Demographic History

The history of the Jewish Diaspora dates back to the Assyrian and Babylonian conquests in the Levant, followed by complex demographic and migratory trajectories over the ensuing millennia which pose a serious challenge to unraveling population genetic patterns. Here we ask whether phylogenetic analysis, based on highly resolved mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) phylogenies can discern among maternal ancestries of the Diaspora. Accordingly, 1,142 samples from 14 different non-Ashkenazi Jewish communities were analyzed. A list of complete mtDNA sequences was established for all variants present at high frequency in the communities studied, along with high-resolution genotyping of all samples. Unlike the previously reported pattern observed among Ashkenazi Jews, the numerically major portion of the non-Ashkenazi Jews, currently estimated at 5 million people and comprised of the Moroccan, Iraqi, Iranian and Iberian Exile Jewish communities showed no evidence for a narrow founder effect, which did however characterize the smaller and more remote Belmonte, Indian and the two Caucasus communities. The Indian and Ethiopian Jewish sample sets suggested local female introgression, while mtDNAs in all other communities studied belong to a well-characterized West Eurasian pool of maternal lineages. Absence of sub-Saharan African mtDNA lineages among the North African Jewish communities suggests negligible or low level of admixture with females of the host populations among whom the African haplogroup (Hg) L0-L3 sub-clades variants are common. In contrast, the North African and Iberian Exile Jewish communities show influence of putative Iberian admixture as documented by mtDNA Hg HV0 variants. These findings highlight striking differences in the demographic history of the widespread Jewish Diaspora.

An important requirement for biologists conserving vulnerable species of wildlife and managing genetic problems associated with small population size is to evaluate existing evidence regarding what is known of a species' recent population history. For endemic island species in particular, current genetic impoverishment could be due to either a recent population crash or a consequence of an evolutionary history of sustained isolation and small effective population size. Interpreting any given case can often be further complicated by incomplete or contradictory evidence from historical field surveys that might suggest a very different demographic history. Here, we use the case of the Seychelles kestrel (Falco araea), an island endemic previously listed as critically-endangered but now relatively common, to illustrate how genetic data from microsatellite genotypes of 100-150-year-old museum specimens reveals a recent and severe population crash since the 1940s to approximately eight individuals, before the population recovered. We re-interpret the historical population trajectory of the Seychelles kestrel in the light of the minimal intervention required for this species to recover. We examine different ecological explanations for the decline and apparently unassisted recovery of the Seychelles kestrel, review the evidence for similarly unaided recoveries elsewhere and discuss the implications of unaided population recoveries for future species conservation programmes. Demographic profiles from historical genetic signatures can provide highly informative evidence when evaluating past and future recovery efforts for endangered species.

The graphical representation of a social and cultural asymmetry: gender in matrimonial dispensations, between the Middle Ages and the early modern period /

La représentation graphique d’une asymétrie sociale et culturelle : du genre dans les dispenses matrimoniales, entre Moyen Âge et époque moderne

The origin and demographic history of the ethnic populations of China have not been clearly resolved. In this study, we examined the hypervariable segment I sequences (HVSI) of the mitochondrial DNA control region in 372 individuals from nine Chinese populations and one northern Thai population. A relatively high percentage of individuals was found to share sequences with those from other populations of the same ethnogenesis. In general, the populations of southern or Pai-Yuei tribal origin showed high haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity compared with the populations of northern or Di-Qiang tribal origin. Mismatch distributions from these populations showed concordant features. All except the northern groups Nu, Lisu, Tibetan, and

В последние годы среди историков и, особенно, публицистов, пишущих о революции 1917 года и Гражданской войне в России, стало своего рода правилом хорошего тона заявлять о невиданных в истории жертвах этих событий, о реках пролитой крови, которые делают Русскую революцию катастрофой чуть ли не всемирного масштаба. Причем до сих пор сравнительные оценки с демографическими потерями от аналогичных событий (революций, гражданских войн) в других странах мира неизвестны, а приводимые разными авторами абсолютные цифры демонстрируют значительные расхождения.

The history of the Jewish Diaspora dates back to the Assyrian and Babylonian conquests in the Levant, followed by complex demographic and migratory trajectories over the ensuing millennia which pose a serious challenge to unraveling population genetic patterns. Here we ask whether phylogenetic analysis, based on highly resolved mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) phylogenies can discern among maternal ancestries of the Diaspora. Accordingly, 1,142 samples from 14 different non-Ashkenazi Jewish communities were analyzed. A list of complete mtDNA sequences was established for all variants present at high frequency in the communities studied, along with high-resolution genotyping of all samples. Unlike the previously reported pattern observed among Ashkenazi Jews, the numerically major portion of the non-Ashkenazi Jews, currently estimated at 5 million people and comprised of the Moroccan, Iraqi, Iranian and Iberian Exile Jewish communities showed no evidence for a narrow founder effect, which did however characterize the smaller and more remote Belmonte, Indian and the two Caucasus communities. The Indian and Ethiopian Jewish sample sets suggested local female introgression, while mtDNAs in all other communities studied belong to a well-characterized West Eurasian pool of maternal lineages. Absence of sub-Saharan African mtDNA lineages among the North African Jewish communities suggests negligible or low level of admixture with females of the host populations among whom the African haplogroup (Hg) L0-L3 sub-clades variants are common. In contrast, the North African and Iberian Exile Jewish communities show influence of putative Iberian admixture as documented by mtDNA Hg HV0 variants. These findings highlight striking differences in the demographic history of the widespread Jewish Diaspora.

Población y política en la historia de Bolivia acoge doce artículos del historiador Herbert S. Klein; escritos valiosos y difíciles de encontrar hoy en día. Los mismos fueron publicados entre 1964 y 2011 dentro de una gran reflexión sobre la historia de Bolivia y engloban temas agrarios, económicos y políticos. Sin perder actualidad y apegados a una estricta metodología cuantitativa y documental, estos análisis escrutan demográficamente los ayllus y haciendas durante la administración española; luego analizan aspectos de la economía extractivista boliviana referida a la plata, estaño e hidrocarburos. Especial interés suscita, para una comprensión del desarrollo político, su análisis del impacto de la guerra del Pacífico en Bolivia y aquellas pesquisas centradas en la segunda mitad del siglo XX e inicios del XXI. En su conjunto, esta compilación constituye un homenaje a H.S. Klein, quien durante décadas ha contribuido al fascinante campo de estudio de la historia.

introdução na década de 1950, após a vitória da Revolução e da formação da nova República Popular da China, o Presidente Mao zedong conseguiu difundir uma palavra-de-ordem tão conseguida quanto generosamente expressiva: «as mulheres representam metade do Céu». 1 Hoje, para um historiador profissional, torna-se difícil precisar rigorosamente a cronologia desta frase célebre agitada milhões de vezes, mas é possível ligá-la com intimidade a um longo caminho de combate das mulheres chinesas contra uma milenar opressão social, económica e simbólica. Actualmente, seria também fácil convocar muitas outras dezenas de sonantes declarações de dirigentes políticos dos mais diferentes quadrantes e geografias que, no último meio século, foram dirigindo renovada atenção para o «mundo» feminino também transformado em campo decisivo de mobilização política e eleitoral. Algumas mulheres -ainda poucas, é certo -conseguiram mesmo alcançar os mais altos lugares das governações e administrações políticas, afigurando-se também progressivamente mais abundante o número de mulheres instalado nas direcções de grandes empresas e organizações económicas. uma 1 Uma pesquisa bibliográfica cruzada com o hoje inevitável «mergulho» nos sites temáticos da net permite verificar que a tradução da célebre declaração do Presidente Mao circula em inglês com duas ligeiras diferenças: «women hold up half the sky» ou «women hold up half of heaven». Esta distinção substantiva mantém-se nas versões portuguesas que modificam também a forma verbal: «as mulheres representam metade do Céu» ou «as mulheres são metade do Céu». Preferimos destacar a noção de representação e o substantivo «Céu» que se afigura transmitir mais adequadamente a dimensão metafórica da frase de Mao. veja-se sobre esta questão, entre outras obras, o trabalho colectivo dirigido por JIE, Tao, bIJun, zheng & MoW, Shirley L. (eds.). Holding up half the sky: Chinese women past, present, and future. new York: Feminist Press at the City university of new York, 2004. maioritariamente limitados ao enclave goês, 4 mas sem qualquer expressão no devir social de Macau. Isto mesmo aparece confirmado após uma estada de seis demorados meses através da cuidadosa observação do viajante inglês Peter Mundy, «ouvindo falar» na cidade, em 1637, somente de uma mulher europeia que agitava uma longínqua origem portuguesa. 5 Escrita nessa sorte de «época dourada» de Macau, consolidada com os lucros generosos dos tratos do Japão, a descrição de Mundy aparece repensada, algumas décadas mais tarde, pela pena cuidadosa do engenheiro francês François Forget que, passando por Macau em Outubro de 1698, debuxava uma dramática imagem do território, mas não deixando de realçar o predomínio demográfico e social das mulheres: on ne compte pas presentement dans Macao 400 portugais mais il a bien de 7 a 8000 femmes. La garnisson des forts est pour la plupart de cafres de negros et de toutes sortes de gens ramassez. L'extreme pauvreté a obligé plusieurs des principaux habitants de se retirer dans les Indes et d'abandoner leurs familles ; on ne voit plus que misére, que gemissemens, que consternation ou regnoient autrefois le luxe, la magnificence et les plaisirs au plus supreme dégré... 6 Existe constantemente nas fontes documentais que interessam para uma história social das mulheres de Macau esta contradição entre uma cidade dominada pelo seu peso quantitativo e a escassa atenção que a sua situação e circulação suscitou nos textos oficiais e particulares. As mulheres em Macau 4 Sobre os diferentes temas da circulação feminina clandestina, prostituição e figuras de mulheres nos espaços da expansão marítima portuguesa, bem como, ainda mais especializadamente, sobre a movimentação de orfãs remetidas do reino, veja-se, por todos, o estudo de CoATES, Timothy J. Degredadas e Orfãs: colonização dirigida pela coroa no império português (1550-1755). Lisboa: CnCDP, 1998. Alguns artigos mais parcelares e limitados podem ainda consultarse com vantagens em Mulheres no mar salgado, «oceanos», 21 (Janeiro-Março de 1995). uma perspectiva mais ligada a essa história nacionalista que dominou o período da ditadura salazarista em Portugal acolheu-se ao estudo de SAnCEAu, Elaine. Portuguese Women during the first two centuries of Expansion Overseas, in: 'Actas do Congresso Internacional de História dos 6 FoGER, François. Relation du Premier Voyage des François a la Chine. Ms., 1698-1700 (bA, Cod. 52/XIV/23, fl. 65v.) durante vários meses às estantes do meu antigo apartamento na Avenida da República com privilegiada vista sobre o lago Sai van. Muitas vezes, no crepúsculo da tarde, descansei olhos e mente fatigados nesse espelho de águas calmas, aqui e ali sulcado rectilineamente pela movimentação animada dos barcos-dragões. quando cai a noite nesta zona de Macau, são muitas as mulheres filipinas que saem apressadamente de um longo dia de trabalho doméstico nos vários prédios das redondezas, perturbando a calma desta ainda sossegada área da cidade. Várias vezes me interroguei sobre a sorte destas muitas mulheres pobres, extremamente trabalhadoras, educadas, profundamente católicas e quase «estranhamente» felizes nos seus risos rasgados e vibrantes conversas em tagalog. Serão estas jovens filipinas, agora, as herdeiras dessas outras mulheres que, ontem, entre os séculos XvI e XvIII, criaram famílias, limparam as casas, cozinharam, lavaram e acompanharam os filhos das «senhoras», assegurando com muito trabalho por pouco dinheiro parte importante do labor quotidiano sem o qual seria mais difícil manter as grandes «casas» de Macau? comerciante anterior, nada menos do que a ilha verde, antiga propriedade 5 A Outra Metade do Céu Ivo Carneiro de Sousa ao Padre Mestre Belchior. 15 Esta quase pioneira memória atribuída, não sem problemas, à experiência vivida de Manuel Chaves, 16 explicava em fragmento sobre as mulheres chinesas com alguma brevidade, mas larga prole narrativa, que têm os chins todas as mulheres que querem e casam desta maneira. Dá um homem que quer casar ao pai da moça vinte ou trinta ou cem taéis de prata e leva-a para sua casa; e, se lhe faz algum malefício, pode-a seu marido vender a outro e ficar com seu dinheiro de sorte que ficam sendo suas escravas. 17 um ano volvido, em 1555, escrevendo possivelmente de Lampacau, o mesmo padre Melchior nunes barreto que havia recebido aquela informação descrevia-nos a sua pouco sucedida estada em Cantão para tentar libertar cativos portugueses, aos quais, ainda assim, conseguiu morigerar as duras penas impostas pelo mandarinato da grande cidade. Descrevendo com indisfarçado espanto a sociedade chinesa local, o nosso jesuíta explicava acerca do mundo feminino muito rapidamente, mas com evidente interesse para a acomodação da moral cristã, que 15 Informação de algumas cousas acerca dos costumes e leis do Reino da China que um homem honrado que lá esteve cativo seis anos contou no Colégio de Malaca ao Padre Mestre Belchior (1554, Dezembro, 3 -Malaca), in: 'Monumenta Sinica' (ed. John W. Witek), Roma: Monumenta Historica Societatis Iesu, 2002, I, doc. 37. Advirta-se que todos os documentos primários e impressos utilizados neste estudo foram transcritos em português actualizado, já que não se percebe qual é o interesse em continuar a manter pesadas edições paleográficas, tantas vezes divergentes e de interesse filológico-crítico mais do que discutível. Estes materiais documentais interessam-nos rigorosamente enquanto informação histórica, pelo que a sua modernização convida o leitor a participar mais interessadamente na economia da investigação e, sobretudo, das interpretações sugeridas. As fontes não portuguesas são publicadas seguindo as lições originais ou das suas edições mais recentes. 16 Manuel Chaves encontrava-se encarcerado em Guanzhou quando Gaspar viegas escreveu aos comerciantes portugueses activos em Sangchuang sugerindo a organização de uma embaixada política formal ao imperador. Schurhammer defende como fonte de informação Chaves (SCHuRHAMMER, Quellen, p. 451, n. 6062.), mas boxer critica esta atribuição (boXER, Charles R. South China in the Sixteenth Century. Being the Narrative of galeote Pereira, Fr. Gaspar da Cruz, O.P., Fr. Martin de Rada, OESA (1550-1575. London: Hakluyt Society, 1953, p. 347, n. 106). 17 Monumenta Sinica..., ob. cit., p. 199. o trajo todo de homens e mulheres é honesto. Têm por lei castigar os adultérios. 18 Sete anos mais tarde, quando os primeiros jesuítas começam a frequentar Macau e a utilizar com vantagens os apoios e investimentos dos capitais mercantis reunidos no enclave para desenvolverem actividades religiosas no Japão, as primeiras cartas sobre o limitado território e as suas gentes começam a chegar como era de obrigação às casas da Companhia na Europa. Assim, num curioso texto epistolar da autoria do jesuíta Giovanni battista de Monte 19 para o reitor da Casa de S. Roque em Lisboa, escrito já em Macau, a 26 de Dezembro de 1562, esclarecia-se este panorama de uma «viciosa» população que, à excepção dos «chins», apenas aguardava a verdadeira «fundação» de uma «cidade cristã» sob a orientação da pregação jesuíta:

The West Indies represent an amalgamation of African, European and in some cases, East Asian sources, but the contributions from each ethnic group remain relatively unexplored from a genetic perspective. In the present study, we report, for the first time, allelic frequency data across the complete set of 15 autosomal STR loci for general collections from Haiti and Jamaica, which were subsequently used to examine the genetic diversity present in each island population. Our results indicate that although both Haiti and Jamaica display genetic affinities with the continental African collections, a stronger African signal is detected in Haiti than in Jamaica. Although only minimal contributions from non-African sources were observed in Haiti, Jamaica displays genetic input from both European and East Asian sources, an admixture profile similar to other New World collections of African descent analyzed in this report. The divergent genetic signatures present in these populations allude to the different migratory events of Africans, Europeans, and East Asians into the New World. Am J Phys Anthropol 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Η διασπορά των εκπαιδευτικών δραστηριοτήτων και η
πρόσβαση των διαφόρων κατηγοριών πληθυσμού σε αυτές υπακούει και στα Επτάνησα
στην σχέση κέντρου – περιφέρειας. Η πρόσβαση στα μορφωτικά αγαθά των κατοίκων των
απομακρυσμένων και αγροτικών περιοχών είναι δυσκολότερη από την πρόσβαση των
κατοίκων των πόλεων. Ακόμη εντονότερος είναι ο αποκλεισμός της γυναίκας από την
διαδικασία της σχολικής αγωγής. Στα Επτάνησα παρατηρήθηκε το 1879 μια μεγαλύτερη
προσβασιμότητα στα μορφωτικά αγαθά από άλλες περιοχές της χώρας. Η διαφοροποίηση
αυτή περιορίστηκε στα αγόρια αφού τα κορίτσια βίωναν τον ίδιο κατά μέσο όρο κοινωνικό
αποκλεισμό από τα μορφωτικά αγαθά. συγκριτική αποτίμηση της κατανομής των
επαγγελματικών δραστηριοτήτων κατηγοριοποιημένων κατά παραγωγική δραστηριότητα
και τομέα παραγωγής στα Επτάνησα σε σχέση με την υπόλοιπη χώρα μας δείχνει μια
ενισχυμένη παρουσία του πρωτογενή τομέα παραγωγής στην Στερεά Ελλάδα και την
Πελοπόννησο σε σχέση με τα νησιά του Αιγαίου και τα Επτάνησα. Τα Επτάνησα
εμφάνιζαν ενισχυμένο το εμπόριο σε σύγκριση με τα νησιά του Αιγαίου όπου οι
δραστηριότητες του δευτερογενή τομέα παραγωγής ήταν περισσότερο ανεπτυγμένες από
ότι στα Επτάνησα.

The clinal pattern observed for the distribution of Y-chromosome lineages in Europe is not always reflected at a geographically smaller scale. Six hundred and sixty-three male samples from the 18 administrative districts of Portugal were typed for 25 Y-chromosome biallelic and 15 microsatellite markers, in order to assess the degree of substructuring of male lineage distribution. Haplogroup frequency distributions, Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) and genetic distance analyses at both Y-SNP and Y-STR levels revealed a general genetic homogeneity of Portuguese sub-populations. The traditional division of the country in north, central and south, which is usually considered in studies addressing questions of the genetic variation distribution in Portugal, was not reflected in the Y-haplotype distribution. Instead, just one sub–region (Alentejo) stood out due to the presence of high diversity levels and a higher number of different lineages, at higher frequencies than in other regions. These results are reconciled with the historical evidence available, assuming that from prehistorical times down to the end of the medieval period this region harboured the most diverse groups of people and, because of economic depression, remained relatively isolated from recent homogenisation movements. The finding of a broadly homogeneous background for the Portuguese population has vast repercussions in forensic, epidemiological and association studies.

Spanish influence than that observed elsewhere in Brazil, a former Portuguese colony. Extensive mtDNA analyses of their Amerindian component gave clear indications of the presence there of material from extinct (Charrua), as well as extant (Guarani) tribes. Conclusions: The genetic analyses contributed in a significant way to reveal that the known cultural continuity between pre-and post-Columbian Pampa populations was also accompanied by an extraordinary genetic continuity.

This paper covers the Maltese demographic developments from the 1930s to the 1950s. This was done through the study of a leading figure in Malta, Monsignor Victor Grech. Grech is a leading Roman Catholic priest whose name is synonymous with voluntary organizations. He dedicated his whole life to help the emarginated and the poor. His more recent activity is related to the rehabilitation of drug addicts. This paper looks at his childhood days in Cospicua and the trauma that the Second World War brought to many Maltese families. It closes with a cursory look at the 1960s and early 1970s, when Grech was touted for the Maltese bishopric.

Background: The human history of Oceania comprises two extremes: the initial colonizations of Near Oceania, one of the oldest out-of-Africa migrations, and of Remote Oceania, the most recent expansion into unoccupied territories. Genetic studies, mostly using uniparentally inherited DNA, have shed some light on human origins in Oceania, particularly indicating that Polynesians are of mixed East Asian and Near Oceanian ancestry. Here, we use w1 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to investigate the demographic history of Oceania in a more detailed manner. Results: We developed a new approach to account for SNP ascertainment bias, used approximate Bayesian computation simulations to choose the best-fitting model of population history, and estimated demographic parameters. We find that the ancestors of Near Oceanians diverged from ancestral Eurasians w27 thousand years ago (kya), suggesting separate initial occupations of both territories. The genetic admixture in Polynesian history between East Asians (w87%) and Near Oceanians (w13%) occurred w3 kya, prior to the colonization of Polynesia. Fijians are of Polynesian (w65%) and additional Near Oceanian (w35%) ancestry not found in Polynesians, with this admixture occurring considerably after the initial settlement of Remote Oceania. Our data support a greater contribution of East Asian women than men in the admixture history of Remote Oceania and highlight population substructure in Polynesia and New Guinea. Conclusions: Despite the inherent ascertainment bias, genome-wide SNP data provide new insights into the genetic history of Oceana. Our approach to correct for ascertainment bias and obtain reliable inferences concerning demographic history should prove useful in other such studies.

Mitochondrial DNA sequences and Y chromosome haplotypes were characterized in Pasiegos, a human isolate from Cantabria, and compared with those of other Cantabrian and neighbouring Northern Spain populations. Cantabria appears to be a genetically heterogeneous community. Whereas Lebaniegos do not differ from their eastern Basque and western Asturian and Galician neighbours, Pasiegos and other non-Lebaniego Cantabrians show significant differences with all of them. Pasiegos are peculiar for their high frequencies of Y chromosomal markers (E-M81) with North African assignation, and Y chromosomal (R-SRY2627) and mtDNA (V, I, U5) markers related to northern European populations. This dual geographic contribution is more in agreement with the complex demographic history of this isolate, as opposed to recent drift effects. The high incidence in Cantabrians with pre-V and V mtDNA haplotypes, considered as a signal of Postglacial recolonization in Europe from south-western refugees, points to such refugees as a better candidate population than Basques for this expansion. However, this does not discount a conjoint recolonization.

Previous studies have investigated the human population history of eastern North America by examining mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation among Native Americans, but these studies could only reconstruct maternal population history. To evaluate similarities and differences in the maternal and paternal population histories of this region, we obtained DNA samples from 605 individuals, representing 16 indigenous populations. After amplifying the amelogenin locus to identify males, we genotyped 8 binary polymorphisms and 10 microsatellites in the male-specific region of the Y chromosome. This analysis identified 6 haplogroups and 175 haplotypes. We found that sociocultural factors have played a more important role than language or geography in shaping the patterns of Y chromosome variation in eastern North America. Comparisons with previous mtDNA studies of the same samples demonstrate that male and female demographic histories differ substantially in this region. Postmarital residence patterns have strongly influenced genetic structure, with patrilocal and matrilocal populations showing different patterns of male and female gene flow. European contact also had a significant but sex-specific impact due to a high level of male-mediated European admixture. Finally, this study addresses long-standing questions about the history of Iroquoian populations by suggesting that the ancestral Iroquoian population lived in southeastern North America.

Phylogenetic mitochondrial DNA haplogroups are highly partitioned across global geographic regions. A unique exception is the X haplogroup, which has a widespread global distribution without major regions of distinct localization. We have examined mitochondrial DNA sequence variation together with Y-chromosome-based haplogroup structure among the Druze, a religious minority with a unique socio-demographic history residing in the Near East. We observed a striking overall pattern of heterogeneous parental origins, consistent with Druze oral tradition, together with both a high frequency and a high diversity of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) X haplogroup within a confined regional subpopulation. Furthermore demographic modeling indicated low migration rates with nearby populations. These findings were enabled through the use of a paternal kindred based sampling approach, and suggest that the Galilee Druze represent a population isolate, and that the combination of a high frequency and d...

THE 1522 BAČKA SERF POPULATION ROLL

Due to extremely fortunate circumstances, the serf population rolls along with their obligations to Bačka, Bodroš and Čongrad’s county are available to the historians of today. The above mentioned obligations occured during the tithe census in 1522. Although only partially preserved (for instance, the preserved roll material covers approximately 60% of the Bačka county settlements, and in the case of the other two counties it covers even a smaller proportion of the territory), the list of names still contains precious and rare information in connection with the economic, demographic and onomastic history of today’s Bačka from the beginning of the new century.
Indeed, it is the best source of a statistical character from the 16th century for the territory of southern Hungary. The roll data give evidence in regard to the interim period during which a characteristic decline in the social and economic development level occured in relation to the previous ones. However, in relation to the Ottoman rule period, which followed, it still represented a higher level of the social and economic development, with a rather differentiated society, cultivated land and numerous settlements. On this occasion we have restricted ourselves to the onomastic analysis of the Bačka county roll only, due to the voluminous data that the roll provides. The research results encourage us strongly to even expand the geographical and thematic scope of this subject further.
Within the present analysis we included 2,095 names of listed chieftains. The general impression, on the basis of the obtained results, suggests that the observed area was a developed and consistent one when it comes to economic and social terms. Demographic, economic and social indicators state that the level of the above mentioned area development was higher than the one during the period of Ottoman rule, i.e. the continuation of its development achieved before the 1522 was the one that was not going to occur again until 18th century.
One of the indicators of that area relative development is the fact that the process of creating of the two-part names in the time of the Bačka county roll was in its final stage and that we have acquired the basis for our claim (based upon the uses of the surnames among the widows, based on the fact that the chieftains with the same family names are listed one next to the other, due to the consistent separation of the family names from the names of the functions, etc..).
Then we have found out that the surnames, back in 1522, were predominantly being inherited with the surf population, i.e. that the real family names originated from their nicknames. An interesting surname structure, by the motivation of their inception, testifies upon the much more developed labour division, upon the society differentiation, the existence of numerous crafts and a variety of other professions, so we have also noticed the names regarding the church, judiciary and executive power. However, there is also a noticeable number of surnames incurred in connection with military responsibilities. One part of the names refers to the existence of migrations, while they were (at least the ones that went in the direction of the observed area) of mostly shorter range, up to 30 kilometers, between the studied counties. The roll records even smaller-scale migrations from the direction of the Balkans, Baranja
and others, and the most frequent target of the migrations were the trading centres Sond and Bodrog. Unfortunately, an insight into the migrations, from the observed areas into the other counties, due to the Turkish threat cannot be gained according to the roll.
There is also a somewhat surprisingly small number of surnames indicating the ethnonyms, but there is some logic in it: the ones, retreating before the Ottoman threat, probably did not settle themselves right next to the border, in order to avoid the Turkish re-oppression. On the other hand, if we take into consideration that Srem,
at the time of the roll, was already under heavy Ottoman attacks, just a small number of the listed Srem population has ever raised issues regarding the reasons for such a situation: was it due to the methodological problems or specific historical circumstances? So, we have tried, with all the necessary precautions taken, to assess the ethnic origin of the names in the roll. According to the results of the analysis the three-quarters of the population have the Hungarian surname, approximately ten percent of them have the Slovenian ones, three percent have the German, Jewish, and others, and for the twelve percent of the surnames the ethnicity could not have been determined. A dominant Hungarian majority and the social environment, at the time of the roll, testifies that the settlements back then had the names of Hungarian origin or if that was not the case it testifies that they were written in accordance with the spirit and rules of the Hungarian language. It was the same with the names of handicrafts, occupations and functions, which were also recorded in the Hungarian language. The family names fund from the roll is very similar to the current Hungarian one. So, the roll does not include any or it hardly includes many of the German, Slovak, Romanian, Serbian, and other foreign surnames that are being so characteristic for the family names fund of these regions since 18th century.  On the whole, it can be concluded that this roll is extraordinarily valuable and certainly deserves further detailed study of the economic, demographic and social aspect of the one.

The "out of Africa" model postulating single "southern route" dispersal posits arrival of "Anatomically Modern Human" to Indian subcontinent around 66-70 thousand years before present (kyBP). However the contributions and legacy of these earliest settlers in contemporary Indian populations, owing to the complex past population dynamics and later migrations has been an issue of controversy. The high frequency of mitochondrial lineage "M2" consistent with its greater age and distribution suggests that it may represent the phylogenetic signature of earliest settlers. Accordingly, we attempted to re-evaluate the impact and contribution of earliest settlers in shaping the genetic diversity and structure of contemporary Indian populations; using our newly sequenced 72 and 4 published complete mitochondrial genomes of this lineage.

The small alpine district of East Tyrol (Austria) has an exceptional demographic history. It was contemporaneously inhabited by members of the Romance, the Slavic and the Germanic language groups for centuries. Since the Late Middle Ages, however, the population of the principally agrarian-oriented area is solely Germanic speaking. Historic facts about East Tyrol's colonization are rare, but spatial density-distribution analysis based on the etymology of place-names has facilitated accurate spatial mapping of the various language groups' former settlement regions. To test for present-day Y chromosome population substructure, molecular genetic data were compared to the information attained by the linguistic analysis of pasture names. The linguistic data were used for subdividing East Tyrol into two regions of former Romance (A) and Slavic (B) settlement. Samples from 270 East Tyrolean men were genotyped for 17 Y-chromosomal microsatellites (Y-STRs) and 27 single nucleotide polymorphisms (Y-SNPs). Analysis of the probands' surnames revealed no evidence for spatial genetic structuring. Also, spatial autocorrelation analysis did not indicate significant correlation between genetic (Y-STR haplotypes) and geographic distance. Haplogroup R-M17 chromosomes, however, were absent in region A, but constituted one of the most frequent haplogroups in region B. The R-M343 (R1b) clade showed a marked and complementary frequency distribution pattern in these two regions. To further test East Tyrol's modern Y-chromosomal landscape for geographic patterning attributable to the early history of settlement in this alpine area, principal coordinates analysis was performed. The Y-STR haplotypes from region A clearly clustered with those of Romance reference populations and the samples from region B matched best with Germanic speaking reference populations. The combined use of onomastic and molecular genetic data revealed and mapped the marked structuring of the distribution of Y chromosomes in an alpine region that has been culturally homogeneous for centuries.

This text is an appendix to an article in the November 2017 issue of the Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association. Its purpose is to provide researchers with a critical summary of the Ottoman census regulations promulgated on 12 June 1902 (AH 5 Rabiulevvel 1320, AR 29 May 1318) (Sicil-i Nüfus Nizamnamesi). Following my summary and analysis, four contemporaneously published versions of the regulation are reproduced: two in Ottoman Turkish, published by two Istanbul newspapers; one in Armenian, published as a booklet; and one in French, published as part of a seven-volume legal work.

Understanding the genetic origins and demographic history of Indian populations is important both for questions concerning the early settlement of Eurasia and more recent events, including the appearance of Indo-Aryan languages and settled agriculture in the subcontinent. Although there is general agreement that Indian caste and tribal populations share a common late Pleistocene maternal ancestry in India, some studies of the Y-chromosome markers have suggested a recent, substantial incursion from Central or West Eurasia. To investigate the origin of paternal lineages of Indian populations, 936 Y chromosomes, representing 32 tribal and 45 caste groups from all four major linguistic groups of India, were analyzed for 38 single-nucleotide polymorphic markers. Phylogeography of the major Y-chromosomal haplogroups in India, genetic distance, and admixture analyses all indicate that the recent external contribution to Dravidian-and Hindi-speaking caste groups has been low. The sharing of some Y-chromosomal haplogroups between Indian and Central Asian populations is most parsimoniously explained by a deep, common ancestry between the two regions, with diffusion of some Indian-specific lineages northward. The Y-chromosomal data consistently suggest a largely South Asian origin for Indian caste communities and therefore argue against any major influx, from regions north and west of India, of people associated either with the development of agriculture or the spread of the Indo-Aryan language family. The dyadic Y-chromosome composition of Tibeto-Burman speakers of India, however, can be attributed to a recent demographic process, which appears to have absorbed and overlain populations who previously spoke Austro-Asiatic languages.

While researching the historical toponymy, anthroponomy and topography of late medieval and early modern Zagreb County, I became especially interested in the late-feudal Susedgrad-Stubica manor. After I began reviewing the available primary historical sources, in the State Archives and the Archives of the Archdiocese in Zagreb, I uncovered a significant amount of serial historical sources which suit the spatial and temporal confines of the research. These documents, foremost 15th and 16th century church tithe records and manorial urbaria (lists of serfs and their obligations, wine tithe lists etc.) and 17th century church parish records of marriages, baptisms and deaths are not only appropriate for the traditional historical research of historical demographics, economic and social history, but also for the detailed study of core features of early modern rural, agrarian society, regional environmental history and microhistory.

In this paper, we study Malthusian pressures in a frontier economy. Using the empirical data on the real prices and demographic variables from 1688 to 1860 for Quebec and Montreal, we test for the existence of Malthusian pressures.  Bearing in mind the particularities of frontier economies and the development of the Canadian economy, we conduct a Granger-causality analysis for the time-series of real wheat prices, birth and death rates with the help of VARs in order to identify positive and preventive checks.  Using the Bai-Perron test we find a structural break in 1767 and divide the sample in pre- and post-conquest periods.  We find that the positive checks were operating in the years prior to the conquest but that they faded during the nineteenth century.  It follows that wheat prices Granger-cause fluctuations in death rates in the pre-conquest period.

Why in the pre-industrial period were some settlements resilient and stable over the long term while other settlements were vulnerable to crisis? Indeed, what made certain human habitations more prone to decline or even total collapse, than others? All pre-industrial societies had to face certain challenges: exogenous environmental hazards such as earthquakes or plagues, economic or political hazards from ‘outside’ such as warfare or expropriation of property, or hazards of their own-making such as soil erosion or subsistence crises. How then can we explain why some societies were able to overcome or negate these problems, while other societies proved susceptible to failure, as settlements contracted, stagnated, were abandoned, or even disappeared entirely?
This book has been stimulated by the questions and hypotheses put forward by a recent ‘disaster studies’ literature - in particular, by placing the intrinsic arrangement of societies at the forefront of the explanatory framework. Essentially it is suggested that the resilience or vulnerability of habitation has less to do with exogenous crises themselves, but on endogenous societal responses which dictate: (a) the extent of destruction caused by crises and the capacity for society to protect itself; and (b) the capacity to create a sufficient recovery. By empirically testing the explanatory framework on a number of societies between the Middle Ages and the nineteenth century in England, the Low Countries, and Italy, it is ultimately argued in this book that rather than the protective functions of the state or the market, or the implementation of technological innovation or capital investment, the most resilient human habitations in the pre-industrial period were those than displayed an equitable distribution of property and a well-balanced distribution of power between social interest groups. Equitable distributions of power and property were the underlying conditions in pre-industrial societies that allowed 'favourable' institutions to emerge with high rates of participation down the social hierarchy, giving people the freedom and room to choose their own fate - not necessarily reliant on one coping strategy but with the capacity to combine many different ones in search of optimum resilience.

It appears appropriate at this point to discuss in more detail the possibility of the Singularity being a product of biased human perception [as discussed in Chapter "Big History and Singularity as Metaphors, Hypotheses and Predictions" (Tsirel 2020a), Chapter "The Twenty-First-Century Singularity: The Role of Perspective and Perception" (Widdowson 2020), Chapter "About the Singularity in Biological and Social Evolution" (Malkov 2020), and Chapter "The Transition to Global Society as a Singularity of Social Evolution" (Dobrolyubov 2020)]. Widdowson recollects quite reasonably at this point the Weber-Fechner Law (see, e.g., Fechner 1966; Fitts and Posner 1973 for more detail), noting that this law "states that our ability to perceive change in a stimulus is relative to the existing level of the stimulus. Turning on your phone in a dark room lights up the whole room, whereas turning on your phone in a light room results in no perceptible increase in illumination" (see Chapter "The Twenty-First-Century Singularity: The Role of Perspective and Perception" (Widdowson 2020) in this volume). The global acceleration hyperbola is produced first of all by the systematic reduction of time between each subsequent phase transition/complexity jump, which produces an effect of hyperbolic growth of phase transition rate. Indeed, Weber-Fechner law might produce a similar effect-when compiling a list of phase

הכנס התקיים ב-27 ליוני 2021 ביוזמת המכון למחקרי ביטחון לאומי בשיתוף פעולה מחקרי של המכון למחקרי ביטחון לאומי עם מרכז עזריאלי ללימודי ישראל במכון בן-גוריון לחקר ישראל והציונות, אוניברסיטת בן-גוריון בנגב הכנס עסק בנושא דמוגרפיה וביטחון לאומי. במסגרתו הוצגו דעות השונות על הדמוגרפיה של ישראל במובנה הרחב על תפישת הביטחון הלאומי ואתגרים דמוגרפים
לביטחון הלאומי של ישראל בראייה היסטורית, עכשווית ועתידית.
במאמר זה רוכזו מחשבות שבחלקן הוצגו על ידי המחבר בפני משתתפי הכנס.

The history of the Jewish Diaspora dates back to the Assyrian and Babylonian conquests in the Levant, followed by complex demographic and migratory trajectories over the ensuing millennia which pose a serious challenge to unraveling population genetic patterns. Here we ask whether phylogenetic analysis, based on highly resolved mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) phylogenies can discern among maternal ancestries of the Diaspora. Accordingly, 1,142 samples from 14 different non-Ashkenazi Jewish communities were analyzed. A list of complete mtDNA sequences was established for all variants present at high frequency in the communities studied, along with high-resolution genotyping of all samples. Unlike the previously reported pattern observed among Ashkenazi Jews, the numerically major portion of the non-Ashkenazi Jews, currently estimated at 5 million people and comprised of the Moroccan, Iraqi, Iranian and Iberian Exile Jewish communities showed no evidence for a narrow founder effect, which did however characterize the smaller and more remote Belmonte, Indian and the two Caucasus communities. The Indian and Ethiopian Jewish sample sets suggested local female introgression, while mtDNAs in all other communities studied belong to a well-characterized West Eurasian pool of maternal lineages. Absence of sub-Saharan African mtDNA lineages among the North African Jewish communities suggests negligible or low level of admixture with females of the host populations among whom the African haplogroup (Hg) L0-L3 sub-clades variants are common. In contrast, the North African and Iberian Exile Jewish communities show influence of putative Iberian admixture as documented by mtDNA Hg HV0 variants. These findings highlight striking differences in the demographic history of the widespread Jewish Diaspora.

Evolutionary relationships of the tree frogs from the Middle East and the demographic histories of their populations were studied using a combination of mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Hyla savignyi and neighboring populations of H. orientalis (former eastern populations of H. arborea) were the main focus taxa. Within H. savignyi, a deep phylogenetic divergence dated about 8.4Ma was discovered. Southern populations from Yemen, Jordan, southern Syria and extreme north-eastern Israel are hereby described as a new species, H. felixarabica sp. nov. Our study points to a biogeographic connection of the south-western Arabian Peninsula and southern Levant and to the importance of the Dead Sea Rift as a historical barrier geographically separating the new species from H. savignyi. Major genetic breaks revealed within species (H. felixarabica: Yemen vs. Jordan-Syria; H. savignyi sensu stricto: Levant vs. Turkey-Iran) are probably connected to climate changes during the Plio-Pleistocene boun...

The extent of genetic polymorphism at fifteen autosomal microsatellite markers in 54 ethnically, linguistically and geographically diverse human populations of India was studied to decipher intrapopulation diversity. The parameters used to quantify intrapopulation diversity were average allele diversity, average heterozygosity, allele range (base pairs), and number of alleles. Multilocus genotype frequencies calculated for selected populations were utilized for testing conformity with the assumption of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The exact test values, after Bonferroni correction, showed significant deviation amongst Gowda (vWA, Penta E); Dhangar, Satnami and Gounder (D8S1179); Hmar (FGA); Kuki and Balti (vWA) groups. Relatively low number of alleles and allelic diversity (base-pairs size) had been observed in populations of central India as compared with southern and northern regions of the country. The communities of Indo-Caucasoid ethnic origin and Indo-European linguistic family (Kshatriya of Uttar Pradesh) showed highest allelic diversity, as well as rare alleles, not reported in any other Indian populations. Analysis based on average heterozygosity was also found to be lowest among the populations of central India (0.729) and highest among the populations from north (0.777) and west (0.784) regions of the country, having Indo-Caucasoid ethnic origin and Austro-Asiatic linguistic affiliation. The maximum power of discrimination (85%-89%) had been observed at loci FGA, Penta E, D18S51 and D21S11, suggested high intrapopulation diversity in India. Genetic diversity revealed by STR markers was consistent with the known demographic histories of populations. Thus, the present study clearly demonstrated that the intrapopulation diversity is not only present at the national level, but also within smaller geographical regions of the country. This is the first attempt to understand the extent of diversity within populations of India at such a large scale at genomic level. [Kashyap V. K., Ashma R., Gaikwad S., Sarkar B. N. and Trivedi R. 2004 Deciphering diversity in populations of various linguistic and ethnic affiliations of different geographical regions of India: analysis based on 15 microsatellite markers. J. Genet. 83,[49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63] endogamy / marriage rule), which potentially make every population a unique, isolated and important group. Many systematic (mutation, selection, migration and admixture) and non-systematic evolutionary factors (such as size, density, distribution of population and marriage rules) affect population structure, diversity (important source of variation) and equilibrium. Effect of these systematic and nonsystematic forces varies with geographical region and the population groups residing in the area. If a chromosome carrying a disease allele (certain variants of beta-thalas-

Understanding the genetic structure of Native American populations is important to clarify their diversity, demographic history, and to identify genetic factors relevant for biomedical traits. Here, we show a demographic history reconstruction from 12 Native American whole genomes belonging to six distinct ethnic groups representing the three main described genetic clusters of Mexico (Northern, Southern, and Maya). Effective population size estimates of all Native American groups remained below 2,000 individuals for up to 10,000 years ago. The proportion of missense variants predicted as damaging is higher for unde-scribed (~ 30%) than for previously reported variants (~ 15%). Several variants previously associated with biological traits are highly frequent in the Native American genomes. These findings suggest that the demographic and adaptive processes that occurred in these groups shaped their genetic architecture and could have implications in biological processes of the Native Americans and Mestizos of today.

In small and fragmented populations, genetic diversity may be reduced owing to increased levels of drift and inbreeding. This reduced diversity is often associated with decreased fitness and a higher threat of extinction. However, it is difficult to determine when a population has low diversity except in a comparative context. We assessed genetic variability in the critically endangered Cross River gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli), a small and fragmented population, using 11 autosomal microsatellite loci. We show that levels of diversity in the Cross River population are not evenly distributed across the three genetically identified subpopulations, and that one centrally located subpopulation has higher levels of variability than the others. All measures of genetic variability in the Cross River population were comparable to those of the similarly small mountain gorilla (G. beringei beringei) populations (Bwindi and Virunga). However, for some measures both the Cross River and mountain gorilla populations show lower levels of diversity than a sample from a large, continuous western gorilla population (Mondika, G. gorilla gorilla). Finally, we tested for the genetic signature of a bottleneck in each of the four populations. Only Cross River showed strong evidence of a reduction in population size, suggesting that the reduction in size of this population was more recent or abrupt than in the two mountain gorilla populations. These results emphasize the need for maintaining connectivity in fragmented populations and highlight the importance of allowing small populations to expand. Am.

The clinal pattern observed for the distribution of Y-chromosome lineages in Europe is not always reflected at a geographically smaller scale. Six hundred and sixty-three male samples from the 18 administrative districts of Portugal were typed for 25 Y-chromosome biallelic and 15 microsatellite markers, in order to assess the degree of substructuring of male lineage distribution. Haplogroup frequency distributions, Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) and genetic distance analyses at both Y-SNP and Y-STR levels revealed a general genetic homogeneity of Portuguese sub-populations. The traditional division of the country in north, central and south, which is usually considered in studies addressing questions of the genetic variation distribution in Portugal, was not reflected in the Y-haplotype distribution. Instead, just one sub-region (Alentejo) stood out due to the presence of high diversity levels and a higher number of different lineages, at higher frequencies than in other regions. These results are reconciled with the historical evidence available, assuming that from prehistorical times down to the end of the medieval period this region harboured the most diverse groups of people and, because of economic depression, remained relatively isolated from recent homogenisation movements. The finding of a broadly homogeneous background for the Portuguese population has vast repercussions in forensic, epidemiological and association studies.