Plug In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Future energy technologies must be based on renewable sources of energy and they must be sustainable. This workshop will provide insight into unintended impacts of renewable energy and how they can be avoided. In order to steer away from the pitfalls and unintended effects it is essential that necessary knowledge is present to the developers and decision makers engaged in renewable energy. This is where this workshop is valuable in its discussion of unintended health and environmental impacts of various renewable energy technologies.
The workshop give the participants an introduction the the concept of unintended consequences, in connection with renewable energy. Furthermore, several approaches to improve the understanding of these consequences and methods for predicting them, will be discussed. This will include the concepts of rebound effects and consequential life cycle assessments (LCA). The workshop will encompass presentations and discussions of results from cross-disciplinary research on implementation of the alternative fuels hydrogen, electricity and biodiesel in the transport sector, as well as the assessment of environmental impacts from the production of solar cells. This will also cover impacts of the use of nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the various energy technologies. In-dept focus will also be on the formation of nanoparticles during combustion of bio-blended diesel, and the toxic effects of these new emission components.

We present the adopted motion control schemes of a novel current collector manipulator to be mounted beneath a heavy hybrid electric vehicle to collect electric power from road embedded power lines. We describe our approach of power line detection and tracking based on an array of inductive proximity sensors. The emphasis is on the adopted motion control logic for sequential and closed loop motions to detect and track the power line respectively. We implement the sliding mode control approach for the closed loop control scheme as straightforward solution given the binary nature of the inductive proximity sensors being used. The overall architecture of the entire motion control system is presented. Finally, the implementation of the entire control logic in a form of a state machine is discussed.

— Over the past several decades, the indiscriminate use of fossil fuels has led to the environmental problems, such as global warming, air pollution and energy crisis. Considering the vehicles consume the vast majority of fossil fuels used in the world, any improvement in the efficiency of vehicles reduces the above mentioned problems. In recent years, vehicle electrification technologies including, electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles are considered as alternative technologies for sustainable transport. In this paper, at first, vehicle electrification technologies have been reviewed and various technical aspects of electric, hybrid and plug in hybrid vehicles have been discussed. The different topologies of electric drive vehicles as well as the components that can be used to build such vehicles, including energy storages, electric machines and electric drives are discussed. As well the aspects and advantages of the electrical systems for performing vehicle functions traditionally achieved by mechanical systems are explained. Also the vehicles charging standards and the concepts of vehicle to building and vehicle to grid are explained.

The development of electro-mobility is one of the centerpieces of European country attempts to reduce carbon emissions and increase the quality of life in cities. The goals of reducing emissions from the transport sector and phasing out fossil-fueled vehicles in (urban) transport by 2050 present unrivaled opportunities to foster electro-mobility. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the literature and provides a detailed analysis of the current development of electro-mobility in Europe, assessing social, economic, and environmental aspects under a circular economy (CE) context. It also examines the existing challenges and suggests ways of addressing them towards improving the environmental performance of electro-mobility and the urban quality of life. The paper argues that a narrow technology-only agenda in electro-mobility will be less successful without the imperative of the CE, including not just materials and resources but also energy, to unlock the medium-term co-benef...

Now a days conventional energy resources are getting depleted and their use are causing environmental degradation. This problem is overcome by switching to Non-Conventional Energy sources. But a main problem is the availability of such resource at desired place and in a desired quantity. So in this paper, emphasis is placed on the use of Modified Wind Belt (MWB) to harness wind energy as it doesn't disrupt natural processes unlike other energy sources, it is economic, portable and ecofriendly. This paper furthermore suggests appropriate modification in the wind belt system to power up Hybrid Electric Vehicle's (HEV) Charging Station. The need of this effort arises as the world is inclining towards using HEV and the approach and availability of charging station is a practical constraint in this area. This paper is aimed at providing possible solution to this issue.

This report represents the different EV charging methods, charging power levels, and the infrastructure for EVs, battery infrastructure and charging power levels are categorized into three types: Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3. Charger systems are categorized into off-board and on-board types. Typical on-board chargers restrict power to meet weight, space, and cost constraints, On-board charger systems can be conductive or inductive.

—Rising fuel prices and environmental concerns are threatening the stability of current electrical grid systems. These factors are pushing the automobile industry towards more efficient, hybrid vehicles. Current trends show petroleum is being edged out in favor of electricity as the main vehicular motive force. The proposed methods create an optimized charging control schedule for all participating Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles in a distribution grid. The optimization will minimize daily operating costs, reduce system losses, and improve power quality. This requires participation from Vehicle-to-Grid capable vehicles, load forecasting, and Locational Marginal Pricing market predictions. Vehicles equipped with bidirectional chargers further improve the optimization results by lowering peak demand and improving power quality. Index Terms—Distributed Generation (DG), Distribution Market Price, intelligent Energy Management System (iEMS), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV), stochastic optimization, Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G).

Plug-in hybrid electric motorcycle (PHEM) is an alternative to promote sustainability lower emissions. However, the PHEM overall system packaging is affected by restricted area in an exceedingly motorcycle chassis. In this paper, a chassis applying the concept of a half-duplex cradle (double cradle) is analysed to apply in PHEM. The chassis 3dimensional (3D) modelling is built with CAD software. The PHEM power-train components and drive-train mechanisms are replaced with the same size and material blocks into the 3D modelling to ensure the chassis provides enough space. Besides that, a human dummy model is built into the 3D modelling to ensure the rider's posture and comfort. The chassis 3D model then undergo to the analysis in ansys. The analysis predicts the stress distribution, displacement and strain. The data are used to identify the critical point, thus suggesting the chassis design is applicable or need to redesign/ modify to meet the require strength. Critical points mean highest stress which might cause the chassis to fail. This point happens at the joints at triple tree and bracket rear absorbent for a motorcycle chassis. As a conclusion, this analysis predicts the stress distribution and guideline to develop a safe prototype chassis.

Two designs compete to become the car of the future: the battery electric and the hydrogen car. Even though both designs are part of the same trend towards electrification of the drivetrain, they compete in terms of R&D funding, supportive regulation and infrastructure. Both options are developed and tested in so-called technological niches in which they are shielded from regular market forces. The body of literature on technological niches deals with the development of single niches and their relation to the sociotechnical regime and landscape. With this paper we aim to contribute an understanding of the dynamics of the competition between multiple niche technologies.
The competition between the two designs takes place on the level of firms as well as on a global, industry-wide, level. In our case study we describe the competition since the 1990s and show how attention and expectations for both options have alternated in three phases. High hopes and subsequent disappointments of component technologies were main drivers for the alternations. On the local level there is room for multiple options at the same time, but on the global level attention and expectations seem much more focussed on either the one or the other.
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The physical and chemical characteristics of four commercial automotive brake shoe lining materials used in heavy vehicles have been investigated and compared. Relevant physical properties viz. density, water absorption and swelling characteristics were determined using standard test methods. X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and optical microscopic techniques were used to identify the constituents. It has been observed that all of the four friction materials contain phenol formaldehyde resin as the matrix. Other major ingredients were also the same in all the samples but their amount and size varied. These include asbestos as fibre reinforcement, barium sulphate as filler and brass particles as friction modifier. It was found that the swell resistance of the locally produced friction material compares favourably with that of the imported materials, but its bulk density was the lowest and its water absorption the highest.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924013604006430

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Towards a sustainable future, the adoption of eco-friendly distributed generation (DG) and electric vehicle (EV) in the distribution network is increasing rapidly. However, the stochastic nature of renewable-based DGs and high penetration of EV charging have some adverse impacts on power quality in regional distribution grids. To mitigate these problems, we have presented a novel technique of bidirectional power flow control for DG-coupled battery energy storage system (BESS). The verification and validation of the proposed algorithm have been done by performing several case studies considering real-time practical solar photovoltaic (PV) irradiation and wind speed data, and actual EV load data. For the case studies, we adopted the IEEE 13 node distribution feeder as the testbed which is implemented in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. We observed that, by intelligent charging and discharging of BESS, the proposed method controls fast-varying power generated from PV effectively, and i...

We have developed a fluoride shuttle battery (FSB) which is a promising candidate for the next-generation high-energy-density secondary batteries. Using the bis [2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethyl] ether (tetraglyme: G4) solvent containing 0.45 mol dm−3 cesium fluoride (CsF) and 0.5 mol dm−3 fluorobis (2,4,6-trimethylphenyl) borane (FBTMPhB) as an electrolyte for FSB, we have successfully conducted the discharge (BiF3 + 3e− → Bi + 3F−) and charge (Bi + 3F− → BiF3 + 3e−) reactions for a BiF3 electrode; however, the discharge and charge capacities significantly decreased during cycling. Atomic absorption spectrometry results indicated that, in addition to the formation of BiF3, dissolution of Bi (Bi → Bi3+ + 3e−) occurred during the charge process. The dissolution of Bi indicated that the active material was lost from the electrode, which decreased the capacity during cycling. An increased CsF/FBTMPhB ratio in the electrolyte was found to suppress the dissolution of Bi during the charge process and, therefore, improve the cycling performance.

In India, vehicles mostly operate on petroleum products and only very few number of vehicles operate on battery. When the vehicles are operated in fuel, it pollutes the atmosphere by emitting carbon monoxide in abundant. Air pollution is the major issue laid by all developing countries across the world. Automobiles have to find an alternate source of power for operation due to the shortage of fossil fuel producing diesel and petrol .Hybrid electric vehicle (HVE) is the new technology found since CO 2 is emitted in large quantity by the vehicle. In this paper we introduced a new system vehicle whose motor is run by both battery as well as internal combustion engine run with fuel as petrol. In this system a solar panel and a generator attached to the wheel to charge the battery are used. This system can operate on the three mode and compared to present automobiles it is more efficient regenerating braking implemented in these system. Due to energy regeneration fuel combustion, charging time emission rate get reduced. Mechanical and electronic system both sector are combined in these paper which indicate the fuel economic growth. In this paper along with solar charging use of energy management in a smart way is made.

In this study, the brake system training and test device and disc brake system and drum brake system were performed in two separate tests. Brake tester and drum brake system with different pedal forces in the range 50-250 N range, braking force, pressure and temperature values ​​were tested by testing the test device. The outputs of the experiment were tabulated and compared and interpreted on the graphs. The purpose of this experiment is to see the differences between the disc and drum brake system (such as the pedal force requirement, temperature differences). intended to be interpreted

In the 21st century green effect is main problem with respect to pollution. The automobile industry has entered into a new dimension in production of more fuel efficient, low emission vehicles and new or more energy sources of vehicle. The paper focus on IC Engine and electric motor are independently operated for combined effort to propel the Luna Moped. The rear wheel will design as it is as in two-wheeler with driven by ICE, and the front wheel is replaced with electric hub-motor drive, driven by batteries. Hub-motor is a mechanical transducer to convert the chemical energy to mechanical energy. As it involves compressor driven by exhaust emission the speed and throttling of main Engine can have direct impact on compressor which have by electrical output.

Electric vehicle penetration into the electrical networks is on upward trend across many markets. EVs are also likely to bring with them associated infrastructure for charging into the electrical distribution systems. This is likely to impact the electric distribution circuit and may even cause overloading of the vital equipment. With the advent of the smart grid, mechanisms like advanced demand response are posed to act as a countermeasure to this likely impact of electric vehicles. This paper articulates the state of the art technology linked with electric vehicles, the charging infrastructure and their impact on the performance of the grid. The impact of electric vehicles on the electrical distribution network is analyzed from both aggregated and scattered perspective. Demand response as a tool to enhance the grid capability from the perspective of electric vehicle penetration is also discussed.

With the advancement in 21st Century, there has been increase in usage of Oil and Gas leading to problems like Global Warming, climate change, shortage of crude oil, etc. Due to these reasons Automobile Companies have started doing research for making Hybrid Technology usable into the daily life. The Paper starts from brief history about Hybrid Technology and also some brief introduction on it. Paper will also discuss the technologies used in the making of Hybrid Cars such as “Hybrid Solar Vehicle”, “Hybrid Electric Vehicle” and “Plug In hybrid electric vehicles”. Our Paper is based on the explanation of such technologies, their function, drawback of this technology, efficiency of Hybrid Cars, Case studies on the present commercial hybrid cars such as Toyota Prius series, Astrolab etc and the fuels and raw materials used in the Hybrid Cars. Paper concludes on the advantages and disadvantages of Hybrid Cars and how this technology will take over the world in future and would become the alternative for Petrol and Diesel Cars.

A parallel power conversion based fast battery charger topology for electric vehicles is presented in this study. The proposed topology has high system efficiency as well as reduced converter size. The proposed topology also provides wider range of duty ratio compared to conventional topologies. The enhancements of the proposed topology are evaluated and the results are demonstrated through an example design.

With the advancement in 21st Century, there has been increase in usage of Oil and Gas leading to problems like Global Warming, climate change, shortage of crude oil, etc. Due to these reasons Automobile Companies have started doing research for making Hybrid Technology usable into the daily life. The Paper starts from brief history about Hybrid Technology and also some brief introduction on it. Paper will also discuss the technologies used in the making of Hybrid Cars such as “Hybrid Solar Vehicle”, “Hybrid Electric Vehicle” and “Plug In hybrid electric vehicles”. Our Paper is based on the explanation of such technologies, their function, drawback of this technology, efficiency of Hybrid Cars, Case studies on the present commercial hybrid cars such as Toyota Prius series, Astrolab etc and the fuels and raw materials used in the Hybrid Cars. Paper concludes on the advantages and disadvantages of Hybrid Cars and how this technology will take over the world in future and would become t...

There is growing interest in electric vehicle (EV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) technologies because of their reduced fuel usage and greenhouse emissions. PHEVs have the advantage of a long driving range since fuel provides a secondary resource. Connection to the electric power grid allows opportunities such as ancillary services, reactive power support, tracking the output of renewable energy sources, and load balance.

In numerous nations primary vitality hotspot for vehicles is their gaseous petrol and fuel, and the charging of electric vehicle batteries with clean vitality utilizing sun oriented autochthonous sustainable assets. Also, this is outstanding amongst other approach to spare the Earth from contamination. This paper manages the study led over the strategies and advances that give by which Electric Vehicles can be charged by sun oriented vitality.

Internal combustion engine vehicles are a key source contributing to urban air pollution. In order to reduce noxious emissions and reliance on fossil fuels, governments and the automobile industry have started promoting the adoption of electro mobility (EM) options over the last few years, albeit with limited success in terms of market penetration. This study aimed to improve the current understanding of factors influencing customers' intentions to adopt EM options. Building on the theories of perceived value and reasoned action, this study posits a behavioural model based on four dimensions of perceived value and two technical performance characteristics of EM vehicles with regards to their influence on customer attitudes towards EM options, as a precursor to purchase. The model was tested empirically using structural equation modelling analysis using data gathered through an online survey of 404 consumers in Spain. The results of this study showed that emotional issues, product price, vehicle acceleration and low engine noise levels have a considerable impact on consumer attitudes, which, in turn, have a positive impact on purchase intentions of EM vehicles. However, quality and social value were not found to have a positive influence on consumer attitudes. On the basis of this research it is recommended that, in order to promote the use of EM vehicles, governments and manufacturers alike should make better use of emotional issues in their social and product marketing strategies, as well as focusing on specific product attributes such as performance (e.g., vehicle acceleration and low engine noise levels) and value for money in terms of energy consumption.

Nowadays, Electric Vehicles (EVs) receive a lot of attention. However, their market breakthrough is not straightforward. This paper presents the results of a large-scale data collection (survey with 1196 respondents) held in Flanders (Belgium). The results include perceptions on the advantages and disadvantages of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), the acceptable driving range, the acceptable charging time (both slow and fast), the acceptable maximum speed, the role of the government in the introduction of BEVs, the preferred governmental tools to maximise sales and the consumers' Willingness to Pay (WTP). A second survey was held in order to investigate the impact of the level of knowledge of the consumers. The results of this second survey (n = 585) illustrate that knowledge has no impact on the level of acceptance for the driving range. However, consumers with more knowledge want a car with a higher maximum speed and desire faster charging durations (both slow and fast).

The paper studies a series-parallel hybrid powertrain configuration for the medium-duty plug-in hybrid trucks and Volt-like passenger cars. The series-parallel hybrid combines the features of the parallel hybrid and the series hybrid. Series-parallel hybrid powertrains with pre- and post-transmission configuration for the plug-in hybrid medium-duty trucks were modelled and compared with a conventional diesel and a mild/full parallel hybrid with pre-transmission configuration to explore the greatest possible benefit of fuel economy by powertrain hybridization. A control strategy for the series-parallel hybrid vehicle was developed, where the electric motor and the engine can work individually or together, depending on the speed and the power required for driving the vehicle and the state-of-charge (SOC) of the battery. The simulations were performed over the urban drive, highway drive, urban heavy duty drive, and the local parcel delivery drive cycles. The simulation results show tha...

The highest control layer of a (hybrid) vehicular drive train is termed the Energy Management Strategy (EMS). In this paper an overview of different control methods is given and a new rule-based EMS is introduced, based on the combination of Rule-Based ± and Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategies (RB-ECMS). The RB-ECMS uses only one decision variable and requires no tuning of many threshold control values and parameters. This decision variable represents the maximum propulsion power of the secondary power source (i.e. electric machine/battery) during pure electric driving. The RB-ECMS is compared with the strategy based on Dynamic Programming (DP), which is inherently optimal for a given cycle. The RB-ECMS proposed in this paper requires significantly less computation time with a similar result to DP (within 1% accuracy).

The sustainable development of vehicle propulsion systems that have mainly focused on reduction of fuel consumption (i.e. CO2 emission) has led, not only to the development of systems connected with combustion processes but also to legislation and testing procedures. In recent years, the low carbon policy has made hybrid vehicles and fully electric vehicles (H/EVs) popular. The main virtue of these propulsion systems is their ability to restore some of the expended energy from kinetic movement, e.g. the braking process. Consequently new research and testing methods for H/EVs are currently being developed. This especially concerns the critical ‘use-cases’ for functionality tests within dynamic events for both virtual simulations, as well as real-time road tests. The use-case for conventional vehicles for numerical simulations and road tests are well established. However, the wide variety of tests and their great number (close to a thousand) creates a need for selection, in the first place, and the creation of critical use-cases suitable for testing H/EVs in both virtual and real-world environments. It is known that a marginal improvement in the regenerative braking ratio can significantly improve the vehicle range and, therefore, the economic cost of its operation. In modern vehicles, vehicle dynamics control systems play the principal role in safety, comfort and economic operation. Unfortunately, however, the existing standard road test scenarios are insufficient for H/EVs. Sector knowledge suggests that there are currently no agreed tests scenarios to fully investigate the effects of brake blending between conventional and regenerative braking as well as the regenerative braking interaction with active driving safety systems (ADSS). The paper presents seven manoeuvres, which are considered to be suitable and highly informative for the development and examination of H/EVs with regenerative braking capability. The critical manoeuvres presented are considered to be appropriate for examination of the regenerative braking mode according to ADSS. The manoeuvres are also important for investigation of regenerative braking system properties/functionalities that are specified by the legal requirements concerning H/EVs braking systems. The last part of this paper shows simulation results for one of the proposed manoeuvres that explicitly shows the usefulness of the manoeuvre.

Will the electric car facilitate mitigation of GHG emissions in Brazil's urban environments, particularly in the megalopolis of São Paulo? Towhat extent can these technological advances solve the problem of GHG emissions from public transport and help to prevent the advance of climate change? This article compiles and analyzes updated information about the environmental impacts of cleaner vehicle fleets in cities and the potential for mitigation of GHG emissions from the adoption of electric cars.

Electric vehicles represent not only a very significant potential market, but also an important technological
option to reduce local air pollution as well as greenhouse gas emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels. The
working paper analyses the lead market potential for electrically powered passenger vehicles (battery electric
vehicles and plug-in hybrids) in China and in Germany. Both countries’ government have declared the goal to
develop a lead market and position its business as lead suppliers in the market for electric vehicles. The
comparison of lead market factors underscores the significantly different conditions in the two countries and
shows how the strategies employed by governments and other stakeholders differ in this regard. China represents
the case of a fast growing emerging economy whose car manufacturers have been trailing its international
competitors in conventional drivetrain technologically and whose government-led strategy for electric vehicles
aims at “leapfrogging” development by accelerating the market development for battery electric vehicles using
significant public spending on both supply and demand side measures. Germany represents a stark contrast. Its
strategy is not government-led, but a product of an enormous amount of coordination and communication
between government, businesses, science and other stakeholders in the National Platform for Electric Mobility. It
is lacking purchasing subsidies to foster demand, but has prioritized R&D and market preparation efforts over a
quick market development.
The comparison shows some significant problems in the implementation of the Chinese strategy that have partly
been addressed by shifts in the strategy’s technological focus, but several of them still prevail and hamper
possible market development. While the German market and suppliers are relatively well positioned to develop a
lead market, the actual development of demand and a market for electric vehicles is currently trailing the markets
in the United States and Japan significantly. The success of its strategy will be determined by whether market
development will accelerate quickly enough to catch up with the pace in the United States and Japan.
The findings of this study cast doubt on the potential of BRICS countries such as China to simply leapfrog
technological development in environmental technologies, such as electric vehicles, and to quickly develop an
industry that is competitive with established international competitors. However, the existing market potential
for cheaper low-speed electric vehicles in China – which has been ignored so far due to the Chinese strategy’s
leapfrogging focus – suggests a potential to develop a lead market for a specific segment of electric vehicles.
While the low-speed electric vehicles are unlikely to find demand in Western car markets, they might very well
represent an innovation design for price-sensitive customers in many other BRICS and developing countries.
Keywords: lead market, second mover, electric vehicles, electric cars, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
JEL classification: L62, O25, O32, O38, R4

The application potential of Li-ion batteries is growing as demand increases in different fields at various stages in energy systems, in addition to their conventional role as power sources for portable devices. In particular, applications in electric vehicles and renewable energy storage are increasing for Li-ion batteries. For these applications, improvements in battery performance are necessary. The Li-ion battery produces and stores electric power from the electrochemical redox reactions between the electrode materials. The interface between the electrodes and electrolyte strongly affects the battery performance because the charge transfer causing the electrode redox reaction begins at this interface. Understanding of the surface structure, electronic structure, and chemical reactions at the electrode-electrolyte interface is necessary to improve battery performance. However, the interface is located between the electrode and electrolyte materials, hindering the experimental analysis of the interface; thus, the physical properties and chemical processes have remained poorly understood until recently. Investigations of the physical properties and chemical processes at the interface have been performed using advanced surface science techniques. In this review, current knowledge and future research prospects regarding the electrode-electrolyte interface are described for the further development of Li-ion batteries.