Emperor Sigismund (1368-1437)

Publikacja obejmuje 21 - w większości niepublikowanych - dokumentów przechowywanych w Archiwum Państwowym we Wrocławiu (i jego oddziale w Jeleniej Górze), wystawionych w latach 1361-1365 przez księcia świdnickiego Bolka II Małego (zm. 1368), jednego z najwybitniejszych Piastów śląskich w XIV w. Dokumenty dotyczą różnych zagadnień i wystawione zostały dla miast/mieszczan, instytucji kościelnych, a także rycerstwa.

A contemporary characterized Sigismund of Luxembourg as follows: 'Our lord the king looks for money in every corner, and wherever he can bring people together, he does so to extract some money.' This description fits well with his entire reign, whether in the Holy Roman Empire, Hungary, or Bohemia. Like many other crowned heads of the 15th century, Sigismund often faced financial difficulties, which he addressed with loans secured by pledging lands. While this method of raising funds was so widespread in some parts of contemporary Europe that a modern historian even suggested the term ‘age of pledging,’ it played only a limited role in the financial affairs of the Kingdom of Hungary. This changed radically with Sigismund’s accession to the throne. During his reign, large portions of the crown lands were pledged, and by the time of his death, pledging had become an almost indispensable element of royal finances. This book offers both a theoretical and legal background on royal pledges, as well as a comprehensive analysis of King Sigismund's pledges within a broader Central European comparative context.

This special issue of the Hungarian Historical Review presents selected case studies from the 2023 conference. Instead of providing a summary of the papers or retracing the four conference sessions, our introduction focuses on the various possible meanings of the term diversity, methodological approaches to the study of diversity, and the relevance or applicability of these approaches to the field of Medieval Studies. We discuss ways in which we can study political, social, religious, and cultural differences in the Middle Ages through the prism of diversity and the terminological and methodological challenges this presents.

This article discusses roles, forms of agency, and impact of female rulers
in the age of the Luxembourgs in a geographically and diachronically
comparative perspective.
Entire volume online: https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/86008

Die Jahrestagung des Collegium Carolinum 2024 widmet sich der interregionalen Mobilität von Personen, Ideen und Gegenständen in Mitteleuropa im 14. und 15. Jahrhundert. Damit knüpft sie an jüngere Debatten rund um das Thema Mobilität an. Die Tagung ist primär der horizontalen Mobilität gewidmet, es sollen ihre sozialen Konsequenzen nicht außer Acht gelassen werden. Es geht uns um geographische, grenzüberschreitende Bewegung von Personen, Gegenständen und Ideen und ihre Auswirkungen auf den jeweiligen Aufnahme-oder auch Herkunftsort. Eine sozial, kulturell oder politisch wirkungsvolle Mobilität setzte nicht zwingend eine Übersiedlung oder die Bildung von Diasporen voraus, sondern intensive, üblicherweise wiederholte, hin und her gerichtete Begegnungen, die dauernde Beziehungen stiften konnten.

The next week will take place the works of the Interregionale Mobilität in Miteleuropa: Personen, Ideen und Gegenstände (14.-15. Jh.). Jahrestagung des Collegium Carolinum in Kooperation mit der Abteilung für Mittelalterliche Geschichte der LMU und dem Zentrum für mediävistische Studien der Akademie der Wissenschaften der Tschechischen Republik , organised by Julia Burkhardt, Pavel Soukup, Václav Žůrek
7.-10. November 2024 , Hotel Aurachhof / Bahnhofstraße 4 / 83730 Fischbachau

Paper given at the international workshop "Les lieux de l'acte: analyses spaciales des sources diplomatiques", Université de Namur, October 11, 2024.

With the election of the Hungarian king Sigismund of Luxembourg as king of the Romans (1410/11), a remarkable situation arose in the late medieval Empire in which a dynast ascended the royal throne whose hereditary lands – the lands of the Hungarian Crown – were outside the Empire. Consequently, Sigismund chose to return to a more itinerant style of kingship. His intensive travelling led him back and forth between his various hereditary lands and dominions during his 27-year reign in the Empire, while his subjects also had to increasingly visit the ruler at different locations in the vast geographical area he ruled.
Under these specific conditions, the Danube took on increased importance as an axis of communication for both the king and the Empire. This particularly affected the Free City of Regensburg. Due to its favourable location (the Danube is navigable from Regensburg and offers a direct and convenient connection downstream to Hungary), the city, which traditionally had close ties with Hungary and Bohemia, developed into Sigismund's preferred 'gateway' from the Empire’s core lands to Hungary. In consequence, he held court in Regensburg several times before leaving the Empire’s core lands for longer periods in the direction of his Hungarian and Bohemian hereditary lands.
In this paper, I examine how this constellation affected the production of royal charters. On the one hand, I ask who acquired royal charters in Regensburg and what statements can be made in this regard regarding the scope and ‘appeal’ of royal rule. On the other hand, I try to offer an explanation for the striking fact that of around 200 documents issued in the name of the ruler during Sigismund's longest stay in Regensburg in autumn 1434, no less than 65 date from the last day of his stay in the city.

Some over six centuries ago, world news for four years (1414-1418) comes mainly from the southern German town of Konstanz on Bodensee. The small town of just 6,000 inhabitants was then the scene of a marathon church meeting. This was to restore unity within the Church of Rome in which three rival popes were making life miserable for each other. With great difficulty and after inimitable scheming, the prelates put the church back under the leadership of one new pope: Martin V.
The rest of the account of the Council of Konstanz is written in blood. The cardinals condemn the revolutionary views of charismatic Czech popular preacher Jan Hus, who had been lured to Konstanz under false pretences. His public burning traces a trail of indignation and violence across Europe for decades. As a result, Hus's ideas came to life flaming and would be the breeding ground for the radical reformation by Martin Luther a century later in 1517.

The first collection of essays in the English language dedicated to the cultural achievements and politics of one of the most important ruling houses of late medieval Europe.

The house of Luxembourg between 1308 and 1437 is best known today for its principal royal and imperial representatives, Henry VII, John the Blind, Charles IV, and Charles's two sons, Wenceslas and Sigismund - a group of rulers who, for better or worse, shaped the political destiny of much of Europe during the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries. While some of the Luxembourg cultural legacy can still be experienced directly today in and around Prague and southern Germany, and through the literary and musical works of Machaut, Froissart, and Wolkenstein, it reached much further across Europe: from England to present-day Romania, and from the Baltic Sea to the Italian peninsula, alongside the dynasty's homelands in what is now Luxembourg, Belgium and France. However, this culture has not always attracted the scholarly attention it deserves.

This volume explores the pan-European impact and influence of the Luxembourgs in a variety of fields: art and architectural history, material culture, Czech, French, German and Latin text production, gender and intellectual history, and music. Embracing the subject matter from multi-disciplinary and transnational perspectives, the essays here offer new insights into the late medieval cultures of the Luxembourg court. Particular subjects treated include the making of the "Wenceslas Bible"; Machaut at the court of John of Luxembourg; and Charles IV's patronage of multilingual literature.

OPEN ACCESS: https://openaccess.boydellandbrewercms.com/?id=-270970

Opera historica 14 2010 Editio Universitatis Bohemiae Meridionalis Dalibor JANIŠ Stände versus Herrscher: Widerstandsrecht und Landrechte in den böhmischen Ländern Die Problematik der politischen und rechtlichen Beziehungen zwischen den böhmischen Ständen, den Ständen der übrigen böhmischen Länder und dem Herrscher gehört zu den bedeutenden Themen der älteren und auch der neueren Geschichtsschreibung. Große Aufmerksamkeit wurde der Konfliktseite dieser Beziehungen gewidmet, wobei man sehr oft-und zu Unrecht-das Ständewesen als einen Kampf um die politische Macht im Lande zwischen den Ständen und dem Herrscher betrachtete. 1 In der tschechischen historischen Literatur wurde bisher keine systematische Aufmerksamkeit der Problematik des Widerstandsrechtes gewidmet, weil dieses Institut im Landrecht des böhmischen mittelalterlichen und früh neuzeitlichen Staates nicht festgelegt war. Trotzdem kann man in den normativen Quellen manche Anordnungen finden, welche bei Verletzung bestimmter Rechte durch den Herrscher gegen diesen eingesetzt werden konnten. In der böhmischen Geschichte gibt es einige Begebenheiten, wo gegen den regierenden Herrscher eine bestimmte Vorgehensweise angewendet wird, die im Wesentlichen auf dem Institut des Widerstandsrechtes basiert. 1) Zu dieser Problematik vgl. zuletzt Gerhard AMMERER-William D. GODSEY, Jr.-Martin SCHEUTZ-Peter URBANITSCH-Alfred Stefan WEISS (edd.), Bündnispartner und Konkurrenten der Landesfürsten? Die Stände in der Habsburgermonarchie, Wien-München 2007.

Cartularies are among the most important source materials-they record many documents, a bulk of which were not preserved in original form, and are considered a product of the medieval chancery and a proof of its organization level. The paper aims to outline the functioning of cartularies in a medieval chancery and to present some reflection in the field of source studies on the discussed issue, as well as a review of research about medieval cartularies in Polish historiography.

Mariano di Jacopo (Taccola) and his Liber Tertius/Quartus de Ingeneis for King Sigismund. Designs of Pumping, Lifting, Transport and Military Machines by “Archimedes of Siena” in the Context of Sigismund´s Forced Stay in Siena in the Years 1432 and 1433 Sigismund met with the “Archimedes of Siena”- a scholar, mathematician and polymath Mariano di Jacopo (known as Il Taccola) during his almost three-quarter-year stay in Siena (July 1432 - April 1433). Mariano di Jacopo offered his services to the king. On that occasion he made a notebook with drawings and technical sketches of water, pumping, traction, military and siege machines. He intended to move to Hungarian Kingdom, where he would construct them. Although it did not happen in the end, the notebook was preserved and is stored in the National Library of Florence now. The paper presents an analysis of the notebook, Sigismund´s Italian policy during his stay in Siena, and personality of Mariano.

Si la figure de l'homme noir a reçu diverses connotations tout au long de l'histoire de l'art (les ténèbres, l'exotisme, etc.), son inscription dans le tableau témoigne d'une dévalorisation systématique s'accordant à son rôle social d'esclave ou de serviteur. L'article inventorie les paramètres de l'énonciation qui concourent à cette péjoration puis s'attache à la figure du roi noir de la Nativité pour mettre au jour, dans les Adorations des mages peintes par Rubens, les conditions d'une énonciation complexe et concessive qui restaure le Noir dans son statut royal.

Ellenőrzés-értékelési módszerek problémafelvetései és elméleti keretrendszere elektronikus tanulási környezetben Kállai Gábor (Mérnöktanár mesterszak (3 féléves képzés) képzés, mesterképzés (MA/MSc), levelező szak) Konzulens: Dr. Molnár György (Műsz. Ped. Tsz.) A dolgozat célja a korszerű elektronikus tanulási környezetkeben való oktatáshoz kapcsolódó modern ellenőrzési és értékelési módszerek követelményrendszerének kidolgozása. Ennek keretében a napjainkban legnépszerűbb elektronikus tanulási környezetek jellemzőinek összegyűjtése és pedagógiai sajátosságainak feltárása. A munka eredményei hozzájárulnak a digitális munkarendű oktatás elvén működő elektronikus oktatási környezetek ellenőrzési és értékelési hatékony módszereinek kiterjesztéséhez.

In this book chapter I give an overview of the history of the crusades against the Hussites, with particular focus on the interaction between the crusaders and the Hussites, as well as the religious, political, and social dynamics of the wider region. Between 1420 and 1431, the papacy in collaboration with the lay powers of the Holy Roman Empire undertook five large-scale crusades against the allegedly heretic followers of the Czech reformer Jan Hus. Despite the international scale and remarkable mobilizing power of these campaigns they failed ingloriously, as did the so-called “daily war” on the alleged heretics. Indeed, from the mid-1420s onwards the Hussites themselves went on the offensive and raided the neighbouring kingdoms in a series of penetrating incursions. The military conflict was only settled in 1436, when the Council of Basle and the Emperor officially acknowledged Hussite religious practice. With this agreement, an allegedly heretical movement had for the first time successfully held its ground against the crusading efforts of the church. As well as providing an overview of events, this chapter also includes a historiographical survey that gives Anglophone readers a synoptic view of the extensive non-English-language literature on the topic. Finally, the chapter discusses why the crusades against the Hussites were highly significant for contemporaries, regardless of their evident military failure.

Izvorni znanstveni rad Prof. dr. sc. lVlarta Dobrotkova BITKA PRI TRNAVE V ROKIJ I7O4 A FRANTISEK II. RAKOCI Na zadiatku 18. storodia sa Uhorsko zmietalo v mnohSich politickych, spolodensklich a nSbolenskych rozporoch. Habsburgovci sa usilovali o upevnenie centr6lnej moci, do v5ak nevyhovovalo mocenskym zirujmom uhorskej Sfachty, ktor6 v podstate viac ako sto rokov bojovala za svoje prfva. Vyko-n6vatelia politiky habsburskeho dvora zruSili stavovskri irstavu a ukondili dinnost' jej pr6vnicklfch ustanovizni. Obyvatel'stvo bolo suZovand dafiovym systdmom a stupf,ujircimi sa n6rokmi vojenskej okupficte, diZe rovnako napii-t6 boli aj vzt'ahy medzi Sl'achtou a ostatnymi obyvatel'mi, pretol,e zna(nir dast' n6kladov dlhotrvajircej vojn y' IeZaIa na pleciach obyvatel'stva. R6koci povay',oval politiku stavov oprierajfcu sa o cis6rsky dvor za beznijdejnir. Na jesei roku 1698 sa zalala organizovat'nov6 aristokracia na dele s Mikul65om Berddnim.l. novembra 1700 prezradil francizsky emisdr F. J. Longueval vo Viedni obsah listu Franti5ka II. R6kociho adresovany v mene nespokojnlfch sprisahancov francirzskemu kr6lovi Ludovitovi XIV. List obsahoval Ziadost' o podporu, do bolo zrejme ddvodom na zatknutie Franti5ka II. na jar 1701 vo Vel'kom Sari5i a n6sledne uvdznenie R6kociho vo Viedenskom Novom Meste. Po irteku z vdzema sa R6koci ukryval v Pol'sku a nadviazal kontakty s francrizskym kr6fom. V pofskom exile vydal pre uhorskd obyvatefstvo manifest, ktoqim ho vyzval do boja za slobodu.2 Povstanie vedend uhorskym magn6tom Franti5kom II. R6kocim (1703-17 ll) bolo najviid5fm, ale zhroveit najkomplikovanej5im z protihabsbusrkfch povstani. Vo5lo do dejin pod ninvom kuruckd vojna, pretoLe povstalcov nazyvah kurucmi a ich protivnikov z radov cisdrskeho voj ska labancami. Povstanie malo v podstate rovnak6 ciele ako predch6dzajice ' V kraline vl6dol Leopold L (1657-1705), ktory sa zirdastnil bojov o Spanielske dedidstvo.V rokoch 1683-1699 uskutodnila oslobodzovacia vojna proti Turkom a v rokoch I70l-17I5 za(ala opdt' vojna o Spanielske dedidstvo medzi francrizskym kr6fom Ludovitom XIV. a Leopoldom I. 2 Manifest vyzyva v5etkych milovnfkov vlasti-Sl'achticov i ne5l'achticov, aby sa chopili zbrane a v spolodnom boji obnovili d6vnu sl6vu uhorskeho n6roda a to aj za cenu preliatia krvi. Text Brezanskdho manifestu uverejiujeme v prflohe.

zur Gründung von Neu-Georgenfeld in Sachsen* von IVANA EBELOVÁ Ein traditionelles und heutzutage besonders aktuelles Thema der böhmischen und deutschen Historiografie ist langzeitlich die Frage der Konfessionalisierung und der (E)migrationsprozesse nach der Schlacht am Weißen Berg im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert aus Böhmen und Mähren auf der einen Seite und nach Böhmen und Mähren aus den deutschen Ländern auf der anderen Seite. Während aber die meisten älteren Arbeiten das Exil nach dem Weißen Berg aus einem engen religiösen Blickwinkel betrachteten, 1 reflektieren die neueren Forschungen das gegebene Thema in einem viel breiteren Kontext, aus politischer, wirtschaftlicher und sozialer Sicht. 2 Nicht minder werden * Diese Studie entstand an der Karlsuniversität im Rahmen des Programms PROGRES Q09: Geschichte-der Schlüssel zum Verständnis der globalisierten Welt.

Si le réalisme inégalé de son oeuvre pictural, la maîtrise sans équivaleut à l'époque de sa technique des glacis, la virtuosité descriptive de son art du détail et du portrait sont pour beaucoup dans la fascination exercée par Jean Vao Eyck, sa biographie offre elle-même matière à de stimulantes hypothèses. En sa qualité de peintre et valet de chambre du duc, Jean Van Eyck n'avait-il assumé diverses missions de confiance et occupé une position qu'aucun autre artiste à sa suite ne connaîtrait plus à la cour de Bourgogne ? Les documeuts à ce propos, il est vrai, restent sibyllins, comme ils le sont le plus souvent s'agissant des ambassades et missions diplomatiques 3 • Il n'en fallait guère plus pour que s'éveillassent les imaginations. Au nombre des mentions d'archive qui voient cité Jean Van Eyck, bien connues depuis les éditions qu'eu ont proposées James Weale 4 et Jacques Paviot', il s'eu trouve une qui concerne un voyage secret et un pèlerinage, apparemmeut liés l'un à l'autre. Ce document, un paiement repris au chapitre des mises dans la recette géoérale des finances de l'année 1425-1426, qui réîere à deux pièces comptables aujourd'hui perdues, une quittance donnée par le peintre eu date du 14 juillet 1426 et un mandemeut du duc du 26 aoftt de la même année, porte sur le Laboratoire Calhiste, équipe d'accueil n° 4343. Une version plus développée de cette étude, présentée aux journées des Orientalistes belges à Tongres en mars 2015, est publiée dans L. NYS, A passe ad esse non valet consequentia. Jean Van Eyck s'est-il rendu à Jérusalem? A propos des Trois Marie au Tombeau de Rotterdam, dans Entre Orient et Occident. Circulation des hommes, porosité des héritages.

Studies in the Crusades and the Latin East This volume focuses on the complex and often overlooked topic of crusading activities and the crusade movement on the fringes of Latin Christendom in the time frame from approximately 1300 to the beginning of the sixteenth century. It covers a period widely considered as a time of significant political, cultural and religious changes in Europe. A period in which Western Christianity was on the one hand still expanding (vide Lithuania and the western Rus and later the Spanish, Portuguese, French and English expansion in the Americas, Africa and SouthEast Asia) and on the other hand facing two mighty opponents: the Ottoman Empire and Muscovy. On its eastern and southeastern frontiers, Latin Christian expansion came to a gradual halt-here, the West was now largely under siege! Alone the political, logistical and ultimately also military feasibility of a large-scale crusade to liberate Jerusalem had now receded into a purely theoretical and practically almost unenforceable far distance. Ranging in scope from the Baltic Sea region to the Balkans and Iberia, this book's nineteen papers explore how these developments influenced the continuation and adaptation of crusading ideas and activities during this later period of crusades.

https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111218083-011

On August 20, 1400 the Roman-German king Wenceslaus IV was dethroned by the four Electorial Lords of the Rhine. On the next day, they elected one of themselves, Rupert III of the Palatinate, as his successor. The developments  within the Roman-German kingdom which led to these events, have been analyzed several times, mainly by German researchers. In contrast, Czech research has focused on the rule of Wenceslaus IV as Bohemian king, considering it a prelude to the forceful breakout of the Hussite Movement in 1419. Owing to these national perspectives, the entanglements between Wenceslaus’ two realms have rarely been examined. In the present paper, I will focus on a number of events in Bohemia which had an impact on the relationship between Wenceslaus and the protagonists of his German lands as well. I will argue that the deterioration of this relationship eventually played an important role in his deposition. Since the lands of the Crown of Bohemia formed the power base of the House of Luxembourg and since several members of this dynasty had ambitions within the Roman-German kingdom as well, interactions between the five male representatives of this generation of Luxembourgs were of decisive importance. From this perspective, I will analyze three events in  articular: the imprisonment of an embassy of the city of Strasbourg in the Bohemian castle of Schwanberg (1395), the murder of four members of Wenceslaus’ council in the castle of Karlstein (1397) and the events around his deposition (1399–1401).

Циљ овог рада је да покаже на који начин су обликовани владарска идеологија и владарски идентитет кнеза, а касније деспота Стефана, помоћу средњовековне дипломатичке грађе и сачуваних писаних извора, као и путем портрета сачуваних у српским средњовековним црквама. Велику улогу у томе имала је његова мајка, кнегиња Милица, која је, након смрти свог супруга, кнеза Лазара, морала да се избори са различитим претњама по српску државу како би сачувала наслеђе свог сина. Основне методе на којима је засновано истраживање у овом раду су иконолошки и иконографски методи, проширени студијама визуелне културе и литерарним методом.

The role of making conjectures in an edition of Roman comic fragments splits in two major aspects: The close context in which the individual fragment is quoted, and the text of the fragment itself.
As for the close context, our main concern are the attributions which are made by the citing authors, namely the name of the poet and the title of the comic piece. This information is used as categories to sort the fragments and to reconstruct literary history and should, therefore, be treated with great care. We will show examples of different problems in the transmissions of the texts that require conjectures, and how we deal with different levels of certainty of these conjectures and their consequential attributions.
Concerning the text of the actual fragment, we ask for the role of the conjecture bearing in mind that we mostly know nothing about the original dramatic context of what is preserved to us as a fragment. We propose to avoid both extreme scepticism and extreme self-confidence and want to achieve a most readable text without hiding our honest insecurities. The decision between printing the crux desperationis or a conjecture plays a crucial role in this approach.