Global communication

A discussion of the vibration mechanics behind the advent of consciousness of many sentient souls interacting with one another has been presented. It is emphasized that consciousness vibration is the most important phenomenon triggering and spearheading what we commonly refer to as organic ‘life.’ A brief account of the phenomenon of collective (unity) consciousness has been explicated, with more details being deferred to the publication of a companion paper on the subject matter. It is elucidated that the power of consciousness is not just confined to creationism or the necessity of ensuring the longevity of what has been created by a single being; consciousness is superpositional in nature, which means, it may be accentuated through the vibrations of the mind of many sentient beings who resonate harmoniously and synchronously with one another. In this respect, consciousness of one sentient being influences the consciousness of one or many other individuals. This is indeed, how we form the matrix of our reality. Moreover, consciousness has the propensity of multiplying or expanding, which is why the Prime Creator has only demanded one endeavor from all sentient beings, which is to strive to expand their consciousness. Thus, we are all potentially ‘consciousness generators.’ Accordingly, a discussion of the parameter of ‘consciousness expansibility coefficient’ introduced by the author before has been given, herein. It is explicated that the natural frequency of conscious vibration is proportional to the square root of the consciousness expansibility coefficient. In fact, the consciousness expansibility coefficient of a sentient soul describes a trait (or quality) of the soul that is analogous to the ‘stiffness’ of an elastic helical spring that could be loaded with life’s karmic forces. In this respect, it epitomizes the resilience of the soul to be able to withhold such forces. Moreover, it describes the capability of a sentient being to acquire more spiritual education, thus adding to the frequency of its consciousness. Clearly, the more resilient the soul of the conscious being is, the more propensity it has for enlightenment and ‘consciousness expansibility,’ without being prone to instability or buckling, falling out of Light. However, unlike the stiffness characteristic of a non-sentient material or being that acts as a ‘sink,’ it always undergoes a ‘conservative’ operation in which it never dissipates energy as long as the sentient being is allowed to experience life within a Tri-Wave or an open loop of free energetic dispensation as it is usually supplied by the progenitor God-SOURCE. The structure of the soul is so resilient that it can absorb and transform the residual inelastic karmic energies stored WITHIN, ensuring full recoverability. More specifically, a resilient sentient is capable of redeeming all its accumulated residual internal karmic energy stored WITHIN, through clearing and cleansing at a later date, without any eventual possibility of damage or degradation. This is in concert with what the author has introduced as the concept of ‘sentient vibration’ by way of a ‘conservative’ energetic transformation through returning to its initial equilibrium state of vibration in which it preserves its state of consciousness expansibility or natural frequency of consciousness. But, if the entity excessively expands away from its original equilibrium state (referred to as the Zero-Point Field), it may have to permanently shift its position from the initial Zero-Point Energetic Field (‘Neural Network of God,’ which also signifies the open loop or the energetic fountain supply provided by the God-SOURCE). This way, it behaves as a helical spring undergoing inelastic deformation, expanding away from the open loop energetic supply of God and eventually separating itself from the God-SOURCE (referred to as becoming ‘fallen’), changing to a non-sentient (non-organic) being.  And, the clearing and cleansing of the soul’s emotional body of the accumulated residual inelastic karma culminates in effectively restoring its diminished consciousness expansibility, and thus, its frequency of consciousness. It may even lead to effectively raising its natural frequency to its full potential, being capable to Ascend, permanently shifting its anchored equilibrium (domicile) state to a higher dimension. It is then said that the soul undergoes syntropy (consciousness expansion), effectively increasing its propinquity with respect to the SOURCE.  This is referred to as the state of ‘positive karma’ as opposed to ‘negative karma,’ a scenario in which the soul through the expenditure of entropic energies begins to deflect away from the God-SOURCE (diminishing its propinquity), effectively leading to reducing its consciousness expansibility and natural frequency of consciousness vibration. And, through syntropic energetic experience one eventually undergoes ‘Ascension’ through sequentially transmigrating its consciousness and anchoring itself to the higher (more inner) dimensions of consciousness. Note that the soul constitution (matter-antimatter), however, remains virtually constant. Thus, for all practical purposes, the natural frequency of the soul is determined by its extent of consciousness expansibility coefficient, which could constantly change. Ascension occurs when the body becomes crystalline, being comprised of a perfect structure without the presence of any defects or the possibility of ever developing any, rendering the body to become ageless. And, mathematically, crystallinity is synonymous with raising the ‘consciousness expansibility coefficient.’ And, with increasing consciousness expansibility coefficient, one becomes multidimensional, capable of exploring even higher dimensional realms of consciousness, with the dynamic position of equilibrium about which one usually vibrates being shifted higher or deeper in innerspace, gaining more propinquity with respect to the SOURCE. And, all this demands impeccability and gaining spiritual mastery. Since the prime directive specifies consciousness expansion, it is incumbent on the soul to acquire experiential endeavors that culminate in overall contraction to, versus deflection from, the SOURCE. And, this means positive karma, procured through creational endeavors and through benevolence and application of the principles of compassion and unconditional love and effectively having reverence for the provisions of the Law of One. Another aspect of consciousness expansibility is triggered through awareness and interaction of souls with one another in which one Soul Aspect acts as the Beacon of Light, spiritually awakening and enlightening its other Soul Aspects. Accordingly, the consciousness of a sentient being affects the consciousness of all other sentient beings, provided that they become aware of each other’s presence. Accordingly, the author has introduced a new parameter dubbed as the ‘consciousness expansibility linkage coefficient k_ij’, when the consciousness of one sentient entity i is envisaged to affect the state of consciousness of the sentient being j. Finally, equations are presented herein that describe the overall natural frequency and consciousness expansibility of a collective.

Research problem: For many organizations, high-quality technical information products for global audiences are becoming an increasingly important part of doing business. Component content management attempts to facilitate the creation of such information products. A growing number of technical communication groups are adopting the strategies, standards, and technologies of component content management. This integrative literature review examines the impacts of component content management on the quality of multilingual information products. Research questions: How are the impacts of component content management on multilingual quality conceptualized? How do best practices address the impacts of component content management on multilingual quality? Literature review: Two divides characterize component content management and multilingual quality. The divide between the academy and industry is marked by different levels of interest in quality, particularly its practical aspects. The divide between technical communication and technical translation and localization is defined by the lack of communication between the representatives of each field that leads to a narrower understanding of multilingual quality. Therefore, a comprehensive picture of the impacts of component content management on multilingual quality requires combining the perspectives of scholarly and industry authors in technical communication and technical translation and localization. Activity Theory provides an approach for bridging the divides and creating such a comprehensive picture. Methodology: To provide such a comprehensive picture, I systematically reviewed literature sources on component content management and multilingual quality in scholarly and trade sources in technical communication and technical translation and localization, then classified all selected publications by their relationships to the research questions, themes within them, and characteristics of the source. Results and conclusions: Contradictory conceptual understandings exist on the impacts of component content management on multilingual quality. While some sources praise benefits of component content management, particularly increased consistency and the promise to provide additional adaption possibilities, other sources focus on the challenges of using it, especially a lack of context, text segmentation, and human resources. Although best practices offer some suggestions for overcoming these challenges, the suggestions do not resolve them sufficiently and do not reconcile the contradiction between consistency and adaptation of information products based on the different expectations of audiences around the globe. This study is limited by the fact that it primarily focused on English language publications. Future research needs to be conducted collaboratively by stakeholders in academia and industry and from technical communication and technical translation and localization.

가짜뉴스는 허위정보, 왜곡보도라는 저널리즘의 영역에 국한되어서는 안된다. 본질은 뉴스, 정보라는 진실의 외피를 쓰고 소수자를 몰아 넣고 소멸시키려고 하는 그 의도, 개인과 공동체를 적대시하며 혐오로서만 존재하게 하는 악의적 선동으로서의 효과와 관련이 되어야 한다. 가짜뉴스는 사건의 징후도 아니다. 오히려 사건의 결과이다. 차별적 선동이 일부에 의해 이제는 윤리적으로 절대적 악이 아니라는 믿음이 세상밖으로 그 실체를 드러낸 것이며 그 이전부터 지속되어 온 차별과 배제 담론의 실효적인 정치적 권력화를 시작하겠다는 의지의 공표이다. 이 글은 최근의 가짜뉴스, 혐오표현에 대한 사회적 논의가 뉴스와 표현이라는 순전히 미디어커뮤니케이션의 현상속에서만 파악됨으로써, 이것들의 본질적인 이념과 가치와 방식 및 그것의 효과에 대한 논의가 부재하여 그 간극을 조금이라도 채우기 위해 작성하였다.

The cybersphere constitutes a global disagreement space. There, the contested, ongoing ties that link states and the internet come into being. A critique of sovereignty and political economy is offered to evaluate contemporary controversies concerning authority, independence, regulation, and access to communications as matters of relationality, materiality, and disagreement. We review China's promotion of cyber sovereignty as a complicating episode that expresses development stresses of the sphere. China wishes to establish guardrails for the practices of multipolar global digital capitalism; yet, it has ushered in an Internet keyed variety of global issues-security, privacy, material well-being, developmental justice, and planetary futures. These complex aims invite and expand the dialectical spaces animating the cybersphere.

This study investigates the perception between Generation X and Generation Y pertaining to communicating and sharing working relationships. The main objective of the study is to analyse the factor that influencing working satisfaction between generations X and Y with communicative teamwork, mutual learning, participative decision making and communicating feedback of the teachers in Kubang Pasu. A total of 400 (n) teachers in Kubang Pasu participated in the study. This study was use survey research design which is questionnaire. The data gathered were analysed using SPSS 20 for both descriptive and inferential statistics. This study applied descriptive statistics, independent sample analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis to examine the relationship among the variables. The result showed that there is no significant difference between demography and working satisfaction. Result from correlation analysis showed that communicative teamwork, mutual learning, participative decision making and communication has significant relationship with working satisfaction. Multiple regression results also showed that these variables significantly related to the working satisfaction. The implication of this study is schools need to take proactive action to increase the employees working satisfaction, encourage supervisor to give support to their supervisee, and promote good organization climate. Future research needs to replicate this study in other situation and possibly in other areas for different view.

This article examines five dominant conceptualizations of “the Global South” in the field of media and communication studies, and more specifically in the subfields of (1) comparative media studies, (2) international communication or global media studies, and (3) development communication. Engaging with the broader calls made by a number of scholars since the early 2000s to “dewesternize,” “decolonize,” or “internationalize” the field, I argue that the Global South continues to be theorized from the vantage point of the Global North. Instead of understanding the Global South on its own terms, scholarship frequently appreciates the role of media and communication only insofar as it emerges from, represents the negative imprint of, or features the active intervention of the Global North. Such accounts have failed to acknowledge the agency of the Global South in the production, consumption, and circulation of a much richer spectrum of media culture that is not a priori defined in opposition to or in conjunction with media from the Global North. In advocating for a shift from media systems to media cultures, I hope to contribute to an approach that practices media and communication studies from the Global South, grounded in the everyday life experiences of ordinary people but always situated against the background of crucial processes such as neoliberalization, which have not only had drastic implications for the division of labor between the state and market in the area of media and communication but have also produced radical changes in the lives of the majority of people living in the Global South.

"RESUMEN
La comunicación entre el compositor de música y su audiencia no es en modo alguno directa. Está fuertemente intervenida por agentes que controlan aspectos críticos del proceso. Se produce así una compleja intermediación entre los interlocutores, que exige de la negociación y el diálogo a diferentes niveles para que la comunicación pueda consumarse efectivamente. Los nuevos significados que se generan por la intermediación no han sido tomados en cuenta en los estudios musicológicos tradicionales, que tienden a ver la interacción musical como algo dual, unívoco, lineal y simple. Proponemos en este trabajo acercarnos a este problema en el caso particular de la música de conciertos, a partir de las categorías de DISCURSO, DISEÑO, PRODUCCIÓN y DISTRIBUCIÓN que ofrecen Gunther Kress y Theo van Leeuwen (2001) para el análisis de los discursos multimodales.
Palabras clave: composición musical, intermediación, discurso multimodal.

ABSTRACT
Communication between composer and audience is not straight. This communication is strong biased by agents who control critic aspects of the process. This produces a complex intermediation among the interlocutors that requires of negotiation and dialog if communication should be effectively completed. The new significations generated by this process has not been taken in consideration by the traditional musicological studies, who considered the musical interaction as dual, univocal, lineal and simple. We propose in this paper to study the particular case of the concert music starting from the categories of DISCOURSE, DESIGN, PRODUCTION and DISTRIBUTION created by Gunther Kress and Theo van Leeuwen (2001) in order to analyze the multimodal discourses.
Key words: musical composition, intermediation, multimodal discourse."

Resumo:
O artigo investiga as transformações na abordagem que Umberto Eco dá a questão da interpretação na trajetória entre a Obra Aberta, na década de 60, para a ênfase nos limites interpretativos, a partir de meados dos anos 70.Nesta trajetória, o mago de Bolonha, parte de uma perspectiva fundada em Tomas de Aquino, dialogando com James Joyce, as vanguardas musicais, os estruturalismo e a semiótica de Peirce. O artigo mostra também como a perspectiva pragmática que Eco herda de Peirce formularia uma "metafísica detetivesca" centrada no conceito de abdução. O desenvolvimento do giro pragmático efetuado por Eco se distinguiria de modo forte da perspectiva neopragmatista de Richard Rorty.
Palavras-chave: Interpretação, Pragmatismo, Semiótica, Eco, Neopragmatismo


Abstract:
This paper investigates the changes in Umberto Eco's approaches about the subject of the interpretation in the 60's, beginning with Open Work, culminating at the emphasis in the limits of interpretation, up to the mid 70's. The wizard of Bologna uses in his analyses the ideas from Thomas Aquinas, James Joyce, avant-garde music, structuralism and the semiotics of Peirce. This article also shows how the pragmatic approach that Eco inherits from Peirce would help him formulate an "investigator metaphysics" centered on the concept of abduction. The development of the pragmatist turn made by Eco differs strongly from Richard Rorty´s neo-pragmatism.
Keywords: Interpretation, Pragmatism, Semiotics, Eco, Neo-pragmatism

Increasing the internationalization of the university is currently an
existential prerequisite for the further sustainability and
competitiveness of any university.The degree of internationalization of the university is reflected not only in the top-down emphasis on well-thought-out internationalization strategies but equally in the bottom-up activation of individual teachers and teams.So far, this area appears to be
underdeveloped. Our publication tries to bridge this gap.This handbook is intended for teachers involved in the teaching
of courses in foreign languages or in the teaching of culturally or
ethnically mixed groups of students. This handbook could help
teachers increase their professional competencies by focusing on the
salient issues of the international teaching environment. In other
words, it has an ambition to help university teachers to incorporate
an intercultural dimension into their teaching.

Overview: The aim of this course is to provide a general introduction to a range of theories that seek to explain why we communicate as we do. The first part of the course establishes a general overview of communication theory, from both theoretical and historical points of view. We will examine the relationship between communication, ideology, power, and social consciousness; the development of alphabetic writing; and theories of orality and literacy. We will also review the concept of the self in the context of communication studies. The second part of the course will focus on specific fields within the area of communication, including: the study of popular culture; media analysis; film studies; advertising; and the political economy of communication. We will also examine the rise of technology studies in communication, and consider the way in which the electronic media (in particular computers and the Internet), have refashioned both human consciousness and culture. In this context, we will discuss issues of privacy and democracy in the emerging digital culture; and conclude the course with a brief discussion of global communication.

Although a growing number of studies are examining the relationship between Internet use and political participation, varying study characteristics make the overall effect size difficult to estimate. Using a meta-analysis, we estimated the mean effect size and tested whether the effect size was influenced by study characteristics. Data for this meta-analysis were derived from 56 papers reporting 63 independent studies. Results revealed that Internet use had a weak relationship with political participation (rc = .22). Moderator analyses demonstrated that type of Internet use, Internet use measure, Internet use for news, type of political participation, sample origin, and survey year significantly moderated the relationship between Internet use and political participation. For instance, Internet use including news (rc = .27) had a significantly stronger relationship with political participation than did Internet use excluding news (rc = .19). European samples (rc = .27) had the largest mean correlation followed by North American samples (rc = .23) and Asian samples (rc = .18) in decreasing order of strength of relationship. The theoretical and methodological implications of the findings are discussed.

For almost three decades, “global culture” has been a significant area of inquiry for communication studies researchers. A portmanteau of “global” and “culture,” “global culture” can be conceived as a whole way of life of the world’s people, and also, cultural works that are produced and commonly consumed by people who live within and across many countries, not just one country. Taking this broad definition of global culture as a useful heuristic, this chapter contextualizes, summarizes, and critically assesses three narrower meanings of “global culture.” These articulations of global culture include: 1) mediated sociality as a whole way of life (e.g., the “global village”); 2) an Empire’s  universalization or trans-nationalization of a particular way of life (e.g., “cultural imperialism”); and, 3) cultural works that are financed, produced, circulated and consumed by people across the borders of nation-states (e.g., “global popular culture”).

The meaning of space and time changes multifold when applied to the virtual world of internet where there is not any demarcated space or stipulated time for things to operate. In this crossover of space and time a defined agenda of mass communication has taken a back seat. Earlier the capacity to reach was a measure for mass communication but now the speed of reach is also equally important. As is often the case with masses, some communications are preferred (or privileged) over the others which are rejected. Every second there is large amount of information being dumped into the cyber space, but only a selected few manage to reach the masses while others remain ignored. This phenomenon of high speed communication is popularly known as 'viral communication' and can occur anywhere irrespective of packaging or medium. It has been observed that certain messages, pictures, stories or videos have gone viral in the internet driven virtual space. This raises the questions: why this selective viral spreading happens and how certain content is more privileged than others? This triggered us to study a specific set of communication and explore what are the key attributes of privileged content over the other through the present work. For the purpose of this study we have specifically looked at online videos on the popular website YouTube which had gone viral in the year 2014 and have a minimum of one million views. The aim was to identify key parameters which if present could ensure a video to go viral. This study would not only help the amateur content producer to gain multiple views but also cater to the marketing experts who have been trying to monetise social media to gain a share of conversation.

Public speaking has often been rated the number number-one stress inducer in people. When a diverse, global audience is added, public speaking can become a minefield that has to be navigated with care and sensitivity. Speaking effectively to a global audience requires both knowledge of speaking principles and an awareness of intercultural differences. To this end, this chapter will begin by examining the need to speak to a global audience and then the strategies that can be used to manage the process effectively. In addition to stressing the need for sensitivity and respect that underlies the basic principles of speaking to global audiences, the chapter will offer specific strategies that can be employed at each stage of the speech process, from speech planning, preparation and organization, to delivery.

Se il potente linguaggio simbolico associato al patrimonio artistico può essere considerato la più brillante intuizione dei primi mecenati e sponsor, il panorama italiano mostra oggi una vera e propria ricorsa al sostegno di progetti culturali ad alta visibilità da parte di imprese globali, desiderose di associare il proprio marchio a città e monumenti noti in tutto il mondo. Fra i teatri privilegiati di questo fenomeno è possibile segnalare Firenze, Milano, Napoli, Venezia e, prima fra tutte, la Capitale Roma, dove mecenati e sponsor alla ricerca di un’esposizione comunicativa di respiro internazionale scelgono sempre più spesso di sposare il proprio nome a celebri siti e “icone” artistici.
A partire da questo scenario, il contributo presenta i risultati di un’indagine esplorativa sulla spettacolarizzazione della comunicazione culturale d’impresa in Italia. Lo studio punta a passare in rassegna le principali esperienze e tendenze emergenti nel settore, atte a evidenziare un nuovo ordine di rischi ma anche di opportunità strategiche per le imprese private e il territorio.

This entry is a holistic conceptualization of the US Empire and the cultural industries. The first section conceptualizes the “media” dimension of US Empire and cultural imperialism. The second section highlights the global economic dominance of the US cultural industries and the role played by the US State in supporting this dominance. The third section focuses on the global geopolitics of the US cultural industries and their support for US “soft power” or public diplomacy campaigns that attempt to build transnational consent to dominant ideas about America and US foreign policy. The fourth section conceptualizes “the media products” of US Empire. The concluding section identifies some of the consequences the US cultural industries, US State public diplomacy campaigns, and media products may have within non-US countries.

Entman, criticizing hegemony and indexing models presents an important model in media policy relation, relating to foreign news, especially emphasizing what has changed after Cold War paradigm and policy uncertainty. It can be considered that there might be transformations even more effective than Cold War phenomenon some of which seems to be missing in Entman’s model. With the emergence of the internet and social media it would seem hard for any top-down model to survive considering we witness the decline of the mediating effect of media and individual form their own frames. It would be exaggerated to claim that mainstream media would disappear but as already witnessed there is a convergent media environment which is not only dominated by the Western based news organization but also various ones like a Middle East-based news organization, Al Jazeera. It is an environment which also gives audience the chance to be exposed to foreign news sites and other perspectives throughout the world. In this complex media environment we can hardly claim that Entman’s concept cultural congruence, schemas and journalistic motivations or American government would have the same effect for an American based news organization as there had in the past.Entman, criticizing hegemony and indexing models presents an important model in media policy relation, relating to foreign news, especially emphasizing what has changed after Cold War paradigm and policy uncertainty. It can be considered that there might be transformations even more effective than Cold War phenomenon some of which seems to be missing in Entman’s model. With the emergence of the internet and social media it would seem hard for any top-down model to survive considering we witness the decline of the mediating effect of media and individual form their own frames. It would be exaggerated to claim that mainstream media would disappear but as already witnessed there is a convergent media environment which is not only dominated by the Western based news organization but also various ones like a Middle East-based news organization, Al Jazeera. It is an environment which also gives audience the chance to be exposed to foreign news sites and other perspectives throughout the world. In this complex media environment we can hardly claim that Entman’s concept cultural congruence, schemas and journalistic motivations or American government would have the same effect for an American based news organization as there had in the past.

Previous studies have noted the dominance of official sources within the news process and their unique ability to shape media narratives. This research addresses the role and implications of news sources in contributing to the overwhelmingly positive portrayal of the anti-Mubarak opposition protesters within British and American newspaper coverage of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution. Furthermore, this paper will assess how the position of global political elites towards the protests in Egypt possibly opened up the editorial space within the news coverage of the revolution for the anti-Mubarak opposition movement to emerge as the dominant voice within the reporting.

Tanner Mirrlees

A critical cultural materialist introduction to the study of global entertainment media.

In Global Entertainment Media, Tanner Mirrlees undertakes an analysis of the ownership, production, distribution, marketing, exhibition and consumption of global films and television shows, with an eye to political economy and cultural studies.

Among other topics, Mirrlees examines:

Paradigms of global entertainment media such as cultural imperialism and cultural globalization.

The business of entertainment media: the structure of capitalist culture/creative industries (financers, producers, distributors and exhibitors) and trends in the global political economy of entertainment media.

The "governance" of global entertainment media: state and inter-state media and cultural policies and regulations that govern the production, distribution and exhibition of entertainment media and enable or impede its cross-border flow.

The new international division of cultural labor (NICL): the cross-border production of entertainment by cultural workers in asymmetrically interdependent media capitals, and economic and cultural concerns surrounding runaway productions and co-productions.

The economic motivations and textual design features of globally popular entertainment forms such as blockbuster event films, TV formats, glocalized lifestyle brands and synergistic media.

The cross-cultural reception and effects of TV shows and films.

The World Wide Web, digitization and convergence culture.

"Mirrlees explains in clear and lively language how the most popular and ubiquitous movies, TV formats, and brands are made and consumed―and he also explains why this matters. In a world where media continue to increase their hold on resources and their place in our lives, Global Entertainment Media is a must-read for media activists and students of culture." ―John McCullough, Associate Professor and Chair, Department of Film, York University

"Comprehensive and tactically plain-spoken, Dr. Mirrlees’s cultural-economic study maps out the complex networks of production, consumption, and regulation that structure today’s culture industry, and offers a key for unlocking its meanings and functions in a neoliberal age dominated by neo-imperial corporations. In the process, this teachable text provides a primer―ideal for undergraduates―on key ‘macro’ concepts in media and cultural studies, like discourse, globalization, intellectual property, and postcolonialism." ―Mark A. McCutcheon, Assistant Professor of Literary Studies, Athabasca University

"Mirrlees presents a meticulously well researched, original, and insightful overview of an expansive field. Global Entertainment Media surveys a complex and ever-changing global media landscape, navigating the terrain with great clarity and authority. Mirrlees’s methodological approach, his deft theoretical analysis, and his wide-ranging and up-to-date use of examples and case studies make this a foundational work that brings global media studies scholarship firmly into the twenty-first century." ―Ian Reilly, Assistant Professor, Department of Communication Studies, Mount Saint Vincent University

 The modern media tools especially social media has played a vital role in the process of communication among nations.

 The communication among nations has affected the politics, economics, cultures and relations among different nations.

 The communication among nations has spread the concept of unification of world as now everyone has access to the whole world with a single click while everyone is able to get familiar with the world.

 The communication among nations is obsoleting the concept of nation state as non-state actors are becoming more powerful than ever before.

 But according to some critiques the communication among nations is all about Westernization i.e. Western expansion and colonialism on the local society. 

 In short, now it is easy for everyone to get information about other countries but in contemporary world the focal purpose of communication among nations is to get economic benefits through cooperation among different countries.

This lecture deals with the following 6 topics:
1) Presentation of the notion of “culture” and concrete examples.
2) Discussion of the notion of “cultural identity” is.
3) The scope of intercultural (or “cross-cultural”) communication.
4) Typical and recurrent obstacles that impede a successful intercultural communication.
5) (Negative or positive) impact of cultural (mis)communication
6) Possibilities to improve intercultural communication.

Howard Frederick's unique book treats international communication in an international relations context--the first truly comprehensive study of its kind.  This book discusses how the modern media face the challenge of promoting peace, building confidence among nations and peoples, and strengthening understanding.  Accelerate by the rapid advances in electronic technologies, global information networks have been central to international relations.  Its topics include:  History of Long-Distance Communication; A World of Communication; The Channels of Global Communication; The Dimensions of Global Communication; Communication, Information and 'New World Orders'; Contending Theories of Global Communication; Communication in War and Peace; International Communication and Information Law; Global Communication as we enter the Twenty-First Century.

El Anuario Obitel 2020, con el tema “El melodrama en tiempos de streaming”,  busca identificar a través del estudio de los personajes, las temáticas y las tramas narrativas del melodrama que circula en las plataformas VoD, las particularidades de estas combinaciones del modo melodramático en diversos géneros y contextos culturales en la ficción seriada iberoamericana.

This paper provides a worked exemplar of psychotherapy research using the approach of conversation analysis inspired discourse analysis (CA/DA), sometimes known as discursive psychology (Edwards & Potter, 1992; Potter, 2003; Potter & Wetherell, 1987). The aim of the paper is to explore the potential usefulness of discursive analysis for qualitative psychotherapy research within a relational centred ethos. The paper presents an analysis of extracts from a case of psychodynamic-interpersonal psychotherapy based on Hobson’s (1985) conversational model. This model has a particular relational focus in assuming clients’ problems arise from relationship disturbances and that the therapeutic encounter is a vehicle for the manifestation, exploration, and modification of such problems. The model is conversational in that intervention consists of therapists’ use of strategies such as negotiation, metaphor, and development of a ‘common feeling language’...

This dissertation addresses the inherent social and political impacts engendered by the materiality of the internet and the societal dynamics of infrastructure. With a focus on the information circulation infrastructure of the internet, this is a study of internet governance and design. Specifically, this dissertation makes a first effort in internet governance scholarship to examine governance by internet exchange points (IXPs). It aims to illuminate sociotechnical aspects of IXPs, and reveal the controversies behind them and the social, political, and public values at stake. For that, the research focuses on the significance of IXPs in terms of three pathways: the rights’ vectors of interconnection deployment, the infrastructural interdependencies between the global North and global South, and the search for bodies in the making of surveillance through internet infrastructure.

Guided by science and technology studies (STS) and actor network theory (ANT) as methods to unveil power relations in loco, and decolonial and feminist studies to build on epistemologies of the South, this dissertation uses qualitative methods, such as ethnography of infrastructure and code ethnography, to investigate primary data, along with quantitative methods to analyze secondary data. The methods involve the analysis of 1) the merging of four IXPs datasets; 2) Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) data of the largest IXP in the global South, IX.br São Paulo; and in the global North, DE-CIX Frankfurt; and 3) ethnographic data collected in Brazil, Germany and Mexico.

The contributions are made along six chapters. In Chapter 1, previous works on IXPs in network engineering are examined, and the dissertation’s theoretical framework, methodology and methods are presented. Chapter 2 shows how Tseltal and Zapoteco communities, in Oaxaca and Chiapas, Mexico, are infrastructuring their wireless networks to reach the larger internet, and how the very moment of network interconnection becomes key to understanding the role of internet infrastructure to challenge and co-produce societal values. Chapter 3 examines the development of the first IXP in Mexico City and reveals how the narrative of potential social benefits from an IXP are not realized in a market of low telecommunications and internet competition.
Consequently, it exposes the resultant disparity and lost link between an IXP embedded in commercial values and the need for internet access by indigenous communities, distant, not only territorially, from that IXP.
In Chapters 4 and 5, the global North and the global South are analyzed symmetrically in the IXP ecosystem, in order to make visible both the consistent concealment of the South in the study of internet infrastructure and how illuminating its role leverages our public understanding of internet interconnection politics. Specifically, these chapters rebut the paradigm of “free flow” of information revealing that, instead, the internet is marked by a one-way flow in which giant IXPs in the North benefit from both their common interests with big content delivery networks and the lack of infrastructural resources in the South.
Finally, Chapter 6 explores how an IXP becomes an instrument of state surveillance by showing the dynamics of the German state to collect data through DE-CIX, exploiting the design affordances of this giant IXP.

By unveiling a case that makes explicit the manufacturing of the “turn to infrastructure to control information” involving public and private actors, the chapter problematizes the extraterritorial effects of a global North country jurisdiction. It also reframes data packets to be conceptually understood as potential information and the virtualization of our bodies that traverse the information circulation infrastructure of the internet attracting the interest of opportunistic actors. The conclusions make recommendations and suggestions for future studies.

This dissertation moves IXPs to a different “mode of existence,” beyond the ones sustained by network engineering scholarship. It touches on key and urgent contemporaneous communication issues, and seek to bring theoretical, empirical and methodological contributions to internet governance policy and scholarship.

La théorie de la littérature est l'étude savante de la littérature en tant que phénomène culturel. Il s'agit d'une discipline qui relève à la fois de la linguistique et de l'esthétique. La théorie du langage littéraire est parfois désignée sous le terme de poétique.

Ekonomi politik secara sempit diartikan oleh Mosco sebagai sebuah studi mengenai hubungan-hubungan sosial, khususnya hubungan kekuasaan yang saling menguntungkan antara sumbersumber produksi, distribusi dan konsumsi, termasuk didalamnya sumber-sumber yang terkait dengan komunikasi (Mosco, 1996).

This essay clarifies the concept of dialogue in public relations. As public relations theory and research move toward a two-way relational communication model, many scholars and practitioners are increasingly using the terms "dialogic" and "dialogue" to describe ethical and practical approaches to public relations. The concept of dialogue is deeply rooted in philosophy and relational communication theory. Its inclusion in the public relations vocabulary is an important step toward understanding how organizations can build relationships that serve both organizational and public interests. This essay traces the roots of dialogue, identifies several over-arching tenets, and provides three ways that organizations can incorporate dialogue into their communication with publics.

There is increasing public concern in Asian countries over the effects of increased mobile media use on individuals and society. Chief among these concerns is the fear that young people are becoming addicted to internet-enabled " smartphones. " The current research seeks to determine the antecedents and consequences of smartphone addiction (i.e., problematic smartphone use), using samples from South Korea (N = 241) and the U.S. (N = 222). In both samples, we find that lower levels of self-control and higher levels of need for belonging are both uniquely associated with problematic smartphone use and that checking social media is the type of phone use exhibiting the strongest association with problematic use. This suggests that problematic smartphone use is not culturally specific, and that self-regulatory and social components both contribute to its development.

全球互联网嵌入在并延续着传统、现代、后现代相混杂的政治经济格局。在此不均衡性和不代表性的基础上，美国主导的治理方案却指向全球同一的、非领土性、割裂国家与集体权利有机联系的政治体。所导致的结果是，既有制度安排内部不断涌现话语和观念之争。始于08年的全球数字化衰退更是激化之于国家角色的想象嬗变与实践裂变。这使得何为国家复归、国家为何复归、国家如何复归成为“后美国时代”互联网治理领域的冲突焦点。本文在技术与国家两个层面提出理论进路：1）从媒介本体论转向社会-技术复合体概念，以此打破治理讨论的绝对化思维，扩大本土模式的去标签化空间；2） 借鉴战后马克思主义国家理论，正视“互联网中的国家”以及国家之于传播关系、传播资源、传播制度的复杂性和流动性角色。本文认为“以人民为中心”和“人类命运共同体”为价值标准和行动准星的国家复归是服务于在全球范围内建设和完善中国特色社会主义的时代性手段与历史性步骤。从实践环境、治理目标与道德内涵角度，中国推动主权模式毋宁说是开放式的，是以国家为基石的多利益攸关方机制。因此，如何调用中外马克思主义理论资源进一步推动和完善开放式网络主权与新型的多边模式具有重要意义。This paper outlines common but contested ties between states and the internet, especially the return of states and sovereignty to the realm of internet governance during the post-2008 crisis of the American-led liberal global order. Using “post-American” as a heuristic framework for uncovering alternative proposals and emergent arrangements, this paper argus that the Chinese internet research should conceptualizes the internet as a socio-technical assemblage, on the one hand, and the state as co-constituting with social forces, on the other, in order to contest the binary constructs between material and virtual, state and market, liberal and authoritarian, national and international, and, ultimately, Chinese and global. As to China, this paper suggests that the cyber sovereignty model is predicated on an inclusive yet interventionist relationship with non-state stakeholders. Looking forwards, this paper suggests using Marxian theories to further develop open sovereignty and bottom-up multilateralism, which would balance the indispensable role of states, on the one hand, and learning and participatory processes involving non-state stakeholders, on the other. 

UNESCO’s World Heritage Centre’s communication monopoly over nationally filtered heritage operates not in an apolitical past but in present politics. Working through the “World Heritage Order” and its changing definition of “outstanding universal value,” this article develops a bridge between seemingly disconnected rural sites in France and the People’s Republic of China to move beyond the confines of “imagined communities” and their potential for displacing “concrete inequalities.” The article extends a critical approach of communication to heritage and contextualizes present rural heritage communication within larger political economic and cultural processes of urban–rural and capital–capillary dynamics that enables, in the cases examined, their current heritage identity.

The cybersphere constitutes a global disagreement space. There, the contested, ongoing ties that link states and the internet come into being. A critique of sovereignty and political economy is offered to evaluate contemporary controversies concerning authority, independence, regulation, and access to communications as matters of relationality, materiality, and disagreement. We review China's promotion of cyber sovereignty as a complicating episode that expresses development stresses of the sphere. China wishes to establish guardrails for the practices of multipolar global digital capitalism; yet, it has ushered in an Internet keyed variety of global issues-security, privacy, material well-being, developmental justice, and planetary futures. These complex aims invite and expand the dialectical spaces animating the cybersphere.

In the 1970s and 1980s, an unprecedent enterprise gathered developing countries in the field of communication: the Non-Aligned News Agencies Pool (NANAP), a syndicate of national news agencies from nations of then-called Third World, threaded into an international system to exchange news, primarily among what is nowadays known as the South-South axis. The experiment was led by the state agency of Yugoslavia, Tanjug, andwas fostered by the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) within the framework of the struggle for redesigning the structures of international communication, known as NWICO (New World Information and Communication Order). During at least its first five years, the Pool meant a pragmatic answer to the Third World calls for a change in foreign news coverage and for opening South-South flows of information in a qualitatively and quantitatively balanced way. Moreover, the very organization and operation schemes of the NANAP were distinguished by de-centralization, pliability and free membership, all features grounded on the principles of Yugoslav self-management socialism and which would prove especially fitting to the production conditions in peripherical societies of capitalism. This thesis investigates the legacy of the non-aligned enterprise in current counter-hegemonical developments hinged on networks and in South-South cooperation for international communication in order to build information systems which are independent from the hegemony of First World news agencies.