Electric Cars- A Scientfic Analysis

Environmental Sciences Europe, 2012

Background: Electric vehicles have been identified as being a key technology in reducing future emissions and energy consumption in the mobility sector. The focus of this article is to review and assess the energy efficiency and the environmental impact of battery electric cars (BEV), which is the only technical alternative on the market available today to vehicles with internal combustion engine (ICEV). Electricity onboard a car can be provided either by a battery or a fuel cell (FCV). The technical structure of BEV is described, clarifying that it is relatively simple compared to ICEV. Following that, ICEV can be 'e-converted' by experienced personnel. Such an e-conversion project generated reality-close data reported here. Results: Practicability of today's BEV is discussed, revealing that particularly small-size BEVs are useful. This article reports on an e-conversion of a used Smart. Measurements on this car, prior and after conversion, confirmed a fourfold energy efficiency advantage of BEV over ICEV, as supposed in literature. Preliminary energy efficiency data of FCV are reviewed being only slightly lower compared to BEV. However, well-to-wheel efficiency suffers from 47% to 63% energy loss during hydrogen production. With respect to energy efficiency, BEVs are found to represent the only alternative to ICEV. This, however, is only true if the electricity is provided by very efficient power plants or better by renewable energy production. Literature data on energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission by ICEV compared to BEV suffer from a 25% underestimation of ICEV-standardized driving cycle numbers in relation to street conditions so far. Literature data available for BEV, on the other hand, were mostly modeled and based on relatively heavy BEV as well as driving conditions, which do not represent the most useful field of BEV operation. Literature data have been compared with measurements based on the converted Smart, revealing a distinct GHG emissions advantage due to the German electricity net conditions, which can be considerably extended by charging electricity from renewable sources. Life cycle carbon footprint of BEV is reviewed based on literature data with emphasis on lithium-ion batteries. Battery life cycle assessment (LCA) data available in literature, so far, vary significantly by a factor of up to 5.6 depending on LCA methodology approach, but also with respect to the battery chemistry. Carbon footprint over 100,000 km calculated for the converted 10-year-old Smart exhibits a possible reduction of over 80% in comparison to the Smart with internal combustion engine.

IRJET, 2023

It is believed and proven that traditional motor vehicles are the major contributor for the depletion of fossil fuels, which effected the environment adversely. The study is done based on the secondary sources such as eBooks, case studies, research gate, and google books to investigate. The findings of this study show the milestones achieved in the electric car industry. Such as the reductions in charging time by installation of super chargers, the introduction of supercapacitors that ensures increased charge storage. Many of the countries including India has been providing many subsidies for the E-vehicles start-up and manufacturing of them by giving rewards. Governments are offering many subsidies to customer either by reducing the payable amount on car and further by reduction of taxes as they are contributing in reduction of greenhouse gases. In the way of our findings, it's also get to know that Electric Vehicles are creating much adverse effects on the environment compared to standard vehicles, that this is due to the fact that a lot of fossil fuels are consumed during the manufacturing of Electric vehicles batteries. It is believed that they create much more carbon print compared to that of gasoline vehicles. The conclusion is that there must be much more research that need to be done in the manufacturing of the electric vehicles. As of due to small scale the data is inadequate for us to have strong thesis over the manufacturing of the electric vehicles. There required a further investigation the sectors such as the state of more efficient energy storage technologies, longevity of storage batteries, which is 6 years currently.

The world wide determination to switch from pollution causing conventional automobiles that run on fossil fuels, to electric vehicles which are pollution free that function with electric power supply drawn from renewable resources, is eventually increasing. This review work aims at the study of journals, blogs and statistical reports to bring forth the evolution of electric hybrids, their sources of supply, pros and cons, their classification and major constituents. The major drawbacks of electric vehicles are analyzed and solutions are rendered. Characteristics of Torque development, CO 2 emission and factors affecting the deployment of electric vehicles are also briefed. Load performance, range characteristics, heat management, anti-jerking mechanisms, wireless charging and several other studies regarded to e-vehicles are included. The rising demand for e-vehicles, their sales and their substantial increase in numbers, government policies to promote the usage are also brought into the limelight. India's promising e-vehicle plan for 2030 and the steps taken to popularize electromobility are also reviewed. The journal summarizes that the renewable way of producing green electricity and concepts of electromobility will lead to a pollution free environment in the distant future.

We are all aware that the diesel transport is one of the world's major sources of black carbon. Not only it contains black carbon it also has significant warming effect, but it is also a major component of particulate matter, the air pollutant most closely associated with increased air-pollution related morbidity and mortality. According to The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) "motor vehicles collectively cause 75% of carbon monoxide pollution in the U.S. The Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) estimates that on-road vehicles cause one-third of the air pollution that produces smog in the U.S., and transportation causes 27% of greenhouse gas emissions." As global warming has become a stringent issue, we need to embrace renewable energy programs which help us to reduce the global warming and achieve more sustainable transportation options. Pollution is one of the biggest reasons that people gravitate towards an electric vehicle. The environmental benefits surrounding electric cars are one of the most significant factors in switching from a fuel-powered engine to an electrical one. The total life cycle economic cost and environmental impact analysis of Lithium-ion battery electric vehicles (BEVs) versus internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) are elaborately compared and discussed in this paper.

IAEME PUBLICATION, 2020

As the strategy for addressing the rising air pollution and energy consumption in the entire world, the development of electric vehicles (EV's) has been selected. Electric vehicles (EV) is the multi-jurisdictional program aimed at promoting the development, introduction or deployment of electric vehicles worldwide. The multi-jurisdictional strategy for EVI includes various leaders from different nations globally, including from Asia, Europe, Africa, and North America, respectively. EV's progress around the globe has been made and the reviewed assessed. In the last few years, EVs have been completed with the technical chart of traction battery, fuel cells, battery size, battery life, and electric motors. Depending on these evaluations, the numerous engineering road maps have now been analyzed and all the problems with EVs and the potential obstacles have now been established. The goal of this paper is to describe the current use of internal combustion battery technology and new electric hybrid vehicle solutions for internal combustion engine vehicles. The article will also address the benefits and disadvantages of introducing electric vehicles. When battery technology and the charging network continue to progress and consumers become more aware of these innovations, adoption rates for hybrid cars can rise significantly and turn Automotive and Petroleum Industries drastically

Performance, CO 2 emissions, lifecycle costs and advanced battery technology development

2020

The current paper deals with development of the electric vehicle which will be beneficial for future scope. The battery should be operated at the safe temperatures. Low temperatures or high temperatures can be problematic for the life of the battery as well as the operating of the battery. The commonly used battery is lithium ion battery and it need to be operated at optimal temperatures for efficient operation and maximum lifespan of the battery. This study is about the working of an electric vehicle how it uses the battery to power the vehicle and the parts used to power the vehicle. This study also includes the developments in electric vehicles recently. This paper also describes the comparison between the parts and components in electric vehicles. The major components are battery technology, charger design, steering system, motor technology and braking. The recent developments in the electric vehicles have been shown in this paper and the future of electric vehicles in upcoming ...

International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, 2022

Now-a-days, there are a growing number of individuals who care about environmental issues and global warming, both of which contribute to the rising popularity of electric cars (EVs). All throughout the globe, supplies are dwindling due to the increasing demand for non-renewable fuels like gasoline and diesel, which are used mostly in light-duty vehicles. Vehicles that rely on fossil fuels are not only difficult on the budget due to the volatility of fuel costs, but they also pose a threat to health of the public and the natural world. This study examines the evolution of electric vehicles (EVs), focusing on the latest developments in battery technology, converters, charging techniques, connections, and research obstacles. The present and potential EV markets throughout the globe are examined in detail. In electric cars, the battery plays a key role. From lead-acid to lithium-ion, all the different types of batteries are discussed in detail in this study. Moreover, we analyse the various recommendations for regulate power output and manage battery power, as well as the existing requirements for charging EVs.

2019

Environment protection in Metro cities is a growing concern. Automobile sector play a very important role in the vision of green friendly environment. Continual reduction of reserve of fossil fuel and increased level of pollution has further forced to think of alternative is an electric vehicle. Mission 2030 for Government of India-"All vehicle will be Electric Vehicle" has given a boost to the E-vehicle and it will lead to generate cumulative savings of 846 million tons of CO2 over the total deployed vehicle's lifetime. Many corporates have already jumped to this sector as it is future of automobile sector. Now, electric vehicle is a reality and available for local public transportation. This paper covers an overview of the present status of electric vehicles in India with respect to technological growth. Key challenges faced by electric vehicle are also discussed.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 2013