Fuel Switching

Ship emissions have become a subject that has been widely addressed in the last two decades. The ships, whose role in international transportation are indisputable, appear to be examined in detail in terms of the harmful impacts to the environment. Many studies are carried out on a global, regional and national scale in order to reduce and control ship emissions. To this end, some regions in the world have been identified as Emission Control Areas (ECA) and the sulfur content in the fuel contents of commercial vessels wishing to enter these regions must be in lower levels. In this study, the economic and environmental analysis of the fuel changes of the passenger ships operating in the Bosphorus in case the Bosphorus is declared as ECA. As a result, it was determined that the environmental performance of the vessels improved significantly, and that there was an additional financial burden in the economic sense.

As a result of the successful implementation of the industrialization plan in 1985; Malaysia has changed from an agricultural economy into industrial based economy. The industrial sector represents the highest consuming sector across all other sectors and accounts for about 48% of all total energy demand. This paper is concerned with an energy saving, economic and environmental analysis of industrial boilers in Malaysia when using variable speed drives (VSD). The results obtained when reducing the speed of water pumps by 60% show that 4 GWh, 93.6% of energy, RM 863,375 and 2,160 ton of CO 2 could be saved annually. These results represent high energy saving, environmental and economic benefits associated with this energy saving technology. ABBREVIATIONS Annual bill saving of VSD (RM/year) Annual energy consumption without variable speed drive (kWh/year) Annual energy consumption with variable speed drive (kWh/year) Annual energy saving when using variable speed (kWh/year) Annual emissions reduction of CO 2 (Kg/year) Annual emissions reduction of CO (Kg/year) Annual emissions reduction of NO X ( Kg/year) Annual emissions reduction of SO 2 (Kg/year) Emission factor of CO 2 (Kg/kWh) Emission factor of CO (Kg/kWh) Emission factor of SO 2 (Kg/kWh) Emission factor of NOx (Kg/kWh) Incremental cost of VSD (RM) Number of pumps Operating hours in year Hours/year Payback period of VSD (Years) Pump horsepower (Hp) Speed reduction ratio Unit energy price (RM/kWh) 0.7456 Conversion factor from horsepower to kilowatt Percentage of fuel (%) Percentage of energy saving of VSD Efficiency of pump

Fuel Cell and Distributed Generation Where new technological development can dramatically change how an industry operates, this entry will address how the development of a particular fuel cell could affect the energy industry and subsequently implicates changes in policy (that are more supportive of distributed energy). The solid oxide fuel cell, specifically Bloom Energy's fuel cell, is a technology lauded as a "game changer" in the industry. While there are skeptics of the technology's economic feasibility (based on knowledge of similar technology in the past), it is valuable to address this here because the technology has gained recent popular support and could involve real-time decision making for energy providers.

Transportation has dominated global fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions have risen in an alarming rate. Gasoline and diesel consumption for road transport have a faster growing rate than other sector and the trend appeared to be rapidly moving upwards in the near future. This has caused much concern in many countries including Malaysia to improve the sustainable energy of this sector. The focus of this paper is to analyze the trends of energy pattern and emission of road transport in Malaysia. On top of that, the review of prospective policies such as fuel economy standards and fuel switching to natural gas as well as biodiesel are summarized in this study. The study found that there is an urgent need to adopt suitable energy policy to balance the energy demand and reduce emission in this sector. This study serves as a guideline for further investigation and research in order to implement and improve the transportation sector. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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A model to investigate a fuel based optimality approach for strategic investments in the power sector is presented. The innovative concept of switching between the available operating fuel sources of the power plant over its lifetime is examined. More specifically, the case study examined, concerns an existing lignite power plant that may switch its fuel to natural gas, and from that point on it may either switch back to lignite or retain natural gas or routinely switch between the alternative fuels. This research concentrates on the electricity market of Greece, for the period of 2010-2030. Probabilistic models to forecast future prices are used in conjunction with a real options model to cope with alternative strategies. Depending on the economical and environmental standings of each period, the power plant can alter its input fuel to maximize profits or reduce emissions. Therefore, more options for the operating fuel emerge, thus reducing business risks and exploiting the most profitable operational option in response to markets instabilities (i.e. fuel price differences over time, emissions cost fluctuation, etc.). Strategic flexibility, security of supply, stability, and increased profits are the potential advantages of the presented model dealing with energy investments.