Galicia (Eastern Europe)

Visiting today's Lviv in search of the traces of Jewish past, one is confronted with scenes of desolation, void and emptiness, where a vibrant Jewish culture was once thriving. Although the urban landscape of the city is remarkably preserved, one searches in vain for information about the buildings and monuments reminiscent of the rich past of the Jewish community that numbered 100,000 souls before World War II. Only occasionally can one spot the former slot left by a mezuzah on a doorpost in the old Jewish quarter, or glimpse at waning Yiddish letters that surface under layers of paint fading away. All synagogues were destroyed and burned by the Nazis, but two: the former Jakob Glanzer-shul (on St. Theodor Square) which was transformed into a Jewish community centre in 1989, and the Tsori Gilod Synagogue on Br. Mikhnovskikh Street, which was returned to service a few years ago under the name Beit Aron ve-Israel. The sites of the Goldene Royz and the Great City Synagogue are almost entirely razed to the ground. Devastation is even more dramatic in the former suburbs of Krakowskie and Ziółkiewskie Przedmieście: the Reform Tempel Synagogue (inaugurated in 1846 on the old market place) and the Great Suburb Synagogue on Siańska Street (formerly Bożnicza) no longer exist and they were replaced by public squares with a few trees and benches. Opposite, the sites of the Bet Hamidrash of the suburb (5 Siańska St.) and the Synagogue of the Beth Lehem Society (8 Siańska St.) were transformed into playgrounds for children. The Hassidim Shul (Beit Hassidim), built in 1791 at the corner of Łazienna and Bożnicza streets (4 Siańska St.) vanished, and the synagogue Or Szemesz at 3 Miodowa St. was replaced by a Soviet building. The old Jewish cemetery was covered by the Krakivski Rynok and the site of the small Jewish streets of the "ghetto" by the shopping market Dobrobyt 1. Dozens of other smaller structures have disappeared without a trace, while others are left decaying and unmarked,

Ця книжка — найбільший на сьогодні нарис історії Тернополя у форматі «для всіх». Це не екскурсії містом, не хроніка й не академічна історія. Це узагальнений науково-популярний погляд, в якому автор намагається подати тільки перевірені факти, при цьому знайомлячи читачів з різними гіпотезами і поглядами. Через людський вимір книжка показує Тарнополь/Тернопіль від доісторичних часів, його заснування й розбудови в пізньому Середньовіччі, аж до завершення найтрагічнішого для міста «короткого» ХХ століття, – 1991 року. Етноси, релігії, державно-адміністративні чинники, громадське життя, — усе, що впливало на людину в міському просторі. Городяни, їх побут, життєві стилі, субкультури, самореалізація. А також обличчя самого міста крізь призму культурно-історичних епох у контексті світової, європейської й української історій. Текст книжки доповнюють мапи, схеми, фотографії, твори мистецтва, артефакти минулого, а також покажчик, хронологія, бібліографія.
Для широкого кола зацікавлених і гурманів.

Lemberg / Lwów / Lvov / Lviv : identités d’une « ville aux frontières imprécises »

Delphine BECHTEL (Université Paris IV Sorbonne et CIRCE)

« Ville aux frontières imprécises » selon l’expression de l’écrivain Joseph Roth, Lemberg / Lwów / Lvov / Lviv constitue un exemple de ville-frontière constamment disputée entre ouest et est au cours de son histoire souvent tragique. Elle a connu ses heures de gloire et à l’époque de Renaissance polonaise ou encore sous la Monarchie autro-hongroise fin-de-siècle, moments qui ont favorisé une multiculturalité urbaine locale. Mais en tant qu’enjeu géo-politique et militaire, elle a aussi connu des ruptures violentes, notamment entre 1939 et 1945 où elle s’est trouvée vidée de 80% de sa population d’avant guerre, et placée sous administration nazie puis soviétique. Elle a subi de front la ré appropriation et l’inscription successives des divers régimes et pouvoir centraux (autrichien, polonais, soviétique). Depuis 1991, elle est le lieu de la réinvention d’une identité locale ukrainienne parfois nationaliste et d’un particularisme régional qui a été le soutien de la Révolution orange de décembre 2004.

From Lemberg to L’viv
Conflict over Memory in a City on the Border
Delphine Bechtel

English Abstract

Throughout its history, L’viv has belonged to different empires. Its multi-ethnic population consisted primarily of Poles, Jews, and Ukrainians. Western historians and émigrés romanticise the city as a multi-cultural metropolis. In fact – whether under Polish rule, during Nazi occupation, or in the Soviet Union, or nowadays as the centre of western Ukraine – the city has always been the site of aggressive identity policies that excluded segments of the population. A differentiated appraisal of the past is not taking place. The local elites are engaged in a politics of memory in which dubious traditions of the Ukrainian nationalist movement are being exalted, and the Jews and the Poles are being eliminated for a second time.

Abstract Deutsch

Lemberg gehörte in seiner Geschichte zu verschiedenen Großreichen. Seine multiethnische Bevölkerung bestand vor allem aus Polen, Juden und Ukrainern. Westliche Historiker und Emigranten verklären die Stadt als multikulturelle Metropole. Tatsächlich war Lemberg immer – unter polnischer Herrschaft, unter NS-Besatzung, in der Sowjetunion und jetzt als Zentrum der Westukraine – Schauplatz einer aggressiven Macht- und Identitätspolitik, die jeweils Teile der Einwohner ausgrenzte. Eine differenzierte Aufarbeitung der Vergangenheit findet nicht statt. Die lokalen Eliten betreiben eine Erinnerungspolitik, in der fragwürdige Traditionen der ukrainischen Nationalbewegung heroisiert und Juden und Polen ein zweites Mal eliminiert werden.

Save half-wild children of Nature. The Problem of syphilis in the Hutsul villages in Huculszczyzna – the work of Włodzimierz Szuchiewicz

In the narratives of the nineteenth-century ethnographers, the population of Hutsul villages was portrayed as: innocent, plain, free, honorable, etc. On the other hand, it was also: naive, brutal, wild and promiscuous. The Hutsuls were treated like the wild children, who need to be protected. The article raises the issue of health and hygiene, in the Hutuls’ villages, as described in the fourvolume work Huculszczyna, by Włodzimierz Szuchiewicz. The author shows the problem of the physicians’ struggles in maintaining the health of the mountain folk and various attempts at medical treatments.
Keywords: Hutsuls, syphilis, eastern Galisia, myth, XIX century

На допомогу напівдиким дітям природи. Проблема сифілісу в гуцульських селах у праці Володимира Шухевича Гуцульщина

В етнографічних описах дев’ятнадцятого століття населення Гуцульщини було представлене як невинне, просте, вільне, ґонорове, з іншого боку – як наївне, брутальне, дике і розпусне. Гуцулів трактували як диких дітей, які потребують захисту. У статті представлено проблему охорони здоров’я та гігієни в гуцульських селах, описану в чотиритомному виданні Володимира Шухевича Гуцульщина. На прикладі питання сифілісу в гуцульських селах автор вказує на проблему боротьби за здоров’я жителів гірських регіонів та спроби їх лікування.

Ключові слова: Східна Галичина, сифіліс, гуцули, міф, XIX століття

"Galicyjski Eksodus" przedstawia zapominane doświadczenie uchodźstwa lat I wojny światowej. Autor dotarł do źródeł austriackich, czeskich, węgierskich, słoweńskich, ukraińskich i polskich, by ukazać sytuację od ucieczki i ewakuacji w poszczególnych latach wojny, poprzez pobyt na uchodźstwie, aż po kwestie powrotów czy pozostania w krajach sukcesyjnych po 1918 roku. To zarazem opowieść o relacji międzykulturowej mieszkańców tej samej monarchii, którym przyszło spotkać się dopiero w warunkach kryzysu wojennego, tuż przed agonią swojego państwa. Sytuacja ta pokazała, jak głęboko podzielone były światy trzech aktorów książki: uchodźców, ludności miejscowej oraz władzy, która musiała poradzić sobie z nieznanym dotychczas na taką skalę problemem. W książce opisano realia tego spotkania: próby gościnności czy sprawności aparatu biurokratycznego, chęć akceptacji, kwestie wykluczenia, tożsamości, samoorganizacji, a przede wszystkim – reakcje w konfrontacji każdej warstwy społecznej z azylantami.

"Choć wojna niejedno ma oblicze, pewnym jest, iż w bilansie wygranych i przegranych zawsze przeważają ci ostatni. Nie inaczej było w wypadku I wojny światowej. Wśród ofiar błędnych kalkulacji wojskowych i polityków znalazły się również masy najczęściej bezimiennych uchodźców, zmuszonych do opuszczenia rodzinnych stron i świata, który dobrze znali. W swej najnowszej książce Kamil Ruszała ze znawstwem, na bazie dogłębnych badań w kilkunastu archiwach Europy Środkowej, maluje szeroką panoramę losów kilkuset tysięcy Galicjan różnych wyznań i narodowości, którzy jesienią 1914 r., w obliczu rosyjskiej inwazji, a także w wyniku późniejszych ruchów wojsk, szukali azylu w głębi monarchii habsburskiej. Część z nich uciekała w popłochu i chaosie na własną rękę, część zaś objęto, nierzadko przymusową, ewakuacją. W głębi państwa uchodźcy – poza biedą, niedożywieniem, chorobami, stłoczeniem w obozach, tęsknotą za stronami ojczystymi – często zamiast współczucia i pomocy, napotykali na mur niechęci i obojętności, czasem otwartej wręcz wrogości ze strony miejscowej ludności".
- dr hab. Piotr Szlanta, prof. UW

https://www.universitas.com.pl/produkt/4074/Galicyjski-Eksodus-Uchodzcy-z-Galicji-podczas-I-wojny-swiatowej-w-monarchii-Habsburgow

The first in a series of papers on Roman coin finds from western Ukraine focuses on finds from Lviv District. Both authors are participants in the project " Finds of Roman Coins from Poland and Territories Historically Associated with Poland (FRC PL) " and are responsible for carrying out the part of the project connected to what used to be known as Eastern Galicia. New information was obtained thanks to the archival queries made by Adam Degler and to the monitoring of online internet forums by Kyrylo Myzgin.

Abstract. The purpose of the study is to introduce into scientific circulation the memoirs of Colonel of the Army of the Ukrainian People’s Republic Hnat Porokhivsky, which concerned his stay in Polish prisoner of war camps in Dąbie and Łańcut on the territory of the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1919. Methodology. This article is archeographic, so it is based on the basic principles of publishing sources. Scientific novelty. There is still no scientific monograph on the Dąbie camp near Krakow, and there are not enough scientific articles on the subject, so our ideas about the specifics of the camp are still fragmentary. There are already a number of works about the Łańcut camp, but the circumstances of the stay of Ukrainian prisoners in 1919 were not sufficiently covered. Conclusions. The memoirs provide important information about everyday life in both camps of Ukrainian soldiers, officers, and intellectuals. The situation in these camps for prisoners and civilian internees was quite difficult, given both the unsatisfactory nature of their food and supplies, and the unfavorable treatment of the camp authorities. Nevertheless, even in such unfavorable conditions, Ukrainians managed to organize a wide and varied cultural work in the Dąbie camp. Living conditions in Camp Łańcut in 1919 were even more difficult than in Dąbie, but Ukrainians also organized themselves there, which helped them to overcome the difficulties of the camp’s daily life.

The present paper examines the territorial status of Eastern Galicia, a trans-border region in Eastern Europe, through the prism of armed struggle and international competition for its oil fields after the First World War. Drawn into ethnic and military conflicts implying Polish, local Ukrainian and Soviet forces in the aftermath of the war, this former province of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was equally an oil-bearing territory that attracted foreign investors, most notably from France, Great Britain and United States, German and Austrian enterprises being forced out by the implementation of Versailles and Saint-Germain peace treaties. Relying upon national diplomacies and inter-allied organisations of the Entente, the investors sought to consolidate their positions in the region and to assure favourable conditions for the industry's development, contributing to the region's ultimate inclusion into Poland. The subject proposed aims to establish the connections between official viewpoints and informal government attitudes, influenced by private lobbyists from the petroleum industry, while determining the status of Eastern Galicia. The sources for the paper come from the Diplomatic Archives of France, helping to explain why the struggle in question was eventually won by French oilmen. The chronological framework of the work is comprised between the first armed conflicts between Polish and Ukrainian forces that took place in the region in late 1918, and the decision to maintain Polish control over Eastern Galicia made by the Conference of Ambassadors in March 1923.

[in:] Україна–Європа–Світ. Міжнародний збірник наукових праць. Серія: Історія, міжнародні відносини, Вип. 18, Тернопіль, 2016, с. 215–237.

Yandrus, antek, makhabunda and others. Ukrainian and local receptions of batyar subculture on the background of modern myth and old marginality (second half of the 19th century – 1939)
The article examines the phenomenon of batyar subculture in urban space of Austrian and Polish Eastern Galicia in the second half of XIX – early XX centuries. It is analyzed local variants of batyar subculture, that was created in different cities. It is touched by the issue of nationalization of batyars in Polish and Ukrainian reception.

יונתן מאיר
עלילות הספר העברי וייסורי המחבר הסאטירי: 'התנצלות' יוסף פרל לספר בוחן צדיק, 1838
דחק לספרות יפה ז (תשע"ו), עמ' 705-688
המאמר כולל מהדורה מוערת ומבוארת של ההנצלות על פי דפוס ראשון ומספר כתבי יד
והוא מהווה פתח למהדורה מדעית שלמה של הספר שתראה אור בשנה הקרובה במוסד ביאליק

Redakcja nie zwraca materiałów niezamówionych. Decyzja o opublikowaniu tekstu uzależniona jest od opinii redakcji i recenzentów. Redakcja zastrzega sobie prawo modyfikowania tytułów i skracania tekstów przeznaczonych do druku. Artykuły powinny być przesyłane w dwóch egzemplarzach wraz z wersją elektroniczną. Na zlecenie Krakowskiej Akademii im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego www.ka.edu.pl Wydawca Krakowskie Towarzystwo Edukacyjne sp. z o.o.

Socio-Cultural Dimension of Epidemia of Syfilise in Eastern Galicia at the
Time XIX/XX Century. On the Example of the Hutsul Region


In the researchers and writers narratives of the nineteenth-century population of Hutsul villages was portrayed as: innocent, plainly, free, honorable, but also: naive, brutal, wild and promiscuous. Hutsuls treated like a wild children, who need to be protected. In the 19th century an extremely problematic issue for Hutsuls’health was syphilis, which in this area evolved to epidemic disease. Despite the idealization
of the character of the Hutsuls, researchers and writers describe the bad health condition and poor hygiene in the Hutsul villages. Article shows the problem the struggle of doctors about the health of mountaineers and attempts at treatment. The text also presents methods of the Hutsuls themselves of combating diseases, as well as the customs of Hutsul culture, including sexual freedom.

Keywords: Hutsuls, Eastern Galicia, syphilis, etnography, XIX century, Eastern, Carpathian Mountains.

In her critical reflection on Polish subaltern studies on Polish-Ukrainian relations Glinianowicz draws attention to the Ruthenian/Ukrainian comprador elites who competed with the Polish nobility for knowledge/power over the Ruthenian peasantry. She then analyses the portrayal of peasants in prose by representatives of these elites in Galicia from the 1860s to the 1880s. Drawing on Foucault's theory of sexuality Glinianowicz examines the peasantry's emancipation and their inclusion by the Ruthenian/Ukrainian elites into the intimate and political space of society. The paper reveals the elites' decisive role in constructing modern Ukrainian identity, the ideological game of peasant sexuality, and it also deconstructs the foundations of the enduing stereotype of the rustic character of Ukrainian culture.

Leopolis in Latin, Lemberg in German, Lwów in Polish, Lviv in Ukrainian, this city
located in the historic province of Eastern Galicia (Galizien, Galicja, Halychyna) has
a history marked by the successive conquests of the region by imperial powers. A  ‘city  of  uncertain  boundaries’,  in the words of the  writer Joseph Roth, Lemberg/ Lwów/ Lvov/ Lviv has known many overlords (Austria, Poland, Russia, Soviet Union, Third Reich, Independent Ukraine). Its population changed drastically after WW2, from Polish and Jewish to Ukrainian and Russian.
Tossed back and forth at the mercy of military and political conquests of which it had little or no part, the city underwent successive modes of reappropriation of the past (street names changes, statues were erected and then removed). 
The latest wave is that of a forced Ukrainization which lets the Polish and Jewish pasts sink into oblivion. Simultaneously, local elites have reinvented a Ukrainized local identity and a ‘Galician’ and ‘Lvivian’ narrative. The 2004 elections and the Orange Revolution marked a turning point, with the nationalists in Western Ukraine making demands about the recognition of OUN-UPA fighters, their propaganda still being tainted with Anti-Semitism. Soviet propagada is slowly being replaced by nationalist Ukrainian propaganda, all this being still far from the emergence of a real democratic political culture.

Монографія є комплексним дослідженням життєпису та сфер діяльності Степана Івановича Федака – українського адвоката, громадського діяча, засновника та керівника національних економічних і гуманітарних організацій в Україні. На основі широкого кола першоджерел і наукової літератури проаналізовано становлення особистості та формування світогляду С. Федака. Висвітлено особливості адвокатської практики діяча, напрямки роботи канцелярії, працю в дирекції страхового товариства «Дністер». Значну увагу приділено розкриттю місця С. Федака в контексті суспільно-політичних процесів в Україні кінця ХІХ ст. – 1920-х рр., його внесок у національне культурно-освітнє життя краю.
Для адвокатів, юристів, науковців, краєзнавців, викладачів, студентів і широкого кола читачів, які цікавляться новітньою історією України та історією адвокатури.

The Holocaust left a tremendous impact on the urban and rural landscape of former Galicia. But places where Jews lived and died were often left abandoned, unmarked, if not looted and desecrated. What do we see today when looking at these places where only ruins are left, and where the past was often eradicated? Photographers have attempted to capture the invisible. Pictures taken by Chris Schwarz, Jason Francisco and Ansgar Gilster show how the present and

the past continue to intermingle and interact in these contaminated landscapes.

Key words: landscape, memory, traces, Galicia, Holocaust.
https://www.memoires-en-jeu.com/notice/voir-et-representer-labsence-paysages-post-shoah-en-galicie/

The paper aims at acquainting the reader with an unknown typescript by Marian Tyrowicz (1901-89), a Lvov-born researcher of Galicia (Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria) who was a professor of the Higher School of Pedagogy (today’s Pedagogical University) in Krakow after WWII. The text entitled A Brief Outline of the Ukrainian-Polish Relations in Galicia and Reborn Poland (1772-1939) was created under the German occupation of Lvov in 1943 and is kept in the Scientific Archive of PAN and PAU in Krakow now. Since the unclear copyright status currently prevents its publication, the author of the paper has decided to present its contents and make the most significant findings of Tyrowicz available to scholars. Based on relevant Polish and Ukrainian antebellum literature Tyrowicz arrived at a synthetic picture of relations between Poles and Ruthenians (Ukrainians) on the territory of Eastern Galicia with reference to the political situation, foreign relations, and socio-cultural processes.

У статті автор аналізує адвокатську діяльність львівського адвоката Степана Федака в період 1880–1900-х рр. Джерельною основою виступають публікації галицьких періодичних видань цього періоду й кореспонденція. На основі співставлення фактів джерел, виокремлено основні напрямки роботи канцелярії адвоката. Автор статті виділяє основні напрямками функціонування канцелярії адвоката: захист клієнтів у ході судових процесів, юридичне представництво установ і організацій, розробка різного роду офіційних документів, участь у проведенні аукціонів, розподілі майна й спадщини. Автор коротко розкрив
кожний із них. Зазначається, що адвокатська робота означеного періоду посідала провідне місце у діяльності С. Федака. Успішне ведення адвокатської практики допомогло здобути авторитет у середовищі галицької інтелігенції Галичини. Роботу адвокатом С. Федак поєднував із діяльністю в інших фінансовоекономічних установах краю.

Summary
In the article, the author analyses the advocacy of lviv lawyer Stepan Fedak during the 1880’s–1900’s.
The sources of the article are publications of galician periodicals and correspondence of that period. Basing on the of comparison of facts from sources, author outlined the main directions of the lawyer`s work. It is noticed that advocacy of S. Fedak’s took place in the conditions of formation of a nationally conscious elite. In the late 1880’s its representatives take a leading role in the Ukrainian social-political movement of Eastern Galicia. In 1882 S. Fedak graduated from the faculty of law Lviv University and, for the next eight years, worked as trainee lawyer. In 1885 he received the permission to protect the interests of defendants in criminal offenses. In the beginning of 1890 S. Fedak opened his own law office in the capital of the region.
The author of the article highlights the main directions of the office of the lawyer. They were: protection of clients in lawsuits, legal representation of institutions and organizations, development of various kinds of official documents, participation in conducting auctions, distribution of property and inheritance. The author briefly revealed each of them.
In conclusion, the author notes that advocacy work in the marked period occupied the leading place in the S. Fedak activities. The successful conduct of legal practice helped gain credibility among Galician intellectuals. The work of lawyer S. Fedak combined with activities in other financial and economic institutions of the region. Work in his own office, from a financial point of view, brought a good income, financially possible to ensure a large family.

UNKNOWN LETTERS OF STEPAN FEDAK`S TO IVAN FRANKO (1902–1904)
Summar
The article analyses several letters of Stepan Fedak to Ivan Franko, written during 1902–1904, and describes the main issues that became the subject of the correspondence. As a result of the analysis of letters content it was determined that the law office of S. Fedak was involved in the legal registration of I. Franko's house. Also, the lawyer helped the writer in obtaining a mortgage loan to complete the construction. The letters partly reflect the nature of the office work of S. Fedak, revealing the directions of it, the scope of services, pricing policy and personal staff.

The primary purpose of the article is to highlight the activity of S. Fedak as a participant of Ukrainian humanitarian organization Ukrainian Civil Committee (UCC).
After the establishment of Polish rule over Eastern Galician Ukrainian, activists formed UCC to represent their interests to the new administration. One of the co-founders and leaders was S. Fedak – a lawyer and a public figure.
The committee started to function actively for the needs of civilians in December of 1918 during the difficult period of Polish-Ukrainian conflict, primarily in Lviv. The management of the organization represented it as being non-party and humanitarian. On the first stages, S. Fedak was managing financial deals of UCC. The most funds were used on wounded and captive troops of Ukrainian Galician Army (UGA) and support of widows and orphans. As the range of activities of UCC has grown, S. Fedak became a representative of the organization in relationships with local Polish administration and was establishing a contact with Ukrainian emigration governments.
At the beginning of 1920, the management of UCC developed and later ratified a statute on request of the ruling power. The reason for the request was the situation of Polish State, in particular, a military conflict with Soviet Russia. We consider that an official statute could become a mean for pressure and control of UCC. New rules made S. Fedak a head of the executive department of the committee and established collective management of the organization. His obligations included the control of finance as well as the legal support of citizens. S. Fedak joined the development and implementation of support of the starving population of Eastern Galicia, which took place from November of 1920 until the summer of 1921. At this stage, S. Fedak represented the activity of UCC before Polish central administration, in particular, he was meeting with Y. Pilsudski.
The local government prohibited UCC because of a terroristic attack organized by the son of S. Fedak – Stepan-Yaroslav. S. Fedak and some chief executives of the organization were arrested, and the committee itself was closed with an accusal of anti-state activity.

Trauma of Bystanders, Trauma of Victims? Holocaust and Massacres of Poles in memory of people born in Eastern Galicia

The article aims to show the trauma bystanders as well as the trauma victims of the World War 2. Based on the examples taken from field research conducted in Poland and Ukraine, the author presents various aspects of wartime trauma and its effects. Biographical narratives of people born in the 1930s in Eastern Galicia describe the trauma bystanders of Holocaust as well as the trauma victims of Massacres of Poles in Eastern Galicia carried out by Ukrainian nationalists in 1943–1945.

Relacje polsko-ukraińskie na Wołyniu w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym. "Kilka uwag z powodu naszej klęski wyborczej na Wołyniu" (1922 r.) Zamieszczony poniżej dokument, stworzony przez polskiego działacza społeczno-politycznego na Wołyniu w okresie międzywojennym, stanowi wkład do popularyzacji wiedzy na temat relacji polsko-ukraińskich w regionie przez wybuchem II wojny światowej. Źródło zostało opublikowane w dosłownym brzmieniu. Treść przedstawia krytykę polskiej polityki prowadzonej wobec ludu ukraińskiego na Wołyniu. Autor podsumował postępowanie strony polskiej, które doprowadziło do sromotnej klęski w wyborach do sejmu i senatu w 1922 r. Poruszające są szczegółowa analiza polskich "przewin" wobec Ukraińców, zrozumienie szkód, jakie powstały na ich skutek, oraz potrzeba roztropnego działania w celu uzdrowienia sytuacji. Piszący ten memoriał był doskonale zorientowany w stosunkach ludnościowych panujących na ziemi wołyńskiej. Z perspektywy współczesnego badacza zadziwia dalekowzroczność autora dokumentu oraz ocena, jakiej dokonał. Można powiedzieć, że człowiek ten przewidział ewentualne konsekwencje polityki antyukraińskiej, jaką prowadził rząd warszawski. Warto zwrócić uwagę na przenikliwość wywodu zawartego w przedstawionym materiale archiwalnym. Autokrytyka po stronie polskiej nie była ówcześnie częstym zjawiskiem, co nadaje źródłu dodatkowy walor. Nie skupiam się tu na omawianiu stosunków polsko-ukraińskich na Wołyniu, gdyż temat ten doczekał się wielu opracowań naukowych i popularno-naukowych. Warto jednak przed lekturą zamieszczonego źródła zapoznać się ze specyfiką stanu ludności na Wołyniu w II RP.

У дисертації досліджено основні сфери діяльності С. Федака – адвоката, засновника та керівника національних економічних і культурних організацій. З’ясовано фактори, що впливали на формування світогляду і становлення особистості діяча. Окреслено особливості й форми адвокатської роботи С. Федака, етапи його праці в українському страховому товаристві «Дністер». Визначено місце і роль діяча в контексті суспільно-політичних процесів у Галичині кінця ХІХ – 30-х рр. ХХ ст., його внесок у тогочасне культурноосвітнє життя краю.

SUMMARY
The dissertation contains the analysis of Stepan’s Fedak professional activity and his part in a socio-political, cultural and educational life in Galicia (Ukrainian: Halychyna), the period between the end of the XIX century and the 30’s of the XX century. The research of the life’s way and Stepan’s Fedak work in the Ukrainian historiography hadn’t acquired the complex characters. Historians mostly had been paying attention to his biography and the Fedak’s family history but spheres of Stepan’s professional work didn’t arouse the research interest. The work is based on the wide source base: unpublished materials of archival institutions and handwritten collections, published documents’ collections, periodicals etc.
The author reveals main factors that influenced on the formation of Stepan’s Fedak outlook, first of all on the family environment and difficult material conditions after his father’s death. The studying in the Lviv Academic Gymnasium, the education in the Stavropigia’s bursa in Lviv and getting a law degree in Lviv University had the main influence on the national self-awareness. The joining to the national elite was happening through participation in the student societies’ work.
It is marked, that Stepan’s Fedak law practice had being realized through the work of his own legal office and played a significant role in social activities. There are two periods in its functioning. Also it is defined main problems that had being solved by the practice. S. Fedak had specialized in criminal offenses as a regional lawyer and showed his skills and ability in a logical and reasoned defending of his own position.
It is disclosed Stepan’s Fedak directions of human rights activity: the work in committees of the Lviv Chamber of Advocates, the Board of Defenders and the Union of Ukrainian Lawyers. The lawyer’s experience helped him in other occupation of his activity: the work in financial and economic institutions, the participation in a political, cultural and educational life in Galicia.
The activity in the insurance company «Dnister» had been as a component of Stepan’s Fedak professional area of activity. There had been two phases of his work in the last from 1890 to 1927: organisational, legal representative and the management of the directorate. It is underlined that the last phase (to 1914) had been marked as the greatest development of the company, so the management of the insurance institution brought him the authority in the social environment on the Ukrainian lands next to the Austro-Russian border. Since 1928 he had been settling cases in the courts in the period from retirement till the end of his life.
Stepan’s Fedak participation is highlighted in a socio-political life in Galicia. The professional activity played the main role in it. His activity in this area had being limited engaging in a fight of that time for the political representation in public authorities and the affiliation to mass political movements. But it wasn’t purposeful.
It is emphasized that during The First World War S. Fedak had been acting as a representative of the interests of Ukrainian economic, cultural and educational organisations. During the period from June 1915 to August 1916 he had been in Russian occupation, so his activity become charity for IDPs from Galicia. Such tendency together with professional work had being continued after his return to the Native land in 1917–1918.
S. Fedak had combined his public authority and professional experience in the context of state-building processes in Galicia in autumn 1918, so he headed the volunteer support of WUPR (West Ukrainian People`s Republic). The activist had supported the initiative of establishing a peaceful coexistence between the Ukrainian authorities and Polish citizens in Lviv but it was not effective. S. Fedak had been a head of the Ukrainian Civic Committee in Lviv and remained a representative of the Ukrainian public of the region (1919–1923) when the Polish power established. He had taken part in organisation of assistance to the war-affected population. Early 1920’s S. Fedak had been contacting with Polish political representatives with the aim to change the attitude of power structures to the national needs of Ukrainians, the resumption of work of Ukrainians economic, cultural and educational organisations, etc. He had remained in governing structures of the Ukrainian National Democratic Party to the middle of 1920’s (from 1919 – the Ukrainian National Labor Party, from 1925 – the Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance) but he left active participation in politic in a due to family circumstances and health status.
The active social activity of S. Fedak had being seen in the cultural and educational sphere of national life of Ukrainians in Galicia. He was the one of the founders and an active participant of the Ukrainian music association «Lviv Boyan», Polish – «Lute» («Lyutnia»). S Fedak had recommended himself as a skilled kapellmeister, so he organized music and dance parties (called «vetschory»). S. Fedak had joined the own professional activity with the work of the Shevchenko Scientific Society, the Academic House, the Stavropigion Institute, Prosvita society etc. The man had been the founder and philanthropist of Ukrainian preeducational and educational institutions in Lviv and in all Galicia.
Stepan’s Fedak activity had been the component of the Ukrainian movement in Galicia from the end of XIX to the first of the third part of XX century and played an important role in the national Renaissance. S. Fedak had been a lawyer, a financier, a philanthropist that with the own years of work assisted to the development and the rise of national financial, economic and cultural organisations. He was the loving husband and the father of eight children who had grown the younger family generation in a patriotic spirit that after defeat of Ukrainian revolution didn’t devide his moderation and tendency to compromise. Stepan’s Fedak children had supported the activity of the nationalist underground and continued the fight for «the Ukrainian case» more resolute, using the radical methods.