Electric Cars

The automotive industry is at a crossroad. Electric Vehicles (EV) now pose an existential threat to the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE). In some Northern European nations over 50% of new cars sold are EVs, owing in large part to substantial financial incentives to buy and own an EV, such as tax discounts when purchasing an EV, fuel savings, and preferential use of transportation infrastructure. These countries have pledged to cease all imports of non-EVs by 2035. On the other end of the spectrum are Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, where EVs account for less than 1 percent of vehicles on the road, due in large part to financial and non-financial impediments to buying and owning an EV. In addition, the price per kilometer driven in the GCC is considerably lower with gasoline than with electricity, which contradicts the European experience where cost savings from electricity versus gasoline can be around 8 to 1. Furthermore, as there is an absence of purchase and ownership/utilization taxation of vehicles in the GCC, no tax discount can be levied, in contrast to the EV tax incentives common in Europe. This paper explores which qualities of driving and owning an EV in the GCC are necessary to persuade certain kinds of new automobile consumers to pay a higher purchasing price for owning an EV as opposed to an ICE, in spite of higher costs for electricity compared to gasoline per kilometer driven. This pilot study attempts to provide an insight to new car purchasing behavior among consumers in Kuwait via a qualitative innovative approach known as 'Q Methodology'. Interestingly, the factors that emerged from the research represent three subjective perspectives of new car purchase in Kuwait which were labeled as Factor 1, 'Value Seeker'; Factor 2, 'Safety Seeker'; and Factor 3, 'Performance Seeker'. The study concludes that given financial constraints, the 'Value Seeker' group is not likely to become an early adopter of EVs in the GCC region. Conversely, the 'Performance Seeker', which includes mainly younger men who are more likely to view the fast acceleration of EVs as a deciding factor, and the 'Safety Seekers', who are mainly younger women who would value the environmental aspects of EVs as well as the quiet driving experience and low maintenance requirements are determining factors for EV adoption in the GCC region in the future.

The electric car is propelled with one or more electric motors by drawing the energy from a battery or connected to an external
source like catenary (used in trams). With the advancements in the technology, research’s are being done to improve the mobility in
day-to-day life. One such technology is the cruise control which gave its presence more than two decades ago and still the research
continues to make it error free.
The ACC is an available cruise control system for road vehicles that automatically adjusts the speed when a vehicle or an obstacle
are found on the same line of travel.

Future energy technologies must be based on renewable sources of energy and they must be sustainable. This workshop will provide insight into unintended impacts of renewable energy and how they can be avoided. In order to steer away from the pitfalls and unintended effects it is essential that necessary knowledge is present to the developers and decision makers engaged in renewable energy. This is where this workshop is valuable in its discussion of unintended health and environmental impacts of various renewable energy technologies.
The workshop give the participants an introduction the the concept of unintended consequences, in connection with renewable energy. Furthermore, several approaches to improve the understanding of these consequences and methods for predicting them, will be discussed. This will include the concepts of rebound effects and consequential life cycle assessments (LCA). The workshop will encompass presentations and discussions of results from cross-disciplinary research on implementation of the alternative fuels hydrogen, electricity and biodiesel in the transport sector, as well as the assessment of environmental impacts from the production of solar cells. This will also cover impacts of the use of nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the various energy technologies. In-dept focus will also be on the formation of nanoparticles during combustion of bio-blended diesel, and the toxic effects of these new emission components.

Time magazine recently released its list of the top ten gadgets of the 2010 decade, and they included the Model S as one of the top 10 gadgets and they had this to say in the article. The electric sedan has slowly reshaped the trajectory of the automotive industry. forcing competitors to embrace a battery-powered future instead of the gas-guzzling present, and challenging the belief that electric cars can't be cool. Features like downloadable software updates, a huge touchscreen display, and advanced autopilot capabilities, make it feel like a vehicle from 2022 instead of 2012. Think of the Tesla Model S as the iPod of cars if your iPod could do 0 to 60 in 2.3 seconds. Here's something that Elon musk had to say about the 2012 Tesla Model S when it was released at the Model S delivery event.

The automotive industry is at a crossroad. Electric Vehicles (EV) now pose an existential threat to the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE). In some Northern European nations over 50% of new cars sold are EVs, owing in large part to substantial financial incentives to buy and own an EV, such as tax discounts when purchasing an EV, fuel savings, and preferential use of transportation infrastructure. These countries have pledged to cease all imports of non-EVs by 2035. On the other end of the spectrum are Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, where EVs account for less than 1 percent of vehicles on the road, due in large part to financial and non-financial impediments to buying and owning an EV. In addition, the price per kilometer driven in the GCC is considerably lower with gasoline than with electricity, which contradicts the European experience where cost savings from electricity versus gasoline can be around 8 to 1. Furthermore, as there is an absence of purchase and ownership/utilization taxation of vehicles in the GCC, no tax discount can be levied, in contrast to the EV tax incentives common in Europe. This paper explores which qualities of driving and owning an EV in the GCC are necessary to persuade certain kinds of new automobile consumers to pay a higher purchasing price for owning an EV as opposed to an ICE, in spite of higher costs for electricity compared to gasoline per kilometer driven. This pilot study attempts to provide an insight to new car purchasing behavior among consumers in Kuwait via a qualitative innovative approach known as 'Q Methodology'. Interestingly, the factors that emerged from the research represent three subjective perspectives of new car purchase in Kuwait which were labeled as Factor 1, 'Value Seeker'; Factor 2, 'Safety Seeker'; and Factor 3, 'Performance Seeker'. The study concludes that given financial constraints, the 'Value Seeker' group is not likely to become an early adopter of EVs in the GCC region. Conversely, the 'Performance Seeker', which includes mainly younger men who are more likely to view the fast acceleration of EVs as a deciding factor, and the 'Safety Seekers', who are mainly younger women who would value the environmental aspects of EVs as well as the quiet driving experience and low maintenance requirements are determining factors for EV adoption in the GCC region in the future.

In this publication the project ePlanB is presented. It deals with an intelligent Charging Management System (CMS) of Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) conglomeration in a field test with Electric Vehicles (EVs) from six different Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs). Furthermore, technical characteristics are shown and benefits for stakeholders discussed.

Climate change programmes around the globe are relying heavily on the electrification of private transport to achieve carbon reduction targets. Currently, the main focus is on electric vehicles (EVs) in particular, which are novel technologies, including fully electric, plug-in hybrid and range extended electric vehicles. In general, mainstream consumers have no experience with EVs. This presents a significant challenge to the investigation and prediction of the consumer response to such vehicles. In order to accelerate the market, more evidence is needed on the willingness of consumers to respond to this technology and under what combination of fuel prices, incentives, infrastructure provision, technical performance, individual and societal norms success is most likely to be achieved.

Alternative energy fetishes such as solar cells and wind turbines have become  spectacles that do nothing to offset coal use. Instead, these technologies serve mostly as symbols that distract Americans and prevent them from considering cleaner and more affordable solutions to climate change and other environmental problems.

Electric cars are initially developed as an alternative option for existing gas powered car. It also shows good results in both performance and energy utilization. Usage of electric cars are encouraged due to its effect over global warming as there is no emission of harmful gases like CO, CO2, NOX. The electric car is an automobile that is propelled by one or more electric motors, using energy stored in rechargeable batteries. This idea was coined in later 18 th century. But it was initiated in 20 th century to roll on roads. Even though we use battery as the energy source, we need a cooling system. It isnecessary to ensure the proper dissipation of heat which is emitted from the battery while transmission. Here we discuss about the cooling system of battery in an electric car. We use three different liquids to analyze its effectiveness. Those fluids are Glycol, Fluorinert FC72 and NOVEC7200 (Ethoxy nonaflurobutane). We have designed and drawn the model using CATIA V5 software and analyzed using ANSYS FLUENT software. Then analyzed best Coolant for the battery coolingsystem.

Download: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv5cg94w
The automotive sector represents more than a simple industry. Since the late nineteenth century, it has embodied the economic and technological power of nations, the lifestyle, the dynamics of urban and territorial development, and it has acted as a national barometer of economic success and failure. This book explains how the car industry works and analyses the challenges both for the sector and for the economies that rely on the industry for jobs, growth, and innovation. It explores an industry that has been under severe pressure in industrialized countries for many years—factories have shut down, jobs have gone, and brands have disappeared—yet world production has never been so high, reaching new peaks annually. Fabio Cassia and Matteo Ferrazzi investigate as well the new trends of urban mobility and the characteristic of " car of the future " : the traditional landscape of car production and usage will be driven by technological advances, connectivity, car sharing, and by one the most fascinating advances, the self-driving car. How different will be the automotive sector in a decade? Will the traditional players be challenged by new entrants such as Google, Apple, Uber?

First chapter download: https://agendapub.com/images/pdfs/chapters/9781911116721_chp.pdf

From the introduction of commercialized cars till date, the technology used in the cars have given edge to the companies who can provide better solutions and efficient systems that can provide fuel efficiency and better performance. In modern world, it has become difficult to survive for those companies who still practicing traditional management tactics and not commencing technological advancements in their designs and manufacturing.  The change management concept consists of modification in the actions of the company as well as technologies and methods to obtain the desired goal of the company just as changing the business environment of the company from inside and outside in order to attain high profitability. These changes are associated with the adaptation change, control change and effecting change. In this report, we will examine the business model of Tesla Motors, the journey of the company in terms of introducing novel concept in traditional automotive industry and the change management concept.

This is a draft chapter of a book about why we don't act in our own best interests in the environment even when we know what we ought to do.  It argues that the apparent triumph of the internal combustion engine -- triumph meaning the elimination of all other options -- had less to do with the engine itself than with the Model T, and the triumph of the Model T had less to do with the car itself than with the way it was made.

The increasing demand for energy efficient electric cars, in the automotive sector, entails the need for improvement of their structures, especially the chassis, because of its multifaceted role on the vehicle dynamic behaviour. The major criteria for the development of electric car chassis are the stiffness and strength enhancement subject to mass reduction as well as cost and time elimination. Towards this direction, this work indicates an integrated methodology of developing an electric car chassis considering the modeling and simulation concurrently. The chassis has been designed in compliance with the regulations of Shell Eco Marathon competition. This methodology is implemented both by the use of our chassis load calculator (CLC) model, which automatically calculates the total loads applied on the vehicle’s chassis and by the determination of a worst case stress scenario. Under this extreme stress scenario, the model’s output was evaluated for the chassis design and the FEA me...

There is an urgent need to stop subsidizing the fossil fuel industry, dramatically reduce wasted energy, and significantly shift our power supplies from oil, coal, and natural gas to wind, solar, geothermal, and other renewable energy sources.

Purpose: The whole world is moving towards sustainable and green alternatives the conventional products. When it comes to mobility, electric cars are seen as a sustainable and green alternative. The study aims to analyze the perception of Indians especially the youth towards electric cars and to find out how likely different factors impact their buying behavior. Design/Methodology/Approach The author has conducted this research by doing a focus group discussion followed by a survey. The study has focused on the effect of different factors such as Price, Battery Warranty, Safety Features, Performance, Charging Time, Running Capacity, Appearance, Comfort Features, Brand, After Sales Service, Current Infrastructure, Celebrity Endorsements, Influence from family or friends, Subsidies from the government and Availability on the buying behavior of the potential customers for Electric cars. Findings The findings of this study are that people are looking forward to more sustainable and greener options when it comes to cars. The majority of the Indian millennials will like to buy a sedan as their preferred electric car and perceive electric cars to better than conventional cars. The customers would like to shell out INR 5 to 10 lacs for an electric car. The buying decision of the customers of an electric car is significantly impacted by Price, Battery Warranty, Safety Features, Performance, Charging Time, Running Capacity, Appearance, Comfort Features, Brand, After Sales Service, and Current Infrastructure. Despite many companies launching electric cars in India, the respondents believe that the current infrastructure is not enough to deal and accommodate electric cars on Indian roads. Around 53.2 % of the respondents who are in the age bracket of 18-25 are very likely to buy Electric Cars in the future. Originality/Value The major contribution of this study is to investigate the perception and buying behavior of the Indians especially the youth towards Electric cars.

In the aftermath of the Diesel Scandal of 2015- what have Volkswagen done to heal? How can the company continue to progress despite the extensive PR backlash, environmental uproar, and heavy financial hit? This extensive portfolio looks at all aspects of the standard strategic business model, and the opportunities that Volkswagen has left.

The development of the chassis for the hydrogen fuel cell powered car has been involved in the designing and manufacturing aspects, while taking into consideration the mass, strength, stiffness, centre of gravity (COG), and manufacturing cost requirements. Towards this direction, a chassis design is proposed employing a space frame structure and constructed by an aluminium alloy with great strength. The structural design has been derived through the lightweight engineering approaches in conjunction with the part consolidation, Design for Assembly (DFA) and Design for Manufacture methods. Moreover, it has been performed in compliance with the safety regulations of the Shell Eco Marathon racing competition. The material's principal characteristics are the great strength, the low mass, as well as the great workability, machinability, and weldability. Following the national and global environmental issues, the recyclable characteristics of the aluminium alloy are an extra asset. Fur...

Το αστικό όραμα των έξυπνων πόλεων γίνεται πραγματικότητα με ταχύτατους ρυθμούς απανταχού της γης. Αξιοποιώντας σύγχρονες, καινοτόμες τεχνολογικές λύσεις και επενδύοντας στη συμμετοχική διακυβέρνηση, οι σύγχρονες πόλεις σχεδιάζουν, επεξεργάζονται και υλοποιούν στρατηγικές, πολιτικές και υπηρεσίες με στόχο τη βιώσιμη ανάπτυξη, την ανθεκτικότητα, τη διασφάλιση κοινωνικής συνοχής και της ποιότητας ζωής των πολιτών τους. Στόχος της μελέτης είναι να παρουσιάσει μια σειρά υπηρεσιών (ή/και πολιτικών) που εντάσσονται στο σχεδιασμό και τη λειτουργία μιας έξυπνης πράσινης / ανθεκτικής πόλης, αντλώντας παραδείγματα από πόλεις πέντε ηπείρων που εμφανίζουν διαφορετικά χαρακτηριστικά και δυνατότητες και αντιμετωπίζουν διαφορετικές ανάγκες, προκλήσεις και κρίσεις. Κατόπιν σχετικής έρευνας τεκμηρίωσης διά της αναζήτησης στοιχείων μέσω του διαδικτύου (online desktop research) εντοπίστηκαν περί τα πενήντα (50) παραδείγματα υπηρεσιών που εμπίπτουν στις εξής κατηγορίες – διαστάσεις έξυπνων πόλεων: έξυπνη οικονομία, έξυπνη κινητικότητα, έξυπνο περιβάλλον, έξυπνοι άνθρωποι, έξυπνη διαβίωση, έξυπνη διακυβέρνηση. Εννέα (9) εξ’ αυτών επιλέχθηκαν προς περαιτέρω ανάλυση και μελέτη βάσει μιας σειράς προκαθορισμένων κριτηρίων. Πρόκειται για υπηρεσίες που αναπτύσσουν οι πόλεις Κάλαμπαρ (Νιγηρία), Έσποο (Φινλανδία), Σόνγκντο (Νότια Κορέα), Λιουμπλιάνα (Σλοβενία), Ναντσίνγκ (Κίνα), Ρότερνταμ (Ολλανδία), Ορλάντο (ΗΠΑ), Σανταντέρ (Ισπανία) και Μιραφλόρες (Περού) κατά την μετάβασή τους από παραδοσιακές σε έξυπνες πράσινες / ανθεκτικές πόλεις. Της ανάλυσης αυτών έπεται μια πρώτη διερεύνηση της δυνατότητας υιοθέτησής τους από την ελληνική δημόσια διοίκηση ή/και τοπική αυτοδιοίκηση. Περιγράφοντας το σημερινό τοπίο της Ελληνικής πραγματικότητας αναφορικά με την προώθηση των έξυπνων πόλεων σε συνδυασμό με τα μελετώμενα παραδείγματα διαπιστώνεται ότι επιμέρους πτυχές αυτών (π.χ. αντικείμενο υπηρεσίας, τρόπος υλοποίησης) δύνανται να εξεταστούν και εφαρμοστούν από ελληνικές πόλεις καθώς ανταποκρίνονται σε υπάρχουσες ανάγκες, εγκαθιδρυμένες πολιτικές και αναλόγως εκφρασθείσες στο δημόσιο λόγο επιδιώξεις.

Electric Vehicles are looked upon when it comes to environmental safety, as well as technological advancement where Tesla is running at a fast pace in the race of innovation. This study shows the prospect of success of Electric Vehicles in India through the reference of Tesla Company. Electric Vehicles already captivated the heed of the Indian Government because of their various advantages in the long term. These cars will be safe in operation, dispensable servicing charges, and reduce the import of petrol in India. BOP will be affected after the import of electric cars instead of petrol. Good things take time to optimize themselves and in this case, they are competing with 150 years old gasoline cars. This study also encompasses the shortcomings that will be faced after the arrival of Tesla cars in India. These cars are reliable and economical however after putting efforts into R&D, its battery charging time is decreasing day by day. Now, the arrival of Electric Vehicles is inevitable in India.

Cette thèse a pour objectif de participer à l’étude du changement des industries contemporaines et d’appliquer des outils de la science politique à l’analyse de l’économie. À travers l’étude du cas de la voiture électrique, nous nous interrogeons sur les causes des évolutions de l’industrie automobile. Notre hypothèse est que la construction du marché des voitures électriques entre 2008 et 2013 n’a pas produit la « Révolution » annoncée par les acteurs sociaux. Au contraire, elle a permis la reproduction des structures et des hiérarchies industrielles existantes. Pour le démontrer, ce travail tente de comprendre non seulement comment la question du développement des voitures électriques a été érigée au rang de problème public, mais aussi comment ce « problème » s’est institutionnalisé comme un cadre consensuel d’action des constructeurs automobiles. Par ce biais, nous  mettons en lumière l’importance des croyances et des représentations collectives sur l’activité économique, dans l’optique de déconstruire le mythe de la « Seconde Révolution automobile ». En outre, notre travail montre que la science politique, et plus précisément l’analyse des politiques publiques et la sociologie de l’action publique, peut apporter des outils analytiques heuristiques et des réponses concrètes au fonctionnement des industries et du capitalisme contemporain.

In present fast developing world our existing fuels are not sufficient, so in our automobile industry also we need change to present new renewable and Eco-friendly energy, that is solar power, so we are developing solar car that can carry baby easily, t can prove that prototype can be produced real tme car achievements, which collects energy by solar panel and charge battery, the battery stores the energy that will used to rotating wheels, solar panel battery and motors are in such a way that all are reached that power at good efficiency, so it prove present emerging sources of energy solar which comes free of cost can be adapted to automobiles industries. The real reason to switch to solar energy is to stop global warming.

Will the electric car facilitate mitigation of GHG emissions in Brazil's urban environments, particularly in the megalopolis of São Paulo? Towhat extent can these technological advances solve the problem of GHG emissions from public transport and help to prevent the advance of climate change? This article compiles and analyzes updated information about the environmental impacts of cleaner vehicle fleets in cities and the potential for mitigation of GHG emissions from the adoption of electric cars.

This design report of the Eco kart vehicle -The Hammer Heads, deals with the engineering and designing processes that we followed in the development of each and every working system of the vehicle. The system designs were made through detailed analysis of the user and vehicle requirements. With this as the base of the designing criteria for the systems are drawn using SOLID WORKS. They are virtually simulated under real time simulations by ANSYS and SOLIDWORKS taking possible number of parameters as constraints. Design validation, DFMEA and Project Planning were done using Microsoft office and Smart Sheets.

 Abstract—This paper introduces a novel concept for implementing CC and CV charges of batteries for Electric Vehicles using a dual Full-Bridge LLC (FBLLC) resonant converter which shares its primary switches. In the proposed concept the CC and CV charges are implemented using the inherent characteristics of an LLC converter as a current source and a voltage source. One full-bridge LLC resonant converter operates with a fixed-resonant network while the other operates with a variable-resonant network for the CC and CV charge operations. The proposed converter can achieve ZVS and nearly ZCS for all of the primary switches in the CC charge operation, and ZVS for all of the primary switches in the CV charge operation, which lead to a high efficiency. In addition, fixed switching frequency operation is possible in both the CC and CV charges thanks to the variable resonant network. A 3.3 kW prototype converter is implemented to verify the feasibility and validity of the proposed converter and a maximum efficiency of 98% was achieved. Index Terms—Dual full bridge LLC resonant converter, CC/CV charge, variable resonant network and high efficiency.

Pressure washing the car has always been a cause of concern for people who love their cars. Though it seems a great option, the concern of pressure washer damaging the car haunts some. People always seem to think that the pressure washer is only best for deck stains and sealers or best used as driveway and concrete cleaners. But you would be rather surprised that it is one of the best options to clean your cars.

Documentary Films is the way toward sharing stories starting with one then onto the next, narrating is the way toward making another world withdrawing in with the past as well as to envision increasingly out of the container and making the world with other individuals around us. Narrating comprises two distinct types of story and there is an organized and unstructured sequential.
The sequential for Documentary filmmaking contrast from an anecdotal story in certain angles. In this Documentary film, the director will concentrate on the investigation of sequential narrating in documentary filmmaking or non-anecdotal filmmaking. Documentaries bring viewers into new universes and encounter through the introduction of real data about genuine individuals, spots, and occasions, for the most part however not constantly depicted using real pictures and relics.
In Documentary film and visuals, we can distinguish four methods of portrayal that capacity something like sub-classification of the narrative film type which is informative, observational, reflexive and performative and the chosen mode of filming this documentary is Expository mode of documentary making. Every mode is imperative to decide the result of the documentary film whether the styles and modes apply is appropriate for sequential narrating in narrative or the other path round.
The outcome of this documentary is to give more knowledge to the young about the motorsports industry in Malaysia is to boost the morale drivers in Malaysia and to bring back the motorsports events in Malaysia again by interviewing the different car enthusiastic and driver while showing the beauty of Malaysia with these events and motorsports currently going on around different cities of Malaysia and people who still appreciate and trying to make motorsports alive in Malaysia.
KEYWORDS: Expository, Envision, Distinguish

The biggest challenge for the large scale commercialization of the electric car is creating an infrastructure that can support it, mainly a smart grid with adequate charging stations. The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) estimates that the United States will invest nearly $500 billion in traditional electric infrastructure over the next 20 years. According to the Electric Power Research Institute, "Energy companies currently lose $150 billion each year from power outages and disturbances". Major investments decisions like these ought include the consideration of additional marginal investments to modernize, improve the grid. It is argued that utilities must correct and update customer and other infrastructure data before a smart grid can be implemented effectively (ESRI study), to which it can be argued there are opportunities for coinciding development.

This paper analyzes the potential contribution of electric vehicles in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction over the next decade. The effect of electric vehicles (EVs) on traffic related pollution is assessed at the transportation link level in the Hamilton Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) following a simulation procedure from 2006 to 2021. The traffic emissions considered in this paper are: total hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and a basic estimate of carbon dioxide (CO2). Emissions were estimated through a number of steps. Firstly, different EV market penetration scenarios were introduced (conservative, medium, optimistic) and compared to the base case scenario where no action or minimum policy controls are supposed to take place over the next couple of decades. Scenarios were determined through a comprehensive review of penetration estimates in the literature. Following these, the spatial distribution patterns of EVs were predicted using the vehicle registration data for the Hamilton CMA along with socioeconomic data obtained from 2006 census. Different distribution patterns of EVs adoption were assessed creating sub-scenarios, in order to reflect the possible changes in the future. Subsequently, the results from the regression model were used to properly modify the Origin-Destination (OD) matrices by type of vehicle. These matrices were used as input into our traffic simulation model (TRAFFIC) that assigns traffic on the network and estimates volumes for each of the links. MOBILE 6.2C 1 was customized to accept the new vehicle type and to compute the emission factors. The hourly emissions on each link were mapped through a geographic information system (GIS) framework after the integration of three parameters: street network, associated traffic flows and emissions (Link_emissions model). We conclude that different distribution patterns produce different spatial patterns of traffic related emissions in the links and even a modest adoption of EV technology may lead to significant reduction in traffic emissions

Automated driving is currently on the political agenda of the EU, as well as that of many countries worldwide. However, while in Germany the issue of liability risks largely seems to be settled, in many countries the discussion has only just begun. The article sets out to compare the various liability systems currently in place in the field of traffic accidents and analyses the effects of ongoing technological change. From this comparative law perspective, the study reveals some of the legal challenges these jurisdictions are facing with the onset of automated traffic. One of the important findings is that the situation differs considerably across Europe. While countries with a comprehensive strict liability regime (such as Austria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, or Germany) are generally well prepared, in particular those countries which, until now, have exclusively or to a large extent relied on fault-based liability (e.g. the United Kingdom, Belgium, Greece, the Netherlands, Poland, and Spain) will have to find new ways of protecting traffic accident victims. Some countries have already reacted. As an example for such reform, the article thus considers recent UK legislation. In a concluding outlook, the author identifies two promising systems of traffic accident liability which could serve as a model for further reforms in the future.

(In German language)

Electric vehicles are the greatest technology step that needs to be taken to reduce future emissions and needs of fossil fuels. This article will explain; history of electric cars, how electric vehicles work, what kind of mechanisms they have, charging and storage systems. It will also make comparisons between battery electric vehicles (BEV) and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV).

Business model architectures in the car industry are gaining increased attention from scientists and policymakers. Although scientific studies have been conducted to address the pressures faced by future business models to change, no research has examined the bibliometric variables in this area. This study aims to fill the gap by conducting a bibliometric analysis of 104 articles on business models for electric cars. The analysis showed that the literature on business models for electric cars is exhaustive, and it focuses on business model decisions for charging technologies, driver services, electricity management, commercial contracts, and plant. China, the United States of America, and Germany have conducted the maximum number of studies on the aforementioned theme. The topic dendrogram identified two evolving strands of discussionsdinnovative technologies and resource optimization and electricity management systems and product life cycle. These findings can guide the formulation of environmentally sustainable policies for electric car manufacturing and help car manufacturers to restructure their models.