Emission Control

Main focus of this dissertation is to Design and Develop integrated catalytic converter and muffler, which is low costing, using CAD Modeling Software & fabrication of the same. Catalytic Converter is developed from metal oxides which are readily available in the local market. Modern cars are equipped with three way catalytic converters which are made from Platinum Group Metals (PGM) and Cerium Oxide (CeO2) [1,2]. These days platinum is used as a lead catalyst in the catalytic converter which is both costly and it agglomerates at working temperature of catalytic converter [3]. Aim of this work is to use metal oxides in place of the Platinum Group Metals (PGM) and oxides which are required to import such as CeO2 and use honeycomb structure formed by stacking hollow tubes made of stainless steel one over another so as to increase the contact area through which the exhaust gases pass and also causing laminar flow of exhaust gases to take place through the hollow tubes [4] in compare to conventional muffler in which resonating chambers are used which are harmonically tuned to cause destructive interference wherein opposite sound waves cancel each other out. In this work catalytic converter is developed based on catalyst material consisting of metal oxide namely kaolin (Al2O3 • 2SiO2) and Urea (CO(NH2)2), in Wire Mesh substrate type. Here Urea is used for reduction and Kaolin for oxidation of flue gases, in which Urea replaces PGM.

A proper and synchronized fuel injection is paramount for a good engine performance, since it provides a homogeneous combustion among the cylinders. The use of alternative fuels such as Ethanol, Methanol and Natural Gas in automotive applications has increased due to the strict environmental regulations. These are used to reduce automotive emissions, especially in heavy trucks and city bus fleets. Most of these vehicles use diesel fuel as their primary fuel. Trucks and buses with Detroit Diesel engines have the option to operate using methanol as their primary fuel instead of diesel fuel.Due to the low lubricity of methanol fuel, the unit fuel injectors injecting methanol fuel have a shorter operating life than those injecting diesel fuel do.Using the computational fluid dynamics programs CFX and CFX obtained the pressure and velocity profiles for pre-selected locations in the fluid path of the injector. Locations of high and low velocity areas were determined to be performance inhibitors and possible failure points and Find the way to minimize failure points.

The objective of this work is to develop an silencer that can rectify Air pollution and Noise produced in this conventional silencer. Air pollution is most important from the public health of view, because every individual person breaths approximately 22000 times a day, inhaling about 15 to 22 kg of air daily. Polluted air causes physical ill effect decides undesirable a esthetic and physiological effects. Air pollution can be defined as addition to our atmosphere of any material, which will have a dexterous effect on life upon our planet. The main pollutants contribute by automobile are carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and Lead. And also contribute heavily to contamination of our environment so it is imperative that serious attempts should be made to conserve of our environment from degradation. An Aqua Silencer is an attempt, in this direction; it is mainly dealing with control of emission, heat and noise. An Aqua Silencer is fitted to the exhaust pipe of engine. Sound produced under water is less hearable than it produced in atmosphere. This mainly because of small sprockets in water molecules, which lowers its amplitude thus, lowers the sound level. Because of this property water is used in this silencer and hence its name AQUA SILENCER.

About 19% of the total electricity production is consumed in the residential sector and this fraction is expected to grow in future. Air conditioners, refrigerators, washing machines and other appliances are significant energy users in this sector. In this paper, the energy consumption and internal cabinet temperatures of 30 domestic refrigerators have been monitored to give an overview of the usage pattern of this appliance in Malaysian households. A questionnaire was designed to get relevant information regarding the usage of this appliance in the actual kitchen environment as well. This information is paramount in shaping or implementing a program that would get more support from users. The statistical analysis such as clustering and segmentation were manipulated and utilized in order to show the influence of the usage conditions on the temperature. The paper also calculated energy, bill savings and associated emission reductions by replacing an old inefficient refrigerator with a new efficient one.

http://eprints.um.edu.my/6895/

The industrial sector is the largest user of energy in Malaysia. Industrial motors account for a major segment of total industrial energy use. Since motors are the principle energy users, different energy savings strategies have been applied to reduce their energy consumption and associated emissions released into the atmosphere. These strategies include using highly efficient motors, variable speed drive (VSD), and capacitor banks to improve the power factor. It has been estimated that there can be a total energy savings of 1765, 2703 and 3605 MWh by utilizing energy-efficient motors for 50%, 75% and 100% loads, respectively. It was also found that for different motor loads, an estimated US$115,936 US$173,019 and US$230,693 can be saved in anticipated energy costs. Similarly, it is hypothesized that a significant amount of energy can be saved using VSD and capacitor banks to reduce speed and improve the power factor, thus cutting energy costs. Moreover, a substantial reduction in the amount of emissions can be effected together with the associated energy savings for different energy savings strategies. In addition, the payback period for different energy savings strategies has been found to be reasonable in some cases.

Abstract: Research over the past 10 years has illustrated an important connection between dietary choices, the food systems required to produce them, and the subsequent impact on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

Read this review and sign up to receive Energy and Emission Control Technologies journal here: http://www.dovepress.com/articles.php?article_id=19489

A Laser Extinction Method has been set up to provide twodimensional soot volume fraction field time history at a tunable frequency up to 70 Hz inside an axis-symmetric diffusion flame experiencing slow unsteady phenomena preserving the symmetry. The use of a continuous wave laser as the light source enables this repetition rate, which is an incremental advance in the laser extinction technique. The technique is shown to allow a fine description of the soot volume fraction field in a flickering flame exhibiting a 12.6 Hz flickering phenomenon. Within this range of repetition rate, the technique and its subsequent post-processing require neither any method for time-domain reconstruction nor any correction for energy intrusion. Possibly complemented by such a reconstruction method, the technique should support further soot volume fraction database in oscillating flames that exhibit characteristic times relevant to the current efforts in the validation of soot processes modeling.

Ship emissions have become a subject that has been widely addressed in the last two decades. The ships, whose role in international transportation are indisputable, appear to be examined in detail in terms of the harmful impacts to the environment. Many studies are carried out on a global, regional and national scale in order to reduce and control ship emissions. To this end, some regions in the world have been identified as Emission Control Areas (ECA) and the sulfur content in the fuel contents of commercial vessels wishing to enter these regions must be in lower levels. In this study, the economic and environmental analysis of the fuel changes of the passenger ships operating in the Bosphorus in case the Bosphorus is declared as ECA. As a result, it was determined that the environmental performance of the vessels improved significantly, and that there was an additional financial burden in the economic sense.

Main focus of this dissertation is to Design and Develop integrated catalytic converter and muffler, which is low costing, using CAD Modeling Software & fabrication of the same. Catalytic Converter is developed from metal oxides which are readily available in the local market. Modern cars are equipped with three way catalytic converters which are made from Platinum Group Metals (PGM) and Cerium Oxide (CeO2) [1,2]. These days platinum is used as a lead catalyst in the catalytic converter which is both costly and it agglomerates at working temperature of catalytic converter [3]. Aim of this work is to use metal oxides in place of the Platinum Group Metals (PGM) and oxides which are required to import such as CeO2 and use honeycomb structure formed by stacking hollow tubes made of stainless steel one over another so as to increase the contact area through which the exhaust gases pass and also causing laminar flow of exhaust gases to take place through the hollow tubes [4] in compare to conventional muffler in which resonating chambers are used which are harmonically tuned to cause destructive interference wherein opposite sound waves cancel each other out. In this work catalytic converter is developed based on catalyst material consisting of metal oxide namely kaolin (Al2O3•2SiO2) and Urea (CO(NH2)2), in Wire Mesh substrate type. Here Urea is used for reduction and Kaolin for oxidation of flue gases, in which Urea replaces PGM.

This paper investigates the economic feasibility of rice straw co-firing at coal power plants in Malaysia and in doing so looks at the operating, capital, and logistic costs. Co-firing rice straw in an existing coal power plant is a technique that could reduce CO2 emissions and make Malaysia less dependency on coal resources. In a country such as Malaysia with abundant biomass resources, utilizing biomass residue also would help reach government targets of developing renewable energy under the country's Fuel Diversification Policy. The overall rice straw life cycle assessment presented here analyses environmental, energy and economic aspects for co-firing of rice straw at existing coal power plants in Malaysia. Analysis of GHG emissions and energy consumption throughout the entire co-firing rice straw life cycle was based on selected coal power plant capacity output. This paper also analyses the implication of rice straw use under different co-fired ratios, transportation systems and CO2 emission prices. The reduction of GHG emissions was found to be significant even at a lower co-firing ratio. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0360544213004969/1-s2.0-S0360544213004969-main.pdf?_tid=2db74b38-a9c7-11e3-be4a-00000aab0f01&acdnat=1394616048_ffc1705266e2d6f9e6191721d7cd12e3 
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544213004969

Abstract: Over the past decade, shale gas production has increased from negligible to providing >40% of national gas and 14% of all fossil fuel energy in the USA in 2013.

Read this review and sign up to receive Energy and Emission Control Technologies journal here: https://www.dovepress.com/articles.php?article_id=24085