Fire Protection

High-rise buildings have entered our lives every single day more with the effect of technological possibilities and needs. In the beginning of the century, this development occurred mostly in America continent with the economical improvements, and many high-rise buildings were constructed to meet the needs. This progress has brought about the problems related to high-rise buildings. One of the most important ones of these problems is the fire effect on high-rise buildings. High-rise buildings should be thoroughly planned in respect to fire safety due to limitation of escape possibilities, difficulty of fire brigade to reach fire and density of human. Fire experiences happening since the beginning of century has influenced the formation of fire safety tactics, codes and standards.
The development of the high-rise buildings in our country has been seen in the last thirty years. Therefore, standards and fire codes about high-rise buildings in our country have not yet attained to a sufficient level.
The aim of the study is to explain fire effect on high-rise buildings and to investigate development and current condition of fire protection in high-rise buildings in our country.
In the first chapter of the study, fire phenomenon is explained and fire-construction relation is considered. After fire classification is made, progress phases of fire and fire-heat relation are explained. The effects of fire on environment, construction, individual and material are examined. Fire safety tactics and active-passive fire safety are explained.
In the second chapter of the study, the effects of fire on high-rise buildings are explained. The development of high-rise buildings in the world and Turkey is explained after the definition of high-rise building is made. Structure and façade systems of high-rise buildings are examined. After the fire safety differences of high-rise buildings are explained, fire safety methods in high-rise buildings are examined with regard to structure, facade and planning.
In the third chapter, the fire statistics of high-rise buildings, published by NFPA (National Fire Protection Association), and examples from the high-rise building fires experienced in the world are examined. On the basis of all these examinations, the samples of high-rise buildings which become intense in Istanbul are evaluated.

This paper provides an overview of some significant aspects concerning the design of concrete tunnel linings subjected to severe fire exposure. The distinguishing feature of tunnel fires is the possible rapid rise of the air temperature within few minutes. The factors that contribute to this phenomenon in combination
with the fire duration and the fire spread along the longitudinal direction are cited. Additionally, the widely used fire curves are presented, showing their influence on the predicted temperature profile of a concrete cross-section through uncoupled heat transfer transient numerical analyses. Then, the effect of fire on
the concrete behaviour is briefly described with examples from real fire accidents. The focus is on the explosive spalling of concrete, provided that, in general, tunnels are at greater risk than other structures, principally due to the high heating rate and the high initial moisture content. The main features and mechanisms
of spalling are presented in conjunction with the available modelling techniques and the design approaches against spalling. Finally, the effectiveness of several passive protection measures is discussed, based on the recent experiences.

Fire protection of historic buildings has been a subject of many investigations over the last 2 decades. In this article, the perspective of historic buildings, fire situations, and fire protective documents in recent years are introduced briefly; important literatures on fire performance of historic materials and assemblies, and fire propagation risk are reviewed; fire risk analysis approaches and fire protection measures are discussed. It is suggested that emphasis should be laid on (1) establishing specific fire databases for historic buildings, (2) improving related legislation and guidance, (3) exploring more suitable methods for fire risk assessment, and (4) formulating appropriate fire protective strategies.

En consecuencia de fenómenos globales tales como el calentamiento global, el periodo de duración de las estaciones climáticas, el aumento de la temperatura y la contaminación por basuras, se generan condiciones propicias para el inicio de incendios en áreas de bosques o zonas de importancia, afectando la fauna, flora y las ciudades adyacentes a éstos. Además de ofrecer posibilidades de vigilancia y recolección de información
para mapeo geográfico.
Este diseño tiene como fin dar herramientas a la comunidad para la implementación de un sistema de alerta temprana y monitoreo de incendios forestales mediante tecnologías de análisis termográfico, Inteligencia artificial, IoT, Sistema de Posicionamiento Global GPS embebidos en Vehículos Aéreos no Tripulados (UAV, por sus siglas en inglés). Esta tecnología propuesta es la punta de lanza en los sistemas
autónomos para el análisis de grandes extensiones de tierra con mínimo personal de operación, maximizando el potencial de los vehículos al usar tecnologías de alimentación Híbrido – Eléctrico – Fotovoltáico y sistemas de reconocimiento de imágenes basadas en Inteligencia Artificial como son Redes Neuronales Artificiales.

As result of global phenomena such global warming, the duration of the seasons, the temperature rise and contamination by waste, favorable conditions for starting fires in wooded areas or areas of importance are generated, affecting fauna, flora and cities adjacent to them. Besides offering possibilities for monitoring and gathering information for
geographic mapping. This design intended to give tools to the community for the implementation of an early warning system and monitoring
forest fires through technologies like thermographic analysis, artificial intelligence, IoT, Global Positioning System GPS embedded in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV).
This proposed technology is the spearhead in autonomous systems for the analysis of large tracts of land with minimal staff operation, maximizing the potential of vehicles using technologies Power Hybrid - Electric - Photovoltaic and Image Recognition Systems based in Artificial intelligence like Artificial Neural Networks.

The use of slender steel sections has increased in recent years because they provide excellent strength to weight ratio. Yet, a major issue with slender sections is local buckling in compression zones. Several researchers have proposed design methods at elevated temperatures based on the effective width approach to calculate the capacity of the plates that compose these steel members, but this approach is not easily compatible with the implementation and use in Bernoulli beam elements. Another approach is the development of a stress based model, i.e. an " effective " constitutive law of steel. This approach was proposed previously by Liege University researchers for slender steel members exposed to high temperatures, and implemented within the framework of fiber type Bernoulli beam elements; however it was giving overly conservative results. This paper presents an improved temperature-dependent constitutive model for steel that accounts for local instabilities using the stress based method. The improved model is derived from refined plate analysis methodology and implemented in the SAFIR finite element analysis software. Validation shows good agreement against experimental and shell element analysis results.

This article reconsiders the historical problem of firesetting firefighters. The research draws upon an original dataset of firefighters arrested (n = 1,213) for arson dating back to the early
nineteenth century. The quantitative analysis provides an empirical foundation upon which I base a theoretical argument that questions traditional understandings of the problem. In particular, I challenge the literature that suggests that firefighter arsonists exhibit a deviant and distinctive hero complex. I argue that the most striking feature of this problem is the fine line that separates enthusiastic young members who are always the first to help out from those who attempt to prove their meddle by creating opportunities to evidence their dedication and fire-
fighting prowess.

Cast iron columns were used in many 19th century structures. Many such structures are still in use today and it is important that they fulfill the current requirements on fire resistance. This paper presents the results of a comprehensive study of the behavior and fire resistance of cast iron columns based on extensive numerical simulations using ABAQUS. The ABAQUS simulation model was validated against six fire tests performed in the USA in 1917. The validated model was then used to investigate the effects of several parameters (column slenderness, load factor, load eccentricity, imperfections of column and cross section, axial restraint) on the behaviour of cast iron columns in fire. The parametric study results indicate that the fire resistance is governed by the applied load and these columns are sensitive to load eccentricity. Based on a comparison between the numerical simulation results and predictions of the EN 1993-1-2 method which is for modern steel structures, it has been found that the EN 1993-1-2 method can give safe and reasonably accurate estimate of the strength and fire resistance of cast iron columns.

This paper presents the results of the detailed assessment of a method that can be used to predict the intumescent coating behaviour and thermal conductivity under different conditions (changing steel section factor, intumescent coating thickness and fire condition). The basis of this method is the analytical solution of Amon and Denson (1984) [1] for predicting bubble growth under pressure under an idealised condition, which has previously been extended by the authors to non-uniform temperature field and temperature-dependent viscosity of intumescent melt. This paper demonstrates the accuracy of the predictive method to quantify the expansion process of intumescent coatings under different fire conditions, by comparing the temperatures of intumescent coating protected steel plates under different fire conditions with the fire test results of Zhang et al. (2012) [18]. The method is then applied to assess how the intumescent coating expansion and effective thermal conductivity are affected by changing the coating thickness, the steel thickness and the fire condition including smouldering fire. The results indicate that the expansion ratio of intumescent coating decreases, and hence the effective thermal conductivity increases, as the rate of heating increases. Therefore, the intumescent coating thermal conductivity obtained from the Standard fire exposure can be safely used for slower realistic fires, but would produce unsafe results for faster fires.

The results of a major research programme into the cost effective use of fibre reinforced composites offshore, undertaken as a Joint Industry Project by a consortium of universities and contractors are presented in this report.
The report includes a detailed (54 page) summary of current offshore composite applications, followed by a review of the 43 projects conducted during the programme which spanned 13 years and four phases of research and considered the following performance issues – fire, blast/impact, environmental durability, elevated temperatures, jointing, long term behaviour, non-destructive inspection and structural design. These are related to the use of pipes, panels, secondary structures
e.g. gratings, walkways etc. and top-side structures.
The report is intended for use as an information source for engineers involved in the use of composites offshore. The most significant advances have been in the areas of pipework and fluid handling, driven by their light weight and corrosion resistance compared to metals. Until recently, interest focussed on the use of glass fibre-based composites and on the topsides of offshore platforms. However, the prospect of deepwater production is generating a new impetus for high performance composites for demanding subsea applications. The probable scale of some new subsea developments, such as rigid risers and tethers is likely to result in greatly increased demand for carbon based composites as well as for the manufacturing facilities to process them. Composite down-hole tubing is also beginning to find applications subsea and in well intervention.
The original barriers to the use of composites offshore were regulatory requirements, lack of design information and the fragmented structure of the composites industry. The project has made significant progress in their removal, as well as generating increased awareness of the major economic, safety and environmental benefits that a wider use of composite materials can bring. The Composites Offshore programme provided valuable underpinning information for a number of applications, including glass reinforced plastic (GRP) piping, offshore structures, repair systems and composite fire protection of the oil and gas industry.
This report and the work it describes were funded in part by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). Its contents, including any opinions and/or conclusions expressed, are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect HSE policy.

CP07 Fire resistant sandwich panels for offshore structures

The objective of the work was to develop fire resistant panels of lighter construction than existing products.
A low cost computer-controlled furnace was developed, which enabled laminate specimens to be subjected to a prescribed temperature-time curve. Tests were carried out to evaluate the performance of commercial non-structural core materials including polystyrene, polyurethane and mineral wool. Similar tests were carried out to assess the surface protection offered by a number of commercial materials, including vermiculite, phenolic foam, mineral fibre and calcium silicate. A number of formulations based on sodium silicate, vermiculite, perliote, ball clay and latex were also investiged

his contribution uses the sources of the major nineteenth-century global fire insurer, the Sun Fire Office, to compare the individual perceptions of its insurance agents and of its London headquarters when entering the German market in the early industrial age (1830 to 1850) and when entering the Chinese Treaty Ports after 1852. For the German part, a strong sense of difference is present among the Sun’s agents and in the headquarters between progressive British industrial know-how and a somewhat backward Germany. This is not exactly a “colonial” perception, but the term is appropriate for the second case, the Chinese market: here, the question for the agents was not whether a house or an early industrial facility was “modern” enough, but whether it was European. The blending of “modernity” and colonial “Europeanness” as the deciding factor for insurability was the simple starting point of the British agents and carriers of economic globalisation. This factor is revealed as economically false, but the agents could not escape from it: the fire regimes of the Asian cities were so different, one from the other, that in one city, insuring the non-European buildings would have been as profitable as insuring only the European ones (as they did). In other regions, insuring was not profitable for either of them. So the purported expert knowledge is revealed as a rule of thumb. At the same time, these perceptions, the subjective insurability decisions, and the empirical data concerning fires gathered by the agents emerge as excellent sources for a comparative urban disaster history.

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a major fuel for cooking in Nigeria. LPG is dispensed into cylinders which are in various sizes and storage capacities. Multiple cases of household fires, injuries and fatalities due to LPG leakage and explosion have been recorded in Nigeria. This undesirable trend persists majorly because households in Nigeria don't have gas leakage detection systems, and at best only smoke detectors are available in selected high class homes. The proactive safety approach is to detect gas leakage and evacuate the gas before it is ignited. In this study, a model gas leakage detector and evacuation system is presented. The implemented, microcontroller-based system, activates a buzzer when a gas leak is detected, it shuts the gas supply solenoid valve to stop the gas flow, and also, it evacuates the gas by switching on evacuator fans. To ensure that the house occupant is adequately notified when there is a gas leakage; the system sends a text via short message service (SMS) to a stored mobile number. The status of the system can be remotely determined by the user, by sending codes to prompt the device via SMS.

Oxidized polyacrylonitrile (OPAN) fiber, such as Zoltek OX™ fiber, is designed for cost-effective, flame and heat resistant solutions in textile, industrial, aircraft, automotive and battery markets. 
The performance features of oxidized polyacrylonitrile fiber include:
• Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) values between 45 - 55
• Unsurpassed flame and heat dimensional stability
• Easy processability into yarns, wovens, knits & nonwovens
• Soft, comfortable fabrics
• Electrically nonconductive and excellent chemical resistance
• No halogens and very low toxic gas emissions, upon flame exposure
This paper details the properties of OPAN fiber, how to process the fiber and describes various end use applications and the test methodologies used to characterize OPAN based products..

Msc Thesis by Carmine Di Santo

Advisor Franco Bontempi
Co advisor Konstantions Gkoumas

In this Thesis, a comprehensive risk analysis is performed in a long tunnel in South Italy, accounting for multifaceted aspects and parameters, using a dedicated tool (QRAM). The analysis is integrated with a sensitivity analysis on specific parameters that have an influence on the risk.
In Chapter 2, the regulatory framework is discussed, which led to the identification of the quantitative risk analysis as the method for the determination of the inherent risk of a road tunnel.
In Chapter 3, the procedure followed by the QRA model to derive societal and individual risk indicators is discussed, starting from a given number of possible accident scenarios.
In chapters ranging from 4 to 7, physical phenomena of different accident scenarios are explained, and their consequences on the exposed population.
In Chapter 8, is performed the risk analysis on the St. Demetrio tunnel applying the PIARC/OECD QRA model.
In chapter 9, conclusions regard to risk analysis applied to real case and about the sensitivity analysis are appropriate. In particular, the sensitivity analysis has highlighted the most influential parameters in the model.

Purpose – The DELTA® beam composite floor system is a recently developed shallow floor type that has seen many applications in contemporary construction. It involves partially encasing DELTA® steel beams in concrete, with the lower flange remaining exposed. Besides the satisfactory behavior of the system at ambient conditions, understanding its response under elevated temperatures is critical in evaluating its overall performance. Despite certification from the manufacturing company that the system has adequate fire resistance, its behavior under fire conditions has neither been investigated to depth nor reported in detail. The purpose of this paper is the detailed numerical investigation of their behavior in fire. For this reason, the finite element method was implemented in this paper to simulate the response of such beams subjected to fire. Material properties were modeled according to the Eurocodes. The coupled thermal-structural parametric analyses involved four different variations of the " shortest " and " deepest " cross-section (eight case studies in total) specified by the manufacturing company. Other simulations of these cross-sections, in which either the thermal expansion or the structural load were not taken into account, were carried out for comparison purposes.

Safety and security issues beset the people who study, work and live in U.P. Diliman, being a university surrounded by an urban jungle. While ever-present, such issues are rarely discussed by the Isko and Iska until an incident puts such issues to the limelight. From physical ones, such as fire, crime, and natural disasters, to social ones, such as mental health issues and gender-related violence and discrimination, there are a lot of hazards and risks being faced by the Iskolar ng Bayan in their stay in the university.

This paper seeks to provide information of hazards and risks and explore opportunities for student-led mitigation and prevention activities. It will weave through the available information to help us come to an understanding of our current safety and security situation.

Agroforestry systems (AFS) are recommended for Europe through the European Rural Development Council regulation 1698/2005, in recognition of their role in reducing carbon (C) emissions and promoting C sequestration which would help to fulfil the Kyoto Protocol requirements. These systems have been found to be a good tool to reduce fire risk and C release in southern European countries. The implementation of AFS could also reduce C release to atmosphere because of the value given to non-timber products, thereby reducing chances for clear cutting of trees. Furthermore, the tree component in AFS will add C into the soil through litterfall and root decomposition, which takes place at deeper soil layers than under agronomic crops or pasture. Tree management practices such as regulating tree density and planting arrangement will influence the C sequestered in the system. Compared with the tree components, the understory components of AFS have less impact on the total C sequestration. The higher inputs of residues generated by the trees in AFS than in tree-less systems may cause high soil C sequestration potential, but soil C increase depends on the incorporation and mineralization of C in the soil, which are affected by understory crop management practices.

Blast waves are able to produce structural damage to process equipment even at great distances from the source point of an explosion. A loss of containment may follow and, if hazardous substances are released, relevant secondary scenarios may be triggered, resulting in domino effects.

Cast iron beams were used in many 19th century structures, especially in fireproof flooring systems (such as jack arch). Many such structures are still in use today and it is important that they fulfil the current requirements on fire resistance when there is a change of use. These structures are out of scope of the modern design codes and the old design codes do not provide guidance for fire resistance design. Furthermore, cast iron is a brittle material weak in tension, and there are many uncertainties in its mechanical properties at ambient and elevated temperatures due to material flaws. Based on extensive literature survey and fresh test data, the authors have proposed elevated temperature stress-strain temperature relationships for cast iron, based on the EC3-1-2 reduction factors for carbon steel. Although the proposed relationships are reasonably close to the gathered data, there are considerable scatters and it is necessary to quantify the probability of structural failure when using such relationships, and to introduce safety factors to reduce the probability of structural failure in fire to an acceptable level. This paper presents the results of a study whose purpose is to derive an appropriate safety factor for fire safety design of cast iron beams. In this study, a fibre analysis method has been developed to calculate the moment capacities of two different types of cast iron cross sections. Using randomized stress-strain-temperature relationships, based on the variability of the different governing parameters (maximum stress, 0.2% proof stress, corresponding strains at maximum stress (strength) and failure and Young’s modulus under tension, Young’s modulus, proportional limit, 0.2% proof stress and the maximum stress under compression), the probability distribution of moment capacity has been calculated. Based on the criterion of cast iron beam failure not exceeding probabilities of 10-1, 10-2, 10-3 and 10-4, material safety factors of 1.5, 2.5, 4.5 and 5.5 respectively have been obtained.

A B S T R A C T Cast iron beams were extensively used in many 19th century structures, especially in fireproof flooring systems (such as jack arch). Many such structures are still in use today and it is important that they fulfil the current requirements of fire resistance when there is a change of use. These structures are out of scope of modern design codes and old design codes do not provide guidance for fire resistance design. Furthermore, cast iron is a brittle material weak in tension, and there are many uncertainties in its mechanical properties at ambient and elevated temperatures due to material flaws. It is necessary to quantify the probability of structural failure and to introduce safety factors to reduce the probability of structural failure in fire to an acceptable level. This paper presents the results of a detailed study whose purpose is to derive appropriate safety factors to achieve different levels of reliability, for fire safety design of cast iron beams. In this study, a fibre analysis method has been used to calculate the moment capacity of four different types of cast iron cross section. Using randomized stress-strain-temperature relationships, based on variability of the different governing parameters (under tension: maximum stress, 0.2% proof stress, corresponding strains at maximum stress (strength) and failure; under compression: Young's modulus, proportional limit, 0.2% proof stress and the maximum stress), the probability distribution of moment capacity has been calculated. Based on the criterion of cast iron beam failure not exceeding probabilities of 10 −1 , 10 −2 and 10 −3 , material safety factors of 1.5, 3.0 and 5.0 respectively have been obtained.

This paper examines gender differences in awareness, preparedness and attitudes towards bushfire amongst landholders in rural landscapes affected by amenity-led in-migration in southeast Australia. It considers the potential of conceptualising bushfire not as a gender-neutral natural phenomenon but as an important means by which traditional gender roles and power relations within rural landscapes are maintained. Landholders were found to uphold conventional views of bushfire management as “men’s business” despite changing social circumstances. Consequently, key gender differences exist within landholders’ bushfire risk awareness, bushfire knowledge, the perceived need for bushfire preparedness measures, the willingness to perform certain tasks, and the belief in personal capacity to act. We argue that covert and less visible as well as overt gender roles and traditions are important factors in understanding landholders’ engagement with bushfire management. When gendered dimensions of bushfire are investigated in the context of hegemony, a paradox emerges between women choosing not to take control of their own bushfire safety and women being denied the opportunity to take control. The complex and contradictory actions and attitudes to bushfire that materialise through an analysis of gendered social experiences complicate attempts to create more gender-sensitive frameworks for bushfire management. The tenacious and embedded nature of gender role divisions within both public and private spheres was furthermore found to act as economic, social and political stumbling blocks for empowerment opportunities. Using a mixed-methods research approach, this paper maps out gendered dimensions of bushfire through landholders’ narratives and actions. The implications of these dimensions for bushfire management have direct relevance to recent international discussions of the vulnerability of the growing number of people living in bushfire-prone rural–urban interface areas.

A century has elapsed since the inauguration (on 26 September, 1920) of a remarkable piece of architecture, Rudolf Steiner’s Goetheanum, headquarters of the Anthroposophy movement, on a verdant hilltop on the outskirts of the Swiss village of Dornach, near Basel. The Goetheanum was an all timber structure, sitting on concrete footings and roofed with Norwegian slate. The building was begun in 1913, and construction progressed through the First World War. Rudolf Steiner’s intention was to take architecture in a new and organic direction. On New Year’s Eve, 31 December 1922, the Goetheanum hosted a Eurythmy performance followed by a lecture by Rudolf Steiner for members of the Anthroposophy Society. In the hours that followed, despite the fire-fighting efforts of the Anthroposophists and the local fire brigades, the building burned to the ground. The popular narrative is that the fire was arson but that was never proved. A local watchmaker and anthroposophist, Jakob Ott, was the only person to perish in the fire. He was falsely accused (in death) as ‘the arsonist’ but the evidence is rather that he perished in his brave efforts at saving the Goetheanum. Rudolf Steiner saw the “calamity” as an opportunity “to change the sorrowful event into a blessing”. He promptly embarked on plans for a new building, Goetheanum II. This time there was to be “no wood”. The short-lived Goetheanum I had served as a placeholder for Goetheanum II. This new Goetheanum, Rudolf Steiner’s finest work of organic architecture, is of steel reinforced concrete and today stands on the Dornach hill right on the site of the old Goetheanum.

Green's function approach provides a new possibility of analytical procedure for heat transfer analysis of structures in fire. In many cases, it has been applied successfully to predict the temperature field. Heat transfer analysis of structure members protected by intumescent paint is complicated by active expansion of the base coat at elevated temperature. Because of this complex thermal behavior of intumescence, as well as commercial concern about the release of information, very little research has been reported in the literature. In this article, a Green's function method based on a one-dimensional reduced heat transfer model is presented. The highly nonlinear thermal conductivity of the intumescent paint is simplified to be temperature-independent to yield analytically tractable solutions of heat equations. The proposed approach is verified against the experimental investigation as well as finite-element analysis.

Spread of fire along electrical cables may be alleviated by using flame-retardant smoke suppressant (FRSS) additives-based PVC compositions designed for use as insulation and sheathing. These compositions offer improved resistance to ignition, flame spread and smoke generation. FRSS protection may also be achieved by the application of intumescent coatings as fire-protective layers and barriers for electrical cables and cable installations. Metal-based organic (MBO) complexes were synthesized for use as flame retardant smoke suppressants in PVC formulations. Plasticized PVC compositions were prepared and evaluated for their fire performance. Excellent smoke suppression was observed when either of the two MBOs was used. The limiting oxygen index was also found to be fairly high, particularly when the PVC samples were plasticized with a phosphate plasticizer. Flame-retardant smoke-suppressant intumescent coatings were developed for PVC-sheathed electrical cables. The coatings were applied on cables, and their fire performance was evaluated by using national and international standard procedures. The coated cables did not show any surface spread of flame on exposure and their generation of smoke was found to be very low. The coatings were found to be quite effective in reducing the burning behaviour of power cables. Significant improvement in circuit failure time was noted for coated cable specimens.

Penggunaan MODIS Land Rapid Response System bertujuan sebagai respon preventif terhadap kebakaran hutan dan lahan, Upaya ini terutama agar kebakaran hutan dan lahan tidak menjadi lebih besar dibandingkan sebelumnya. Beberapa penerapan pemantauan berkala titik api dengan MODIS ini dapat mengurangi titik api di wilayah Tesso Nilo. Catatan titik api di Taman Nasional Tesso Nilo tahun 2012 - 2013 adalah ratusan titik api (Juni 2012, jumlah titik api di TNTN adalah 172 titik api) dan catatan ini diharapkan menurun pada tahun 2014 (total 35 titik api pada bulan Februari sampai Juli 2014). Catatan SMART dengan catatan melalui MODIS pada tahun 2013 adalah timpang karena kendala cakupan patroli dan pemantauan titik api di dalam wilayah Tesso Nilo. Dalam prakteknya, informasi titik api tersebut dilaporkan kepada time Elephant Protection Unit (EPU)/The Threat Hunter untuk ditindaklanjuti di Balai TNTN untuk melakukan pemadaman api dan tindakan hukum.

The structure importance in Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) reflects how important Basic Events are to Top Event. Attribute at alternative level in Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) also reflect its importance to general goal. Based on the coherence of these two methods, an improved AHP is put forward. Using this improved method, how important the attribute is to the fire safety of public building can be analyzed more credibly because of the reduction of subjective judgment. Olympic venues are very important public buildings in China. The fire safety evaluation of them will be a big issue to engineers. Improved AHP is a useful tool to the safety evaluation to these Olympic venues, and it will guide the evaluation in other areas.

L e strutture in acciaio sono penalizzate in caso di incendio per una serie di fattori, come l'elevata conducibilità termica dell'acciaio, il degrado delle caratteristiche meccaniche con l'aumento della temperatura e gli esigui spessori dei profili, che possono causare significative riduzioni di resistenza e di rigidezza durante lo sviluppo dell'incendio. Tali aspetti richiedono un'attenta progettazione e, qualora fosse necessario, l'impiego di adeguati rivestimenti protettivi con lo scopo di garantire prestazioni di resistenza al fuoco adeguate. Possono, ad esempio, essere applicati specifici materiali protettivi che, limitando l'incremento di temperatura raggiunta dall'acciaio durante un incendio, consentono un insettembre 2014 2 antincendio settembre 2014 3 antincendio vernici intumescenti vernici intumescenti settembre 2014 4 antincendio

"Cette recherche est réalisée en conformité avec l’article 57 de la Loi sur la sécurité incendie, qui octroie le mandat à l’École nationale des pompiers du Québec d’effectuer ou de faire
effectuer des recherches et des études dans des domaines touchant le travail du personnel municipal en sécurité incendie.

Les objectifs de la recherche sont : (1) Comprendre la profession des pompiers du Québec ; (2) Promouvoir la pertinence de l’étude scientifique des services de sécurité incendie du Québec.

Une analyse documentaire de 26 documents gouvernementaux et une collecte de données auprès des pompiers québécois ont été réalisées."

The purpose of this study was to explore the immediate causes of Fire Disasters (FDs) in Boarding Secondary Schools (BSSs) in Tanzania. The study adopted a qualitative approach so as to allow the researcher to interact socially with respondents in the construction of meanings related to the immediate causes of FDs in BSSs. The study employed a descriptive case study design so as to enable the researcher collect in-depth information for detailed description of the immediate causes of FDs in BSSs in their natural settings. Purposively sampling was used to select 4 heads of schools, 8 teachers, 3 dormitory patrons, 2 dormitory matrons and 20 students, while convenience sampling was used to select 4 easily accessible BSSs from three easily reachable regions namely; Iringa, Njombe and Mbeya. Data was collected through documentary review and face to face interviews. Results indicated that the immediate causes of FDs in BSSs were: indiscipline and riots among students, the use of kerosene lamps and candles for studying during night and electric faults. The researcher recommends to the government that it should ensure BSSs have reliable electric supply systems so as to eliminate the use candles and kerosene lamps among students.