Garcinia kola

In order to find the strategies to ensure the sustainable management of natural's resources and especially woody plants in the Congo Basin, a study was carried out on the floristic diversity of woody plants and the structure of Garcinia kola formations in the Centre and East regions of Cameroon. A total of 39 quadrats of 40 m x 40 m were installed in the Garcinia kola formations in these two regions. In each plot, we identified and counted all individuals with a dbh ≥ 10 cm. Seedlings of G. kola (dbh<10 cm) were also counted in all the plots. The height and diameter of each individual were measured. ANOVA was used to compare the density averages of the different plots, and the DUNCAN test at 5% significance level (XLSTAT 2017) was used to separate these mean values. This study confirms that the Clusiaceae (G. kola) forms the floristic background of the stand studied. The surveys revealed a total of 196 species, 156 species (H '= 2.98) and 68 species (H' = 2.13), respectively, identified in the East and Centre among the population of individuals showing dbh ≥ 10 cm. They were distributed into 124 genera and 46 families. The most diversified families in G. kola formations are Euphorbiaceae, Clusiaceae. The average standing density of G. kola varies from 6.51 (East Region) to 40.72 (Centre Region) stems per hectare. The low density observed in the localities of the eastern region can be explained by the pressure exerted

Khaya senegalensis Desr & Juss and Garcinia kola Heckel are two medicinal forest trees species that provide as well lots of meaningful Non Timber Forest Products as Forest Timber Products. Those two species are undergoing many threats including climate change and forest pest attack. In order to provide forest resources managers and planted forest promoters with forest pest prevention means, forest species restoration and conservation strategies, this study was aimed at assessing the vulnerability of Khaya senegalensis to climate change and to the invasion of Hypsipyla robusta Moore in Benin over time and space; and analyzing how far climate changes can help to restore and conserve Garcinia kola, an extinct species in the wild in Benin. To this end, MaxEnt approach for Ecological Niche Modelling was used to compute suitable areas for target species under current, and future climates (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 of AfriClim Ensemble mean,). Biodiversity presence data were gathered on the database of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Gap analysis and Spatio-temporal Analysis were performed using Geographic Information System Tools. In the case of K. senegalensis,
projections at horizon 2055 from AfriClim Ensemble mean showed that it can occur in the future with some areas left out and some gained. The loss was assessed at 15-16% of Benin superficies while the gain was 2-3% of the country’s total area. As for Hypsipyla robusta, climate change will provide only habitat loss of about 66% of the country’s total area. So, some plantation sites being currently exposed to biological attack from the pest could no more exist in the future, giving hope for Khaya senegalensis’ high quality wood production. Meanwhile, there will be an ecological imbalance due to the drastic potential habitat loss for the insect. It is worth that future investigations focus on the economics of attacks in plantations. As for Garcinia kola, results revealed that climate change proved to have only positive consequences on its distribution. Considering the High Confidence Projection Areas (HCPA), the percentage of municipalities predicted suitable for the species is far above the percentage of Protected Areas Network (PAN) predicted as such (7.44% versus 0.93%). RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 of AfriClim Ensemble mean indicated respectively 3.00% and 6.27% of PAN as positive climate
change impact zones, predicted respectively 13.60% and 17.60% of the total municipalities’ areas as such. Therefore, it is worth relying not only on PAN but also and mainly on urban forestry and reforestation to restore and conserve the species. Further studies focusing on the
introduction of Garcinia kola in urban areas, and its use for reforestation are compulsory.
Key Words: Khaya senegalensis, Hypsipyla robusta, Garcinia kola, Ecological niche, Modelling, Forest pest outbreak, Climate change.

We examined the effects of six xanthones from the pericarps of mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana, on the cell growth inhibition of human leukemia cell line HL60. All xanthones displayed growth inhibitory effects. Among them, R-mangostin showed complete inhibition at 10 µM through the induction of apoptosis.

Freshly collected fruits were extracted for the seeds and air dried for 3 days. The coat of the seeds were removed and subjected to 5 treatments namely: no soaking (T1), soaking for 24 hours (T2), 48 hours (T3), 72 hours (T4) and 96 hours (T5). The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 10 seeds per treatment inside polythene bags. Germination commenced on the 2nd week for seeds soaked for 72 hours (T4) and 96 hours (T5) respectively. Germination was delayed and scanty in T1 and T2 compared to other treatments. The germination period ranged between 12 to 62 days. Duration of soaking significantly affected the cumulative germination, complete dormancy period, number of radicle, length of radicle, height of plumule and number of primary leaves at (p≤0.05). Germination of G. kola seeds can be done based on the information given in this study.

Organic acids in leaves and rinds of Garcinia indica (Kokam) were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The major organic acid in leaves and rinds has been found to be ( − )-hydroxycitric acid present to the extent of 4.1-4.6 and 10.3-12.7%, respectively, by isocratic elution with 8 mM sulfuric acid as mobile phase with a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min using UV detection at 210 nm. Hydroxycitric acid lactone and citric acid are present in leaves and rinds in minor quantities. This method has been shown to be very reproducible with the coefficient of variation ranging from 2.8 to 4.2%. This is the first report on the composition of organic acids in the leaves and rinds of G. indica by HPLC.

A rapid, sensitive and simple reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic–electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination of cleomiscosin A and cleomiscosin B has been developed and validated. The isomeric coumarinolignoids cleomiscosin A (1) and cleomiscosin B (2) were separated on a Waters symmetry C18 column with a solvent system composed of acetonitrile–methanol (1:2) and acetic acid–water (0.5 : 99.5) in a gradient elution mode. The absorption at 326 nm was chosen as the measuring wavelength in which resolution and baseline separation of compounds 1 and 2 could be obtained. The identity of the two isomeric compounds 1 and 2 in the samples were determined on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with ESI interface operating in the positive mode. Calibration curves were linear (r2 > 0.993) over the concentration range 20–200 µg/mL for cleomiscosin A and 10–200 µg/mL for cleomiscosin B with acceptable accuracy and precision, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day precision were 1.13 and 0.82% for cleomiscosin A and 1.78 and 1.28% for cleomiscosin B, respectively. The validated method was successfully applied for the analysis of the above two compounds in different extracts of Cleome viscosa. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The effect of hexane and chloroform extracts from the fruit rinds of Garcinia cowa and Garcinia pedunculata on the growth and aflatoxin production in Aspergillus flavus was studied using peanut powder as a model food system. The growth of A. flavus was completely inhibited by the hexane and chloroform extracts from G. cowa and chloroform extract from G. pedunculata at 3000 ppm concentration, which was considered as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The MIC for the hexane extract of G. pedunculata was at 4000 ppm. Both the extracts from G. cowa inhibited aflatoxin B 1 production upto 100% at a lower concentration of 2000 ppm. It was observed that, at lower concentration of the extracts from G. cowa and G. pedunculata, the degree of inhibition of aflatoxin production was much higher than the inhibition of fungal growth. The hexane and chloroform extracts from G. cowa and G. pedunculata were also studied for their antioxidant capacity by the formation of phosphomolybdenum complex at 100 ppm concentration and reducing power by potassium ferricyanide reduction method at various concentrations. Hexane and chloroform extracts from G. cowa showed higher antioxidant capacity than G. pedunculata extracts. Similarly, both the extracts from G. cowa showed higher reducing power than the extracts from G. pedunculata. The antiaflatoxigenic activities of the extracts from G. cowa and G. pedunculata may be due to their effective antioxidative properties, which could suppress the biosynthesis of aflatoxin. D

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Garcinia kola seed is commonly used in African Traditional Medicine as a remedy for liver disorders, hepatitis, bronchitis, throat infections as well as an aphrodisiac and fertility enhancing substance. Owing to the abundance of complex mixture of phenolic compounds in Garcinia kola seed, there is a growing safety concern on its long-term use in folklore medicine. The present study evaluated the hepatic, testicular and spermatozoa antioxidant status in rats chronically treated with Garcinia kola seed. Materials and methods: Adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups of 10 rats each and were orally administered with Garcinia kola at 0, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg for 6 consecutive weeks. Clinical observations, serum biochemistry, oxidative stress biomarkers, spermatozoa parameters and histopathological examination of the organs were assessed to monitor treatment-related adverse effects in rats. Results: Long-term treatment of Garcinia kola had no adverse effect on the spermatozoa characteristics but significantly elevated testosterone concentration when compared to the control group. Improvement of antioxidant systems was accompanied by a significant decrease in malondialdehyde level in the liver, testes and spermatozoa of Garcinia kola-treated rats. Histological observation revealed that chronic administration of Garcinia kola had no effect on the liver and testes at all doses when compared with control. Conclusion: Garcinia kola seed boosts the antioxidant status and exhibits no adverse effect on the liver, testes and spermatozoa after a long-term oral exposure in rats.

Citation: Ijomone OM, Nwoha PU, Olaibi OK, Obi AU, Alese MO. Neuroprotective Effects of Kolaviron, a Biflavonoid Complex of Garcinia kola, on Rats Hippocampus against Methamphetamine-Induced Neurotoxicity. Maced J Med Sci. 2012 Mar 15; 5(1):10-16. http://dx.

Infections by protozoans of the genus Leishmania are the major worldwide health problem, with high endemicity in developing countries. The drugs of choice for the treatment of leishmaniasis are the pentavalent antimonials, which exert renal and cardiac toxicity. Thus, there is a strong need for safer and more effective treatments against leishmaniasis. The present study was designated to evaluate, by a bioguided assay, the leishmanicidal activity of extracts (hexane, ethyl-acetate and ethanolic) and molecules both obtained by means of extraction from pericarps of Garcinia brasiliensis fruits. The hexane extract presented the best activity on the extracellular (promastigotes) and intracellular (amastigotes) forms of Leishmania (L.) amazonensis, when compared to the other extracts. Based on these findings, this extract was fractionated by silica gel column chromatography, affording nine fractions then resulting in three purified prenylated benzophenones -7-epi-clusianone (1), garciniaphenone (2) and guttiferone-a (3). They showed significant activity on Leishmania (L.) amazonensis, and little toxicity for mammalian cells. Structure-activity relationships were evaluated showing that the IC 50 value displayed is dependent of prenyl groups and phenolic hydroxyls number, and inversely proportional to the hydrophobicity. Our results are promising, showing that these compounds are biologically active on Leishmania (L.) amazonensis.

Introduction : The fruit extract of Garcinia atroviridis (G. atroviridis) contains hydroxycitric acid and flavonoids, which have been reported to have a hypolipidaemic property. This extract with solvent methanol was used to investigate its effects on serum lipid profiles of guinea pigs fed a high cholesterol diet. Methods: 24 male Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs were randomly divided into four groups. The first group served as controls and was fed with commercial rabbit chow. The second group was given only G. atroviridis by oral gavage (50 mg/body weight). The third group was fed a one percent cholesterol diet in food pellets in order to induce atherosclerosis. The fourth group was administered G. atroviridis with cholesterol. All the treatments were given daily for eight weeks, after which the animals were sacrificed, and the blood and aorta were taken for biochemical analysis and histological studies. Results: The supplementation of G. atroviridis with a cholesterol diet decreased the level of lipid profile in the serum. Histological studies showed a reduction in fat deposition in the aorta of high cholesterol diet animals given G. atroviridis as compared to the high cholesterol diet group. Conclusion: This study has shown that dietary intake of G. atroviridis has a tendency to decrease lipid composition levels in the serum and reduce fat deposition in the aorta of high cholesterol diet animals.

The composition of the volatile oil obtained by hydrodistillation from the fruit peel of Garcinia brasiliensis (Mart.) Planch. et Triana was determined by GC/MS. A total of 38 components were identified, including g-muurolene (10.3%), spathulenol (8.7%), d-cadinene (8.3%), torreyol (8.0%), acadinol (7.0%), cadalene (6.3%), and g-cadinene (5.3%). Oxygenated sesquiterpenes (43%) were the main group of compounds. The anti-inflammatory activity of the volatile oil was evaluated through the rat-paw edema model induced by carrageenan. Inhibition of the inflammatory process was noticed 3 h after carrageenan administration. In addition, the volatile oil showed poor antioxidant activity.

Despite defenses by polymorphonuclear neutrophils in the host against invading agents, overproduction of oxidant species by phagocytes can lead to damage in the surrounding tissues. Several benzophenones have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties. The effect of the natural benzophenone 7-epiclusianone isolated from leaves of Garcinia brasiliensis was investigated by using in vitro antioxidant and ex vivo anti-inflammatory assays, focusing on the neutrophil respiratory burst and on the biochemical pathways involved. The bioactive extract, 7-epiclusianone, showed low in vitro antioxidant activity as evaluated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging assay, the reducing power test, or the chelating power assay. However, the benzophenone displayed potent activity in the ex vivo model of the neutrophil respiratory burst, inhibiting the generation of superoxide anions in a dose-dependent manner. When the respiratory burst was triggered by N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, a chemotactic peptide, the 50% effective concentration (EC50) was 41.18 lg/10 7 cells. When phagocytes were stimulated directly through protein kinase C via phorbol, the EC50 was 34.3 lg/10 6 cells. The results indicated that 7-epiclusianone was able to down-regulate inflammatory phagocyte superoxide anion release through a mechanism controlled by tyrosine protein phosphorylation and by a direct stimulation of protein kinase C. These findings could lead to new therapeutic approaches for inflammation management and the development of new drugs.

The methanol extract of Urtica crenulata stem was evaluated for its antinociceptive properties on the pain induced by acetic acid and formalin in Swiss albino mice. The methanol extract of U. crenulata at a dose of 1 g/kg produced an inhibition of 32.3% on pain induced by acetic acid and at a dose of 1.5 g/kg produced an inhibition of 31.0% for that induced by formalin. The antiinflammatory activity of the same extract was estimated volumetrically by measuring the mean increase in hind paw volume of carrageenan-induced Wistar albino rat with the help of plethysmometer. Oral administration of stem extract at a dose of 1 g/kg showed no significant effect in the reduction of carrageenan-induced paw oedema. Diclofenac sodium at a dose of 40 mg/kg was used as a standard drug in the inhibition of acetic acid induced pain and carrageenan-induced paw oedema whereas morphine was used as the same in formalin-induced pain inhibition.

In order to find the strategies to ensure the sustainable management of natural’s resources and especially woody plants in the Congo Basin, a study was carried out on the floristic diversity of woody plants and the structure of Garcinia kola formations in the Centre and East regions of Cameroon. A total of 39 quadrats of 40 m x 40 m were installed in the Garcinia kola formations in these two regions. In each plot, we identified and counted all individuals with a dbh ≥ 10 cm. Seedlings of G. kola (dbh&lt;10 cm) were also counted in all the plots. The height and diameter of each individual were measured. ANOVA was used to compare the density averages of the different plots, and the DUNCAN test at 5% significance level (XLSTAT 2017) was used to separate these mean values. This study confirms that the Clusiaceae (G. kola) forms the floristic background of the stand studied. The surveys revealed a total of 196 species, 156 species (H &#39;= 2.98) and 68 species (H&#39; = 2.13), respectiv...

Phytochemical investigation of the methanol extract of the twigs of Garcinia staudtii yielded four new prenylated xanthones, staudtiixanthones AÀD (1-4), along with eleven known compounds. Their structures were determined by analysis of 1D and 2D NMR spectra and by comparison of spectroscopic data with those previously reported. Some of these compounds have been evaluated for antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The new compounds were also screened for phagocyte chemiluminescence, neutrophil chemotaxis, T-cell proliferation, cytokine production from mononuclear cells and cytotoxicity. They were found to exhibit potent immunomodulatory activities.

The composition of the volatile oil obtained by hydrodistillation from the fruit peel of Garcinia brasiliensis (Mart.) Planch. et Triana was determined by GC/MS. A total of 38 components were identified, including g-muurolene (10.3%), spathulenol (8.7%), d-cadinene (8.3%), torreyol (8.0%), acadinol (7.0%), cadalene (6.3%), and g-cadinene (5.3%). Oxygenated sesquiterpenes (43%) were the main group of compounds. The anti-inflammatory activity of the volatile oil was evaluated through the rat-paw edema model induced by carrageenan. Inhibition of the inflammatory process was noticed 3 h after carrageenan administration. In addition, the volatile oil showed poor antioxidant activity.

In the search for natural hypoglycaemic agents as alternatives to synthetic ones that are expensive and not easily accessible, and to justify the use of Garcinia kola seeds in traditional African medicine to treat diabetes, the hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects of fractions from kolaviron (KV) (a Garcinia kola seed extract) were investigated in normal and streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats. KV, a biflavonoid complex from Garcinia kola seed, was separated by thin-layer chromatography into three fractions; Fraction I (FI), Fraction II (FII) and Fraction III (FIII) with RF values of 0.48, 0.71 and 0.76, respectively. In normoglycaemic rats, KV, FI and FII administered at a dose of 100 mg kg−1 body weight elicited significant (P < 0.05) hypoglycaemic activity within 4 h of oral administration. Precisely, KV, FI and FII decreased blood glucose levels of normoglycaemic rats by 66%, 50% and 61%, respectively, when compared with controls 30 min after oral administration of the extracts. In hyperglycaemic rats, KV, FI and FII significantly (P < 0.05) reduced blood sugar levels in STZ-diabetic rats within 4 h of oral administration. Furthermore, KV alone produced a significant (P < 0.05) anti-diabetic effect from day 3 to day 7 of oral intubation of STZ-diabetic rats. In addition, the extracts showed favourable effect on the plasma lipid profile of STZ-diabetic rats, and also decreased significantly (P < 0.05) the STZ-induced increase in the activity of microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase and lipid peroxidation (LPO) products. This study confirms the anti-diabetic and hypo-lipidaemic effects of KV in STZ-diabetic rats. These observed effects of KV are attributed to two of its fractions, FI and FII, with RF values of 0.48 and 0.71, respectively.

A MeOH extract of Garcinia xanthochymus fruits was subjected to activity-guided fractionation, yielding two new benzophenones, guttiferone H (1) and gambogenone (2). Compound 1 contains a seven-membered ring attached to the bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane system at positions 7 and 8 and displayed cytotoxicity in the SW-480 colon cancer cell line (IC 50 ) 12 µM). Compound 2 has a novel benzophenone bicyclo[3.3.2]decane system and displayed cytotoxicity in the SW-480 colon cancer cell line (IC 50 ) 188 µM). Both 1 and 2 induced apoptosis in SW-480 colon cancer cells and displayed antioxidant activity in the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay (IC 50 ) 64 and 38.7 µM, respectively). The structures of 1 and 2 were established by 1D and 2D NMR data analysis. Eleven known compounds, aristophenone A, alloathyriol, amentoflavone, 3,8′′-biapigenin, cycloxanthochymol, (()-fukugetin, (()-fukugiside, guttiferone E, isoxanthochymol, (()-volkensiflavone, and xanthochymol, were also obtained. The 11 known compounds were also tested against SW-480 colon cancer cells and in the DPPH assay.

Ionizing radiation is one of the environmental factors that may contribute to reproductive dysfunction by a mechanism involving oxidative stress. We investigated the possible ameliorative effects of kolaviron (KV) (a biflavonoid from the seeds of Garcinia kola) on sperm characteristics, testicular lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant status after a whole body ␥-irradiation in Wistar rats. Vitamin C (VC) served as standard antioxidant in this study. The study consists of four groups of 6 rats each. Group I received corn oil, whereas group II received a single dose of ␥-radiation (5 Gy). The animals in groups III and IV were pretreated with KV (250 mg/kg) and VC (250 mg/kg) by oral gavage five times in a week, respectively, for 6 weeks prior to and 8 weeks after exposure to ␥-radiation. Gamma-irradiation resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in body weight and relative testes weight. Also, ␥-irradiation significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione S-transferase as well as glutathione level, but markedly elevated malondialdehyde levels in the serum and testes. Irradiated rats showed testicular degeneration with concomitant decrease in sperm motility and viability. Although sperm abnormalities significantly increased, it has no effect on the epididymal sperm count. KV and VC significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the body weight loss and increased relative testes weights of the rats. Furthermore, supplementation of KV and VC ameliorated radiation-induced toxicity by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, decreased LPO and abrogated testicular degeneration. Taken together, ␥-irradiation caused reproductive dysfunction by depleting the antioxidant defence system in the rats, while administration of KV or VC ameliorated the radiation-induced testicular toxicity.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in the aetiology of HCl/ethanol- and indomethacin gastric mucosal damage. This study investigated the protective effects of kolaviron, a natural antioxidant from the seed of Garcinia kola, on oxidative gastric mucosal damage induced by HCl/ethanol, and indomethacin.A HCl/ethanol mixture (1.5 mL of 0.15 n HCl in 70% ethanol) and indomethacin (IND) caused severe gastric damage with an ulcer index of 2.90 ± 0.8 and 2.5 ± 0.4, respectively, and significant reductions in the gastric mucosal content of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) (p < 0.001).Pre-treatment of animals with kolaviron (100 mg/kg) orally 1 h and once daily for 3 days prior to ulcer induction significantly reduced the formation of ulcers induced by HCl/ethanol with preventive ratios of 65 and 72, respectively, while rats treated with kolaviron 1 day and for 7 days prior to IND treatment attenuated ulcer formation by 59% and 77%. Pre-treatment with ranitidine 1 h prior to ulcer induction (50 mg/kg) elicited preventive ulcer ratio of 55.Kolaviron pre-treatment 1 h before ulcer induction attenuated the HCl/ethanol reduction in CAT, SOD and GSH by 43%, 42% and 30%, respectively, and 67%, 68% and 64% following 72 h treatment with kolaviron. Ranitidine elicited 24%, 41% and 29% protective effects, respectively.Similarly, kolaviron administered to rats 1 day and for 7 days before IND treatment attenuated the drug-induced inhibition of CAT by 44% and 70%; SOD by 23% and 43% and GSH by 32% and 55%, respectively.In a 1 h and 3-day treatment with kolaviron before HCl/ethanol administration, MDA was reduced by 35% and 55%, respectively, while kolaviron administration 1 day and for 7 days before IND elicited a 39% and 58% reduction in MDA. Ranitidine elicited 39% and 50% reduction in MDA following HCl/ethanol and IND treatment.The results indicate the gastroprotective activity of kolaviron, which may be linked to its intrinsic antioxidant properties. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

In the search for natural hypoglycaemic agents as alternatives to synthetic ones that are expensive and not easily accessible, and to justify the use of Garcinia kola seeds in traditional African medicine to treat diabetes, the hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects of fractions from kolaviron (KV) (a Garcinia kola seed extract) were investigated in normal and streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats. KV, a biflavonoid complex from Garcinia kola seed, was separated by thin-layer chromatography into three fractions; Fraction I (FI), Fraction II (FII) and Fraction III (FIII) with RF values of 0.48, 0.71 and 0.76, respectively. In normoglycaemic rats, KV, FI and FII administered at a dose of 100 mg kg−1 body weight elicited significant (P < 0.05) hypoglycaemic activity within 4 h of oral administration. Precisely, KV, FI and FII decreased blood glucose levels of normoglycaemic rats by 66%, 50% and 61%, respectively, when compared with controls 30 min after oral administration of the extracts. In hyperglycaemic rats, KV, FI and FII significantly (P < 0.05) reduced blood sugar levels in STZ-diabetic rats within 4 h of oral administration. Furthermore, KV alone produced a significant (P < 0.05) anti-diabetic effect from day 3 to day 7 of oral intubation of STZ-diabetic rats. In addition, the extracts showed favourable effect on the plasma lipid profile of STZ-diabetic rats, and also decreased significantly (P < 0.05) the STZ-induced increase in the activity of microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase and lipid peroxidation (LPO) products. This study confirms the anti-diabetic and hypo-lipidaemic effects of KV in STZ-diabetic rats. These observed effects of KV are attributed to two of its fractions, FI and FII, with RF values of 0.48 and 0.71, respectively.

Article CITATIONS 0 READS 29 6 authors, including: Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Modulation of β-cell functions through enzymatic and genetic changes caused by immunomodulatory alternative therapies View project Md SOHEL Rana Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Arrabidaea brachypoda (DC.) Bureau has been used to relieve general pain, painful joints and kidney stones in Brazilian folk medicine. Nevertheless, scientific information regarding this species is scarce; there are no reports related to its possible analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. This study was aimed at evaluating the traditional use of Arrabidaea brachypoda root using in vivo inflammatory and nociceptive models.Carrageenan-induced paw edema, peritonitis and fibrovascular tissue growth induced by s.c. cotton pellet implantation were used to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of Arrabidaea brachypoda roots ethanolic extract (AbEE) in rats. Formalin and acetic acid-induced writhing tests were used to investigate the antinociceptive activity in mice. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the fingerprint chromatogram of AbEE.The AbEE at test doses of 30–300 mg/kg p.o. demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects. AbEE reduced paw edema induced by carrageenan, inhibited leukocyte recruitment into the peritoneal cavity and, in the model of chronic inflammation using the cotton pellet-induced fibrovascular tissue growth in rats, significantly inhibited the formation of granulomatous tissue. The extracts at test doses of 30–300 mg/kg p.o. clearly demonstrated antinociceptive activity, except during the first phase of the formalin test. The presence of quercetin and phenolic compounds in the extract Arrabidaea brachypoda was confirmed using HPLC.Arrabidaea brachypoda ethanol extract markedly demonstrated anti-inflammatory action in rats and antinociceptive activity in mice, which supports the previous claims of traditional use.Arrabidaea brachypoda ethanol root extract markedly demonstrated anti-inflammatory action in rats and antinociceptive activity in mice, which supports the previous claims of traditional use.

A MeOH extract of Garcinia xanthochymus fruits was subjected to activity-guided fractionation, yielding two new benzophenones, guttiferone H (1) and gambogenone (2). Compound 1 contains a seven-membered ring attached to the bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane system at positions 7 and 8 and displayed cytotoxicity in the SW-480 colon cancer cell line (IC 50 ) 12 µM). Compound 2 has a novel benzophenone bicyclo[3.3.2]decane system and displayed cytotoxicity in the SW-480 colon cancer cell line (IC 50 ) 188 µM). Both 1 and 2 induced apoptosis in SW-480 colon cancer cells and displayed antioxidant activity in the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay (IC 50 ) 64 and 38.7 µM, respectively). The structures of 1 and 2 were established by 1D and 2D NMR data analysis. Eleven known compounds, aristophenone A, alloathyriol, amentoflavone, 3,8′′-biapigenin, cycloxanthochymol, (()-fukugetin, (()-fukugiside, guttiferone E, isoxanthochymol, (()-volkensiflavone, and xanthochymol, were also obtained. The 11 known compounds were also tested against SW-480 colon cancer cells and in the DPPH assay.

Phytochemical studies on the leaves and trunk bark of Garcinia cantleyana yielded five caged-xanthonoids including one tetra-and four tri-prenylated xanthones, cantleyanone A (1), 7-hydroxyforbesione (2) and cantleyanones B-D (4-6), as well as a simple xanthone, 4-(1,1-dimethylprop-2-enyl)-1,3,5,8-tetrahydroxyxanthone (3). Eight other known compounds, deoxygaudichaudione A, gaudichaudione H, friedelin, garbogiol, macranthol, glutin-5-en-3b-ol, and a mixture of sitosterol and stigmasterol were also isolated. Their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic data and comparison of their NMR data with literature values. Significant cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231, CaOV-3, MCF-7 and HeLa cancer cell-lines was demonstrated by cantleyanones B-D, 7-hydroxyforbesione, deoxygaudichaudione A and macranthol, with IC 50 values ranging from 0.22 to 17.17 lg/ml.

Context: Garcinia hombroniana Pierre, known as manggis hutan in Malaysia is a rich source of xanthones and benzophenones. Objectives: This study was aimed to isolate and characterize potential cholinesterase inhibitors from the extracts of G. hombroniana bark and investigate their interactions with the enzymes. Materials and methods: The dichloromethane extract afforded five triterpenoids which were characterized by NMR and mass spectral techniques. Cholinesterase inhibitory assay and molecular docking were performed to get insight of the inhibitory activity and molecular interactions of the compounds. The compounds were also tested for their antioxidant capacity. Results: The isolated triterpenoids were identified as: 2-hydroxy-3-O-caffeoyltaraxar-14-en-28oic acid (1), taraxerol (2), taraxerone (3), betulin (4) and betulinic acid (5). Compound 1 was the most active dual inhibitor of both AChE and BChE. Compound 1 also showed good antioxidant activities. Conclusion: Compound 1 had dual and moderate inhibitory activity on AChE and BChE worthy for further investigations.

Ethnopharmacology relevance: Garcinia gardneriana (Planchon and Triana) Zappi (Clusiaceae) is popularly called "bacopari" in southern Brazil. The leaves of this plant are traditionally used to treat skin disorders. Aim of study: This study evaluated the effects of a hydroalcoholic extract of Garcinia gardneriana leaves (HEGG) on B16F10 murine melanoma cells in order to search for new depigmenting agents. Materials and methods: The effects of HEGG were assessed in melanin content assays in B16F10 melanoma cells compared with the reference drug kojic acid (500 mM). Melanin content was measured after spontaneous melanogenesis, UVB-induced melanogenesis and melanogenesis induced by α-MSH. At the same time, cell viability assays were conducted. Intracellular and mushroom tyrosinase activity assays were employed to evaluate the effect of HEGG on tyrosinase activity. Results: HEGG decreased the level of melanin under all three experimental conditions of melanin content evaluation without reducing cell viability. In intracellular tyrosinase assays, the enzyme's activity was reduced about 19% with extract concentrations ranging 0.1-10 mg/mL. In the mushroom tyrosinase activity assay a maximal inhibition of 35% (1000 mg/mL) was observed. Conclusion: These results suggest that HEGG inhibition relates to its tyrosinase activity. Therefore, the hydroalcoholic extract of Garcinia gardneriana shows great potential for use as a depigmenting agent in hyperpigmentation disorders.

The use of antibiotics as growth promoters in food animals has been banned due to the residual effects on final consumers which could lead to human health issues. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of two herbal feed additives with or without grits on hematological and serum biochemical parameters of broiler chickens. One hundred and forty-four, one-day-old, Cobb 500 broiler chicks were randomly assigned into six treatments (24 birds per treatment) with three replicates (eight bird per replicate). Six dietary treatments were formulated with the inclusion of Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal (MOLM), Garcinia kola Seed Meal (GKSM) and grits. The experimental rations contained diet without MOLM, GKSM and grits which served as treatment 1 (control), diet with MOLM at 1000ppm (treatment 2), diet with GKSM at 1000ppm (treatment 3), diet with grits at 1000ppm (treatment 4), diet with MOLM at 1000ppm + grits at 1000ppm (treatment 5) and diet with GKSM at 1000ppm + grits at 1000ppm (treatment 6). Blood samples were collected on 28 and 56 days of age for hematological and biochemical analysis. Data were subjected to analysis of variance in a completely randomized design. At the starter phase, red blood cells (1.15 ×1012 L) and white blood cells were significantly lowest in birds of first treatment. The birds that received treatment 6, had the highest glucose (131.50 g/dl) and high-density lipoprotein level (58.50 mg/dl). At the finisher phase, the lowest white blood cell count (10.95 ×109/L) and lymphocytes (60%) were recorded in treatment 6. Birds in treatment 3 indicated the lowest urea (2.05 mg/dl) and triglyceride (94.50 mg/dl). It can be concluded that diet supplemented with GKSM at 1000 ppm, increased high-density lipoprotein, and reduced triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein levels in serum of broiler chickens.

Natural products derived from plants provide a rich source for development of new anticancer drugs. Dulxanthone A was found to be an active cytotoxic component in Garcinia cowa by bioactivity-directed isolation. Studies to elucidate the cytotoxic mechanisms of dulxanthone A showed that dulxanthone A consistently induced S phase arrest and apoptosis in the most sensitive cell line HepG2. Furthermore, p53 was dramatically up-regulated, leading to altered expression of downstream proteins upon dulxanthone A treatment. Cell cycle related proteins, such as cyclin A, cyclin B, cyclin E, cdc-2, p21 and p27 were down-regulated. Some apoptosis correlated proteins were also altered following the drug treatment. Bcl-2 family members PUMA was up-regulated while Bcl-2 and Bax were down-regulated. However, the expression ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 was increased. This resulted in the release of cytochrome C from the mitochondria to the cytosol. Concurrently, Apaf-1 was stimulated with p53 by dulxanthone A. In result, cytochrome C, Apaf-1 and procaspase-9 form an apoptosome, which in turn triggered the activation of caspase-9, caspase-3 and downstream caspase substrates. Lamin A/C and PARP were down-regulated or cleaved, respectively. Moreover, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HepG2 cells induced by dulxanthone A were markedly inhibited by siRNA knockdown of p53. In summary, dulxanthone A is an active cytotoxic component of G. cowa. It induces cell cycle arrest at lower concentrations and triggers apoptosis at higher concentrations via up-regulation of p53 through the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway in HepG2 cells. Dulxanthone A is therefore likely a promising preventive and/or therapeutic agent against Hepatoma. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Garcinia gardneriana (Planch. & Triana) Zappi (Clusiaceae) is widely distributed in Brazil and used in folk medicine to treat inflammation, pain, and urinary tract and other infections. However, very few studies have analyzed these therapeutic effects. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of the hydroalcoholic extracts from Garcinia gardneriana (HEGG) and some of its isolated biflavonoids were evaluated. The results showed that HEGG from the leaves, bark and seeds reduced carrageenan-induced mouse paw inflammation, in addition to diminishing the myeloperoxidase activity in the stimulated tissues. The reduction of neutrophil infiltration by treatment with the HEGG from leaves was confirmed by histology. The leaf extract also reduced the paw oedema evoked by bradykinin, histamine, prostaglandin E 2 and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol acetate. However, it partially decreased substance P and compound 48/80-caused paw oedema, without any influence on the arachidonic acid-induced oedema. Both of the isolated compounds, fukugetin and GB-2a, prevented the carrageenan-induced paw oedema. In conclusion, this study showed important anti-inflammatory effects of HEGG through its interaction with different intracellular signaling pathways, without interfering with the formation of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites. These characteristics, in addition to the wide distribution and culturing ease of the plant, confirm its popular use and highlight its promise in the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs.

We examined the in vitro effects of the benzophenone derivatives garcinol, isogarcinol, and xanthochymol on cell growth in four human leukemia cell lines. All of the compounds exhibited significant growth suppression due to apoptosis mediated by the activation of caspase-3. A loss of mitochondrial membrane potential was found in garcinol-and isogarcinol-induced apoptosis, but not in xanthochymol-induced apoptosis. The growth inhibitory effects of isogarcinol and xanthochymol were more potent than that of garcinol, which is a well-known cytotoxic benzophenone derivative.

Screening of eight Congolese medicinal plants showed that the CHCl 3 and MeOH extracts of Aframomum melegueta (PC 50 = 47.8 mg/mL and 13.8 mg/mL, respectively) and CHCl 3 extracts of Garcinia huillensis (PC 50 = 17.8 mg/mL) and Securidaca longepedunculata (PC 50 = 23.4 mg/mL) had preferential cytotoxicity against human pancreatic cancer PANC-1 cells under nutrient-deprived conditions. The active constituents of the CHCl 3 extract of G. huillensis were examined and 12 known anthraquinones were identified. Among them, damnacanthal (1) caused preferential necrotic cell death of PANC-1 and PSN-1 cells under nutrient-deprived and serum-sensitive conditions (PC 50 = 4.46 mM and 3.77 mM, respectively). Figure 4. EB/AO staining and flow cytometry of PANC-1 (A, B) and PSN-1 (C, D) cells treated with damnacanthal (1) in NDM. (A, C) Cells were treated with 10 and 20 mM of 1 for 8 h and stained with EB/AO. (B, D) Cells were treated with 10 and 20 mM of 1 for 24 h before floating and attached cells were analysed by propidium iodide/annexin V staining.

A robust, direct, rapid and non-destructive X-ray diffraction crystallography method to detect the polyprenylated benzophenones 7-epi-clusianone (1) and guttiferone A (2) in extracts from Garcinia brasiliensis is presented. Powder samples of benzophenones 1 and 2, dried hexane extracts from G. brasiliensis seeds and fruit's pericarp, and the dried ethanolic extract from G. brasiliensis seeds were unambiguously characterized by powder X-ray diffractometry. The calculated X-ray diffraction peaks from crystal structures of analytes 1 and 2, previously determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique, were overlaid to those of the experimental powder diffractograms, providing a practical identification of these compounds in the analyzed material and confirming the pure contents of the powder samples. Using the X-ray diffraction crystallography method, the studied polyprenylated benzophenones were selectively and simultaneously detected in the extracts which were mounted directly on sample holder. In addition, reference materials of the analytes were not required for analyses since the crystal structures of the compounds are known. High performance liquid chromatography analyses also were comparatively carried out to quantify the analytes in the same plant extracts showing to be in agreement with X-ray diffraction crystallography method. .br (A.C. Doriguetto).

Abstract: The hepatoprotective effect of a biflavonoid complex, kolaviron, and its fractions from Garcinia kola seeds, together with the possible mechanisms involved was investigated in mice intoxicated with a single dose of D-galactosamine (GalNH2). Likewise, the ability of vitamin E to attenuate the toxicity was examined. Kolaviron, was separated by thin-layer chromatographic technique into three fractions; Fraction I, Fraction II and Fraction III with RF values of 0.48, 0.71 and 0.76, respectively. Pretreatment with kolaviron, fraction I and fraction II at a dose of 100 mg/kg for seven consecutive days before challenge with a single dose of GalNH2 (800 mg/ kg) significantly (P<0.05) decreased serum alanine (ALT) and aspartate (AST) aminotransferases by 67%, 70%, 71% and 39%, 35%, 46%, respectively over GalNH2-only intoxicated mice. Vitamin E elicited respectively 65% and 39% reduction in the GalNH2-induced increase in the activities of these enzymes. In addition, pretreatment with kolaviron and fraction II significantly (P<0.05) decreased the activity of microsomal γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT) by 42% and 46%, respectively. Administration of kolaviron to GalNH2-intoxicated mice also restored glucose-6-phosphatase to level that was comparable to the control (P<0.05). These extracts except fraction III prevented the accumulation of serum and microsomal lipid peroxidation products, and also prevented the depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in the liver of GalNH2-intoxicated mice. Kolaviron, fraction I and fraction II at a dose of 100 mg/kg caused an induction of glutathione-S-transferase (GSH transferase) and uridyl glucuronosyl transferase (UDPGT) activities by 31%, 34%, 35% and 29%, 65%, 56%, respectively. GalNH2-induced toxicity was essentially prevented as indicated by a liver histopathologic study of liver slices from mice pretreated with kolaviron, fraction I and fraction II. This study shows that treatment with kolaviron, fraction I and fraction II (purified fractions from Garcinia kola) appeared to enhance the recovery from GalNH2-induced hepatotoxicity, and that the fractions I and II may therefore be responsible for the observed antihepatotoxic effect of kolaviron. This protection may be due to the ability of these extracts to induce the expression of phase II drug metabolizing enzymes.

Garcinia gardneriana (Planch. & Triana) Zappi (Clusiaceae) is widely distributed in Brazil and used in folk medicine to treat inflammation, pain, and urinary tract and other infections. However, very few studies have analyzed these therapeutic effects. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of the hydroalcoholic extracts from Garcinia gardneriana (HEGG) and some of its isolated biflavonoids were evaluated. The results showed that HEGG from the leaves, bark and seeds reduced carrageenan-induced mouse paw inflammation, in addition to diminishing the myeloperoxidase activity in the stimulated tissues. The reduction of neutrophil infiltration by treatment with the HEGG from leaves was confirmed by histology. The leaf extract also reduced the paw oedema evoked by bradykinin, histamine, prostaglandin E 2 and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol acetate. However, it partially decreased substance P and compound 48/80-caused paw oedema, without any influence on the arachidonic acid-induced oedema. Both of the isolated compounds, fukugetin and GB-2a, prevented the carrageenan-induced paw oedema. In conclusion, this study showed important anti-inflammatory effects of HEGG through its interaction with different intracellular signaling pathways, without interfering with the formation of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites. These characteristics, in addition to the wide distribution and culturing ease of the plant, confirm its popular use and highlight its promise in the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs.

A detailed chemical study on the stem bark of Garcinia nitida has led to the isolation of five xanthones. They are 1,6-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-6, 6-dimethylpyrano[2 0 ,3 0 :2,3]-xanthone (1), inophyllin B (2), osajaxanthone (3), 3-isomangostin (4) and rubraxanthone (5). The structures of these compounds were established using mainly 1-D and 2-D NMR spectroscopy ( 1 H, 13 C, DEPT, COSY, HMBC and HMQC) while molecular masses were determined via MS techniques; 1 is a new compound.

A robust, direct, rapid and non-destructive X-ray diffraction crystallography method to detect the polyprenylated benzophenones 7-epi-clusianone (1) and guttiferone A (2) in extracts from Garcinia brasiliensis is presented. Powder samples of benzophenones 1 and 2, dried hexane extracts from G. brasiliensis seeds and fruit's pericarp, and the dried ethanolic extract from G. brasiliensis seeds were unambiguously characterized by powder X-ray diffractometry. The calculated X-ray diffraction peaks from crystal structures of analytes 1 and 2, previously determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique, were overlaid to those of the experimental powder diffractograms, providing a practical identification of these compounds in the analyzed material and confirming the pure contents of the powder samples. Using the X-ray diffraction crystallography method, the studied polyprenylated benzophenones were selectively and simultaneously detected in the extracts which were mounted directly on sample holder. In addition, reference materials of the analytes were not required for analyses since the crystal structures of the compounds are known. High performance liquid chromatography analyses also were comparatively carried out to quantify the analytes in the same plant extracts showing to be in agreement with X-ray diffraction crystallography method. .br (A.C. Doriguetto).

Four new prenylated depsidones, oliveridepsidones A-D, were isolated from the bark of Garcinia oliveri collected in Vietnam. Their structures were elucidated using mainly NMR techniques ( 1 H and 13 C NMR, HMQC, HMBC and NOE experiments). Copyright

Context: Plants of the genus Garcinia (Clusiaceae) are traditionally used to relieve stomachaches, toothaches, and as a chew stick. Objective: In order to determine which compounds were responsible for these activities, a phytochemical investigation of the fruits and leaves of Garcinia preussii Engl. was pursued. Materials and methods: Plants were extracted by solvents of various polarities. Compounds isolation was then carried out using chromatography methods (medium-and high-pressure liquid chromatography, open column and thin-layer chromatography). The isolated compounds were identified and characterized by using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopies. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH , ABTS À , ALP, and ORAC assays. The antimicrobial activity was assayed against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value. The cytotoxic activity of most of the isolated compounds was evaluated on a small panel of human cancer cell lines (DU145, HeLa, HT-29, and A431) using the XTT method. Results: The phytochemical investigation of G. preussii led to the isolation of eight known compounds, six benzophenones and two flavonoids. These compounds were tested for their biological activities. 1, 2, 3, 4, 7 and 8 demonstrated a high free radical scavenging activity with ER 50 ranging from 0.1 to 0.7. The antimicrobial activity was shown only against Gram-positive bacteria for 1, 4, and 5. A moderate cytotoxic activity with IC 50 ranging from 7 to 50 mM was observed, except for 6 which was not active. Conclusion: These results appear to support some of the properties reported for Garcinia species.