of the subject, the review should also serve as a vehicle to enter the field and explore it in detail. To aid non-experts, very little is assumed beyond elements of general relativity, gauge theories and quantum field theory. While the review is essentially selfcontained, the emphasis is on communicating the underlying ideas and the significance of results rather than on presenting systematic derivations and detailed proofs. (These can be found in the listed references.) The subject can be approached in different ways. We have chosen one which is deeply rooted in well-established physics and also has sufficient mathematical precision to ensure that there are no hidden infinities. In order to keep the review to a reasonable size, and to avoid overwhelming non-experts, we have had to leave out several interesting topics, results and viewpoints; this is meant to be an introduction to the subject rather than an exhaustive review of it.

We discuss the theory of knots, and describe how knot invariants arise naturally in gravitational physics. The focus of this review is to delineate the relationship between knot theory and the loop representation of non-perturbative canonical quantum general relativity (loop quantum gravity). This leads naturally to a discussion of the Kodama wavefunction, a state which is conjectured to be the ground state of the gravitational field with positive cosmological constant. This review can serve as a self-contained introduction to loop quantum gravity and related areas. Our intent is to make the paper accessible to a wider audience that may include topologists, knot-theorists, and other persons innocent of the physical background to this approach to quantum gravity.

We present a reformulation of loop quantum gravity with a cosmological constant and no matter as a Fermi-liquid theory. When the topological sector is deformed and large gauge symmetry is broken, we show that the Chern-Simons state reduces to Jacobson's degenerate sector describing 1 + 1 dimensional propagating fermions with nonlocal interactions. The Hamiltonian admits a dual description which we realize in the simple BCS model of superconductivity. On one hand, Cooper pairs are interpreted as wormhole correlations at the de Sitter horizon; their number yields the de Sitter entropy. On the other hand, BCS is mapped into a deformed conformal field theory reproducing the structure of quantum spin networks. When area measurements are performed, Cooper-pair insertions are activated on those edges of the spin network intersecting the given area, thus providing a description of quantum measurements in terms of excitations of a Fermi sea to superconducting levels. The cosmological constant problem is naturally addressed as a nonperturbative mass-gap effect of the true Fermi-liquid vacuum. (Gianluca Calcagni). arXiv:0807.0225 [hep-th] Found. Phys. 3 This means that [Ĉ i ,Ĉ j ] =Ô k ijĈ k , whereĈ i are the Hamiltonian, Gauss, and vector constraints andÔ is an operator defining the structure coefficients of the algebra. 4 See in particular Exercise 3.7 in [17], p. 258.

Regarding the foundations of matter as energy fields in a fractal gearing structure can redefine the foundations of quantum physics in a unique new way, while remaining consistent with modern probabilisitic theories.  Further, working experimental models of fractal gear arrays have created effects that cannot be explained with current theories, and they are described here in detail.  This theory is the only way to explain the experimental phenomenon, and it is an explanation to phenomenon which I have been able to create in the lab for the first time in physics history.  Fractal gear theory is a deterministic model of quantum fields that can be used simultaneously with the current standard model and they both can borrow concepts from each other without breaking the logical consistency.  An example is the double-slit experiment; fractal gear theory states that a harmonic field structure is created by the geometry of the matter (the slits) and the electron or photon rides on it in an oscillatory manner so it does not matter if one or many particles enter simultaneously through the slits.  Many of the modern theories provide quantitative answers to the questions that arise from this new deterministic unified field theory. A prime example is that strings from string theory can be understood as a line of contact thru time within a fractal gear field array.  Physicists today have obfuscated theories with statistical data , whereas most of the real advances in physics have arisen from thought experiments and theoretical and geometric analysis. This theory was devised with very little mathematics and a whole lot of 3D geometry and analysis with almost zero experimental data or references beyond the foundations of modern quantum physics.  It is a grass roots endeavor to start from scratch and rebuild quantum physics with a correct picture that almost any mechanically inclined person can understand; a picture that has eluded physicists for over 100 years.  I believe that if a picture is worth 1000 words, then a geometry is worth 1000 formulas, but geometry is much easier to work with.

Fractal gear fields are a quantum foam theory and provides means for transmitting information and by its explanation of emergent space time, it is directly implied that information is able to travel faster than the speed of light within a bound domain.  The speed of transmission dissipates at a rate proportional to the total energy within the domain.  Fractal gear theory is a geometrical foundation for a pilot-wave theory in the spirit of DeBroglie -Bohm theory.  Further, the 3D geometric form of fractal gear fields shows clearly that all bell inequality measurements using photon polarization is biased and in error, due to angular variations in density of the field structure.

We review the Lagrangian formulation of (generalised) Noether symmetries in the framework of Calculus of Variations in Jet Bundles, with a special attention to so-called "Natural Theories" and "Gauge-Natural Theories" that include all relevant Field Theories and physical applications (from Mechanics to General Relativity, to Gauge Theories, Supersymmetric Theories, Spinors, etc.). It is discussed how the use of Poincaré-Cartan forms and decompositions of natural (or gauge-natural) variational operators give rise to notions such as "generators of Noether symmetries", energy and reduced energy flow, Bianchi identities, weak and strong conservation laws, covariant conservation laws, Hamiltonian-like conservation laws (such as, e.g., so-called ADM laws in General Relativity) with emphasis on the physical interpretation of the quantities calculated in specific cases (energy, angular momentum, entropy, etc.). A few substantially new and very recent applications/examples are presented to better show the power of the methods introduced: one in Classical Mechanics (definition of strong conservation laws in a frame-independent setting and a discussion on the way in which conserved quantities depend on the choice of an observer); one in Classical Field Theories (energy and entropy in General Relativity, in its standard formulation, in its spin-frame formulation, in its first order formulation "à la Palatini" and in its extensions to Non-Linear Gravity Theories); one in Quantum Field Theories (applications to conservation laws in Loop Quantum Gravity via spin connections and Barbero-Immirzi connections).

The two greatest achievements of 20 th century physics were general relativity, the theory of the very large, and quantum mechanics, the theory of the very small. While separately these theories have been very successful, they are fundamentally incompatible, both mathematically and conceptually. One of the largest programmes of contemporary physics is set on nding a resolution to this problem this is the program of quantum gravity. One of the currently most promising theories of quantum gravity is termed loop quantum gravity ; when applied to the origin, structure, and evolution of the Universe as a whole, this becomes loop quantum cosmology.

In this vital and groundbreaking exploration of the universe, the author has written a compelling work allowing us to understand the universe through the computational and consciousness model. In Digital Physics: Decoding the Universe, Ediho Lokanga argues that information and consciousness may offer a unifying language for quantum theory and general relativity, offering a new perspective on quantum gravity (QG) and the theory of everything (ToE), thus contributing to a better description of the universe. There is no doubt that the last few years have demonstrated the important role that information and consciousness play in allowing us to understand physics and science in a new light.

The closed, k=1, FRW model coupled to a massless scalar field is investigated in the framework of loop quantum cosmology using analytical and numerical methods. As in the k=0 case, the scalar field can be again used as emergent time to construct the physical Hilbert space and introduce Dirac observables. The resulting framework is then used to address a major

Planck length is the length scale at which the structure of space becomes dominated by quantum effects, and it is impossible to determine the difference between two locations less than one Planck length apart. In string theory, the Planck length is also in the order of magnitude of the oscillating strings that form elementary particles, and shorter length do not make physical sense … but there is an annoying problem that deserves full attention because it causes problems in many domains of quantum physics. Working with the Planck length, has anyone ever paid attention to the geometric anomalies that are present when applying the normal mathematical rules when it comes to surfaces and volumes and what the consequences are? This paper tries to give an answer to that question, and the conclusions are unexpectedly far-reaching.

The evolution of gravitational tests from an epistemological perspective framed in the concept of rational reconstruction of Imre Lakatos, based on his methodology of research programmes. Unlike other works on the same subject, the evaluated period is very extensive, starting with Newton's natural philosophy and up to the quantum gravity theories of today. In order to explain in a more rational way the complex evolution of the gravity concept of the last century, I propose a natural extension of the methodology of the research programmes of Lakatos that I then use during the paper. I believe that this approach offers a new perspective on how evolved over time the concept of gravity and the methods of testing each theory of gravity, through observations and experiments. I argue, based on the methodology of the research programmes and the studies of scientists and philosophers, that the current theories of quantum gravity are degenerative, due to the lack of experimental evidence over a long period of time and of self-immunization against the possibility of falsification. Moreover, a methodological current is being developed that assigns a secondary, unimportant role to verification through observations and/or experiments. For this reason, it will not be possible to have a complete theory of quantum gravity in its current form, which to include to the limit the general relativity, since physical theories have always been adjusted, during their evolution, based on observational or experimental tests, and verified by the predictions made. Also, contrary to a widespread opinion and current active programs regarding the unification of all the fundamental forces of physics in a single final theory, based on string theory, I argue that this unification is generally unlikely, and it is not possible anyway for a unification to be developed based on current theories of quantum gravity, including string theory. In addition, I support the views of some scientists and philosophers that currently too much resources are being consumed on the idea of developing quantum gravity theories, and in particular string theory, to include general relativity and to unify gravity with other forces, as long as science does not impose such research programs.

CONTENTS:

Introduction
   Gravity
   Gravitational tests
   Methodology of Lakatos - Scientific rationality
   The natural extension of the Lakatos methodology
      Bifurcated programs
      Unifying programs
1. Newtonian gravity
   1.1 Heuristics of Newtonian gravity
   1.2 Proliferation of post-Newtonian theories
   1.3 Tests of post-Newtonian theories
      1.3.1 Newton's proposed tests
      1.3.2 Tests of post-Newtonian theories
   1.4 Newtonian gravity anomalies
   1.5 Saturation point in Newtonian gravity
2. General relativity
   2.1 Heuristics of the general relativity
   2.2 Proliferation of post-Einsteinian gravitational theories
   2.3 Post-Newtonian parameterized formalism (PPN)
   2.4 Tests of general relativity and post-Einsteinian theories
      2.4.1 Tests proposed by Einstein
      2.4.2 Tests of post-Einsteinian theories
      2.4.3 Classic tests
         2.4.3.1 Precision of Mercury's perihelion
         2.4.3.2 Light deflection
         2.4.3.3 Gravitational redshift
      2.4.4 Modern tests
         2.4.4.1 Shapiro Delay
         2.4.4.2 Gravitational dilation of time
         2.4.4.3 Frame dragging and geodetic effect
         2.4.4.4 Testing of the principle of equivalence
         2.4.4.5 Solar system tests
      2.4.5 Strong field gravitational tests
         2.4.5.1 Gravitational lenses
         2.4.5.2 Gravitational waves
         2.4.5.3 Synchronization binary pulsars
         2.4.5.4 Extreme environments
      2.4.6 Cosmological tests
         2.4.6.1 The expanding universe
         2.4.6.2 Cosmological observations
         2.4.6.3 Monitoring of weak gravitational lenses
   2.5 Anomalies of general relativity
   2.6 The saturation point of general relativity
3. Quantum gravity
   3.1 Heuristics of quantum gravity
   3.2 The tests of quantum gravity
   3.3 Canonical quantum gravity
      3.3.1 Tests proposed for the CQG
      3.3.2. Loop quantum gravity
   3.4 String theory
      3.4.1 Heuristics of string theory
      3.4.2. Anomalies of string theory
   3.5 Other theories of quantum gravity
   3.6 Unification (The Final Theory)
4. Cosmology
Conclusions
Notes
Bibliography

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.35350.70724

The problems with the standard model and the current model of gravity , is unambiguously difficult to solve , Many models had an approach for a solution which is consistent with other areas of physics , but many has failed , string theory , which stems from other models such as Kaluza-Klein theory and Yang-Mills theories , could to some extent produce the results , one might expect from such model. The theory was developed by several people , mainly Leonard Susskind , Gabriele Veneziano , Yoichiro Nambu and many others , developed the theory for analysis of the interactions between nucleons .

A natural geometric unit system (abbr. SG) based on the pre-2019 SI system, in which four fundamental physical constants undergo joint numerical and dimensional normalization to unity c = G = k = h = 1, with only one base geometric unit u equal to √|h · G/c^3 | m, is defined. A new relation emerges in the SI m^3 /(kg · s^2) = kg/C · √|k/G^3 | , where |x| denotes the dimensionless, numerical part of property x. A simple electron mass to charge ratio is postulated: in the SI m_e = |G| kg/C e/(2^9 πα) and in the SG m_e = e/(2^9 πα) , with the Newtonian gravitational constant G ≈ 6.673 655 205 · 10^-11 m^3 /(kg · s^2) , which fits well in the range allowed by the current state of research on the subject. Similar to the formula for electron rest mass m_e = 1 / (2^9 π √(2πα)) u , proposed are formulas for stable quarks rest masses: quark u m_u = √(⅔) / (2^7 π √(πα)) u , equivalent of 2.360 MeV/c^2 and quark d m_d = √(⅓)^-1 / (2^7 π √(πα)) u , equivalent of 5.007 MeV/c^2. The finding supports the research area of purely geometric modelling of the fundamental physical forces and their unification.

Columbus's egg of curved space-time without gravity

There is no need for "fictitious gravity" to explain the "curvature" nor for a circle ⭕️ a sphere and the entire illusory universe of the eternally present "condensed mass": The surface of the hypersphere from you to infinity always has the same points regardless of the radius :)

How does gravity arise?  What is it made of?

On my desk I have the classic book by Misner, Thorne and Wheeler, titled "Gravitation" which contains 2179 pages.  Maybe a little too much for an answer on Quora.

L'uovo di Colombo dello spazio-tempo curvo senza gravità

Non c'è bisogno di "gravità fittizia" per spiegare la "curvatura" né di un cerchio ⭕️ una sfera e tutto l'universo illusorio dell'eternamente presente "massa condensata": La superficie dell'ipersfera da te all'infinito ha sempre gli stessi punti  indipendentemente dal raggio :)

Come nasce la gravità?  Da cosa è formata?

Sulla mia scrivania ho il classico libro di Misner, Thorne e Wheeler, dal titolo "Gravitation" che contiene 2179 pagine.  Forse un po' troppe per una risposta su Quora.

In this paper, I have studied the properties of atomic and molecular world along with general and special theories of relativity. This is an attempt to merge Gravity into the standard model in order to complete the Grand Unification Theory. The merger of gravity into the other forces i.e. electromagnetic, strong and weak nuclear forces should be well defined and in the boundaries of Gauge Group theory. The Lorentz transformations used in the theory too are invariant under SU(2) type of space. The relative force exerted on two separate quantum systems is also discussed along with Dark matter and Dark energy at a quantum level. I have also tried to solve the Ba-nach-Tarski theorem by applications of Heisenbergs Uncertainty principle in the later part of the paper. Detailed particle Chirality in standard model is redefined to fit in the criterion of operators used in the same process. Possible existence of a new quasi particle is also included in the paper along with its properties.

Quantum entanglement, a term coined by Erwin Schrodinger in 1935, is a mechanical phenomenon at the quantum level wherein the quantum states of two (or more) particles have to be described with reference to each other though these particles may be spatially separated. This phenomenon leads to paradox and has puzzled us for a long time. The behaviour of entangled particles is apparently inexplicable, incomprehensible and like magic at work. Locality has been a reliable and fruitful principle which has guided us to the triumphs of twentieth century physics. But the consequences of the local laws in quantum theory could seem "spooky" and nonlocal, with some theorists questioning locality itself. Could two subatomic particles on opposite sides of the universe be really instantaneously connected? Is any theory which predicts such a connection essentially flawed or incomplete? Are the results of experiments which demonstrate such a connection being misinterpreted? These questions challenge our most basic concepts of spatial distance and time. Modern physics is in the process of dismantling the space all around us and the universe will never be the same. Quantum entanglement involves the utilisation of cutting edge technology and will bring great benefits to society. This paper traces the development of quantum entanglement and presents some possible explanations for the strange behaviour of entangled particles. This paper is published in an international journal.

https://www.urbanomic.com/book/collapse-5/

In his first major book, The Discovery of Dynamics (1989), theoretical physicist and historian of physics Julian Barbour described the process of discovery and progress in science as ‘a journey into the totally unknown, in which shock follows shock’. A decade on, in The End of Time (1999)2 he put forth in popular form his thesis, developed over some decades, regarding what he had come to believe would be the next great shock to our commonsense picture of the world – namely, that the concept of time would cease to have any role in the foundations of physics. More starkly expressed, Barbour predicts that the next great revolution in our understanding of the universe will entail the realisation that time does not exist – a thesis which, if true, would be shocking indeed. The question, of course, is whether it is true; and, if it is, how we could ever possibly find a way to test and confirm such a seemingly outrageous hypothesis. In our interview with Barbour, we ask him about the motivations which led him to develop his radical position, the paradoxes and problems which arise in trying to make sense of it, and his own eccentric position in relation to mainstream academic theoretical physics.

A theory of everything , or, grand unified theory (which Einstein had been working on without success, with Superstring Theory now being a good candidate), is one which unites all the forces of nature, viz., gravity, electromagnetism, the strong nuclear force and the weak nuclear force. Important as this theory might be, it is
lacking in one important fundamental aspect, viz., the role of consciousness, which could in fact be considered the most fundamental aspect of physics. This paper explains that a theory of consciousness is more important than a theory of everything or grand unified theory and should be the theory of everything instead, or, at least, a part of the theory of everything.

In Loop Quantum Gravity the classical point of departure is the Einstein-Hilbert action modified by the addition of the so-called Holst term. Classically, this term does not affect the equations of motion, but it induces a well-known quantization ambiguity in the quantum theory, parametrized by the Barbero-Immirzi parameter.