Defence

The effective and sustainable environmental performance of a business is a result of various factors and most important the integrated outcome of the environmental management. Likewise, the integration of environmental protection into the armed forces functions has also gain interest for the military sector internationally. Therefore, the environmental management system (EMS) is recognized as one of the most widely used tools. This study provides a review on environmental management issues related to the military activities and their assessment globally. The multitasking characteristics of the defence sector result in the need for the eco-friendly related issues to be directed in a holistic and integrated way, with the help of a certified environmental management system. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) itself and NATO countries, like USA, UK, Canada, Holland, Denmark, Czech Republic, Greece, as well as non-NATO countries like Sweden and Australia have an environmental management system structure in place to assist military environmental management and studies reveal that the armed forces could anticipate positive outcomes from environmental management system. A case-by-case approach, of the above, is examined and based on the results, appropriate recommendations are presented, which may contribute to the environmental management system considerations as the most important tool for effective management framework and most importantly to evaluate its effectiveness as a structure for the defence sector's activities.

Efforts are being taken to make space missions more affordable. Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) is one such innovation aimed to reduce the manufacturing costs drastically. Developments are being made to make improvements on the already existing landers and also to make the full rocket reusable. This article examines the present state of the technology for reusable launch vehicles. and also aims to provide an enhancement to the already existing landing legs used on reusable launch vehicles (RLV) which can help the rocket land on uneven surfaces. This landing mechanism employs honeycomb shock absorber to absorb the energy during landing. The main purposefulness of this idea is to avoid the moment which topples the rocket during landing on uneven terrain. The paper also provides results from various analyses conducted to support the proposed idea.

ABSTRACT: UNASUR and its Defence Council (SADC) were created under a promising scenario of regional cooperation. Almost ten years later, a growing demand for regional cooperation arises, facing, however, low levels of political willingness from local governments. Through the lenses of structural and neoclassical realism, this paper suggests that the lack of support by governments, especially the Brazilian one, due to a change in how domestic ideas are developed, and a transformation in the regional balance of power, have contributed to these institutions’ quick obsolescence.

A biztonság fogalma jelentősen átalakult az elmúlt évtizedekben. A kétpólusú világrend felbomlott, többpólusúvá vált és régi biztonságpolitikai kihívások helyett újak jelentek meg, melyek váratlanabbak, bizonytalanabbak, kiszámíthatatlanabbak. Továbbá más típusú védelmi képességeket igényelnek, mint az előző történelmi időszakokban. A nemzetközi szövetségi rendszerek, mint az ENSZ, az EBESZ, a NATO és az EU közös kül-biztonság-és védelempolitikája jelentős garancia a kollektív védelemben, de közel sem elégséges a nemzeti biztonsághoz. A háborúk helyett a válságreagáló és a béketámogató műveletek léptek előtérbe. A megváltozott szerkezetű és súlyozású biztonságpolitikai kihívások mind nagyobb része tartozik a nemzetbiztonsági illetve titkosszolgálatok illetékességi körébe. A hírszerzésnek és elhárításnak a megelőzésen alapuló védelmi és érdekérvényesítési szerepe döntő egy nemzet életképességében.

Society expects the heads of institutions to uphold an ongoing ethical commitment and to manage public and private organisations with the greatest level of responsibility possible. This expectation is reflected in legislative reforms in Spain and in the growing implementation of the current Spanish strategy for social responsibility by the Public Administration.

This paper sets out the proactive role that ethical leadership and social responsibility should play as two levers for improvement in the running and management of security and defence institutions in Spain, as well as for helping to promote the commitment, innovation and quality of public services.

The exercise of ethical leadership is based on justice, respect for people, transparency, participation and sustainability. A culture of responsibility should be developed in line with the current Spanish strategy for social responsibility in order to foster the improvement of institutions at all levels, an increase in efficiency, and the provision of a better service to society.

It is observed that the biggest problem or complication that the cyber world is facing at present is not of its being a universal domain but being a domain which is still highly unregulated. For a domain which is clearly three decades old, the existing regulations are clearly not sufficient. Cyber space is replete with conflicts, and threatened by a variety of threats caused by different players like unethical hackers/crackers, terrorists and non-state actors, and also by the use of covert cyber capabilities by nation states. However, the global cyber community is more focussed on enhancing and upgrading the technology in use, rather than taking coherent measures to stabilise and secure the domain, in spite of awareness about the growing threat perceptions. This is evident from the fact that new advances and further upgradation in technology are taking place daily and, as a result, new threats are emerging, while safety and security related developments are put on the back burner, and are not so often in the news. Hence, there is an urgent need to rectify this scenario and a pragmatic solution has to be found to regulate cyber space to the extent possible.

Kanun koyucu, Türk Borçlar Kanunu m. 231 f. I c. 2 hükmünde, alıcının ayıptan doğan def’i haklarının, zamanaşımı süresinden etkilenmeyeceğini öngörmüştür. Bu açıdan, ayıptan doğan def’i hakları, satılanın ayıplı olması nedeniyle, geçerli bir ayıp bildiriminde bulunulmuş olması ve ayıptan sorumluluk rejiminin şartlarının gerçekleşmiş olması kaydıyla, başkaca özel bir şart aranmaksızın, alıcının kendisine tanınan yenilik doğurucu hakları, zamanaşımı süresinin tamamlanmasından sonra, def’i yoluyla ileri sürebilmesini sağlamaktadır. Bu kap- samda, alıcı, takas savunmasına ya da ödemezlik def’ine başvurabileceği gibi, bedel indirimi veya sözleşmeden dönme haklarını def’i yoluyla ileri sürülebilir. Bu çalışmada, alıcıya satılanın ayıplı olması sebebiyle tanınan def’i hakları incelenmiştir.
The legislator stipulates in art. 231/I of the Turkish Code of Obligations that the defenses of defective goods remain available to the buyer and are not affected by the prescriptive period. The defenses of defective goods enable the buyer to invoke their alternative formative rights by way of plea after the lapse of the prescriptive period without any further requirement, providing that the notice of defect has been duly given and the other conditions of the warranty of quality and fitness are met. Within this scope, the buyer could set off their time-barred claim, assert the defense of non-performance, invoke the right to reduce the price or the right to terminate the contract by way of a plea. In this study, the defenses of defective goods granted to the buyer are examined.

From butterfly gardens to photorealistic avatars and mixed-reality fitness, Facebook's rebranding announcement was followed by an hour-long exploration of the tools and experiences that may evolve in the company's vision for the metaverse. Unsurprisingly, this drove a significant uptick in interest, with search results skyrocketing for the term on Google. Metainspired metaverse hype seems to be at an all-time high.

Weronika Grzebalska begins a new Social Europe column by exploring how the liberal left in Poland has abdicated to the populists the resonant theme of women and defence. Today in Poland, the realm of defence is undergoing a silent gender transformation. So far, the illiberal government has harnessed its momentum. To overcome irrelevance, the liberal left urgently needs to catch up. When swaths of youth took to the streets in 2020 to protest against the Law and Justice (PiS) government over its abortion ban, analysts proclaimed a social revolution was emerging in the country. Led by young women, and with gender equality at its forefront, this generational rebellion showed that paternalist norms and prior political arrangements no longer matched the ways young people actually lived their lives. Yet far from happening solely on the streets, this transformation has long been taking place too in less obvious sites-ones the liberal left have failed to acknowledge, leaving scope for illiberal forces to capitalise on them. Nowhere has this been more apparent than in citizens' volunteer engagement in defence.

1800'lerde Aydınlanma Çağının bir ürünü olan bilimsellik ve aklın kullanımı, 30 yıl ve 80 yıl savaşlarından sonra gelen 1648 Vestfalya Anlaşması, Üniter Devlet felsefesinin yerleşmesine ve modern devletlerin tarihte boy göstermesine yol açmıştır. Weberci Devlet anlayışının da yerleşmesi ile üniter devletler uluslararası toplum içerisinde kaybolmamak için topraklarını ve üzerinde yaşayan insanlarını korumak için güvenlik politikaları geliştirmişlerdir. Tarihin ilerleyen sayfalarında 1900'lerin başında ve ortasında tecrübe edilen iki Dünya Savaşı öncesinde ve özellikle sonrasında ülkelerin savunmalarını sağlamak için planlama yapmaları gerektiğini ortaya koymuştur. 1900'lerin sonuna gelindiğinde geleneksel yapılan planlamaların çok da başarılı olmadığı, nükleer silahlar başta olmak üzere kitle imha silahları ve teknoloji yoğun silah sistemlerinin çok büyük insan kıyımı ile ekonomik çöküşe sebep olduğu görülmüştür. Küreselleşme ile insanlığın sert güç kullanımından ziyade yumuşak güç kullanarak uluslararası barışı sağlamada başarılı olması felsefesi yerleşmeye başlamakla birlikte ulusların kendilerini sadece fiziksel değil birçok parametre ile geniş güvenlik anlayışı ile koruma ihtiyacı devam etmiştir. Gelişen dünya düzeninde devletler artık sadece tahmin edilebilir bir gelecek kalmadığından belirsizliklerden oluşan bir manzume içinde yaşayabilmenin metodlarını bulmak zorunda kalmıştır. Devletlerin, topraklarında yaşayan insan ve canlılarla birlikte yaşamlarını sürdürebilmek ve özel şirketler ise karlılıklarına etkin bir şekilde başarıyla devam etmek için uzun vadeli planlama yapmaları şart olmuştur. Bilgi sistem teknolojilerindeki son gelişmeler uzun dönem planlamalarını, analitik ve yeni bilimsel metodolojiler ile pratik ve kullanılabilir şekilde yapılabilmesini sağlamıştır. Devletlerin güvenliğinden sorumlu olan savunma birimleri ülkenin savunmasını sağlamak için kısa, orta ve uzun vadeli planlamalarını birçok yöntem ile gerçekleştirir iken bu kitap bölümünde belirsizliklerin bol olduğu ortamlarda güçlü yönleriyle öne çıkan bir yöntem olan senaryo analizi yaklaşımı üzerinde durulacaktır. İlerleyen bölümlerde sırasıyla savunma planlaması ile günümüzde geleceğe dair yaşanan belirsizlikler, stratejik planlamada kullanılabilecek bazı bilimsel metodlar, bu metodlardan özel olarak güçlü ve zayıf tarafları ile senaryo analizi, senaryo analizinin gerçekleştirilme aşamaları anlatılacaktır.

Secret surveillance measures (SSM), applied in criminal procedure, represent a temporary curtailment of rights guaranteed by the Constitution of Montenegro and by the European Convention on Human Rights. They are applied in dealing with serious criminal offences and are used as an instrument for the fight against corruption and organised crime. Nevertheless, having in mind the possibilities for misuse of SSM, it is especially important to exercise continuous control and to develop oversight mechanisms for their application. Despite their importance, SSM applied in criminal procedure fall outside the sphere of interest of all levels of institutional control and, therefore, elude all forms of accountability.

SSM in criminal procedure are applied with the aim of providing evidence for precisely defined criminal offences for which these measures can be ordered. SSM are prescribed by the Criminal Procedure Code (CPC), stipulating that, based on the ‘written order by the investigative judge at the motion of the State Prosecutor containing a statement of reasons’, the following measures can be applied: 1. secret surveillance and technical recording of telephone conversations, i.e. other communication carried out through devices for distance technical communication, as well as private conversations held in private or public premises or at open; 2. secret photographing and video recording in private premises; 3. secret supervision and technical recording of persons and objects. Based on the motion of police authorities containing a statement of reasons, the following measures can be applied via a written order by the State Prosecutor: 1. simulated purchase of objects or persons and simulated giving and taking of bribe; 2. supervision over the transportation and delivery of objects of criminal offence; 3. recording conversations upon previous informing and obtaining the consent of one of interlocutors; 4. use of undercover investigators and collaborators.

Forms of control over the application of SSM in criminal procedure are: 1) ex ante: judicial/prosecutorial in the form of approving measures; 2) during the application of measures: the Internal Control of the Police possesses the most important oversight mechanisms; 3) ex post: control of the procedure before the courts; parliamentary oversight; civilian control of the police; independent institutions: Personal Data Protection Agency and the Ombudsman.

By analysing the legal framework and practice, the intent of the author of this research report is to indicate the shortcomings in exercising democratic and civilian control over the application of SSM, thereby providing recommendations for enhancing the oversight of their application.

Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) functions, include a wide variety of systems for acquiring and processing information needed by national security decision makers and military commanders, thus forming the principal elements of defense capabilities of any country. ISR systems range in size from hand-held devices to orbiting satellites. Some collect basic information for a wide range of analytical products; others are designed to acquire data for specific weapons systems. Some are "national" systems intended primarily to collect information of interest to the Intelligence agencies; others are "tactical" systems intended to support military commanders on the battlefield. Shoghi's Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) products and programs (sensors, platforms, systems and services) are designed and developed for our Intelligence customers, to provide them with auto processed Intelligence feed. Shoghi has considerable years of experience providing pre-integrated or site installable Intelligence collection and Automated Signal processing systems to our military and defence customers. Shoghi's solutions for Communication Surveillance and Intelligence include communication intercept and collection systems, signal analysis and processing tools and high end stand-alone decoding and demodulation systems which can be integrated into customer's existing intelligence systems. Shoghi provides a total turnkey solution that can be installed at the customer site. This includes all related civil works, antenna installation, equipment integration, on-site customer extensive training and lifelong maintenance programs. Get more Information's Download brochures

Is nuclear strategic reason rational? Barack Obama’s April 2009 speech looking towards a world free of nuclear weapons appeared to promise positive new directions in global disarmament and non-proliferation. Yet it came on the heels of one of the most destabilising periods in global nuclear security since the early 1980s. This article argues that the growing interpenetration of nuclear and conventional conflict, and the dangers of nuclear terrorism, provide disarmament with compelling security logic. However, progress will hinge on key states adopting nuclear postures that reduce nuclear dangers and can acknowledge the fundamental impossibility of nuclear strategy as a system of reason: one that has never been able to connect nuclear means and security ends in a way that is either viable or legitimate. In an era of radically asymmetric conflict and competition, disarmament is an imperative, but to succeed it must find a rational way through strategic irrationality.

The new national security risks, challenges and threats that appeared after 1990 and changed in their structure and weight, have – for the 21st century – demanded also in Hungary a more rational and task-oriented, more rapidly acting and more economical defense and interest-enforcing
system, with special regard to the Hungarian national security services. The divided national security institution system established during the political change of system – and further polarized in the summer of 2010 – is incapable to satisfactorily ensure the most efficient and
optimal use of the resources available for Hungary’s defense and interest-enforcement, as well as to provide an appropriate governmental

The Future Frigates Program SEA 5000 is the largest naval shipbuilding project in Australian history, the centre piece of the continuous National Naval Shipbuilding Enterprise. This paper, by former Parliamentary Secretary for Defence David Feeney shows that Australia will be paying nearly double per frigate as compared to the contemporary US and UK Frigate programs. Even though the Strategic Update 2020 highlights Australia’s rapidly deteriorating strategic environment, Feeney shows the Government has deliberately structured the frigate program so that it delivers capability more slowly (extended to 2044) and at greater cost (an additional A$9.3 billion). He argues the key reason for this deliberate slow down in the construction rate of the frigates is to enable the “implementation of a stable, deliberate and continuous shipbuilding drumbeat” so as to “end the ‘boom and bust’ cycle of naval shipbuilding, delivering sovereign capability and certainty for industry.” The paper explores the challenges of shipbuilding, the policy tensions and trade offs, and offers suggestions for how to get SEA5000 back on track.

This volume explores the way governments endeavoured to build and maintain public support for the war in Afghanistan, combining new insights on the effects of strategic narratives with an exhaustive series of case studies.

In contemporary wars, with public opinion impacting heavily on outcomes, strategic narratives provide a grid for interpreting the why, what and how of the conflict. This book asks how public support for the deployment of military troops to Afghanistan was garnered, sustained or lost in thirteen contributing nations. Public attitudes in the US, Canada, Australia and Europe towards the use of military force were greatly shaped by the cohesiveness and content of the strategic narratives employed by national policy-makers. Assessing the ability of countries to craft a successful strategic narrative, the book addresses the following key areas: 1) how governments employ strategic narratives to gain public support; 2) how strategic narratives develop during the course of the conflict; 3) how these narratives are disseminated, framed and perceived through various media outlets; 4) how domestic audiences respond to strategic narratives; 5) how this interplay is conditioned by both events on the ground, in Afghanistan, and by structural elements of the domestic political systems.

This book will be of much interest to students of international intervention, foreign policy, political communication, international security, strategic studies and IR in general.

Cloud computing is envisioned as the next generation architecture for IT Enterprises, and has proliferated
itself due to the advantages it provides.Cloud computing provides solutions for carrying out efficient, scalable and low cost computing. The pay per usage concept of Cloud computing increases the resource utilisation of a vendor’s computing power and resources; at the same time,it results in reduced hardware costs forits users. It also provides access mobility, easier maintenance, scalabilityand operability in terms
of its management and usage. Because of the facilities and solutions it provides to the industry for the next generation computing, it is vulnerable to a variety of known and unknown attacks from attackers.Hence, securinga Cloud environment is a critical problem that needs urgent attention.This articlefocuses on a taxonomy of possible attacks on a Cloud environment and a taxonomy of the defence .The attack taxonomy describes existing threats on Cloud security, and the defence taxonomy gives a classification of the various counter measures that can be taken to protect the Cloud environment from such attacks. The aim of this article is to provideresearchers, academicians and industry with a better understanding of existing attacks and defence mechanisms on Cloud security.This is to provide a clearvision of the challenges that should be worked onto ensure next generation security forCloud computing

The advent of blockchain technology has caused a particular excitement across businesses and governments. Many researchers remain sceptical about the advantages of blockchain for DoD operations, and some point out that the structure of the technology may impede them. The so-called “immutability” of data in a blockchain is guaranteed as long as the network is big enough and the participation is well distributed among the users. But as we shall see, this isn’t always the case, and the defence sector should be aware of it. If a user is infected in a permissionless network (a network which you can join without having to ask for permission), and other users are aware of it, they can easily ignore him and the blocks he is attempting to post. But if data from a permissioned network owner or consortium member is accessed, it will have more severe implications. If the owner or part of the consortium is compromised, so is the network. Blockchain isn’t as invulnerable as is often thought, and we shall delve into its challenges and limits regarding its implementation in the defence sector. In this paper, we will examine how blockchain works and discuss its civilian and military uses. We shall see how numerous departments of defence all over the world are working on implementing blockchain technology for defence and security purposes.

These three territories share the following traits: their sovereignty and precise legal status is disputed, they enjoy democratic political systems, China is directly or indirectly a party to the dispute, in case of an outbreak of hostilities sea denial and amphibious capabilities would be crucial, and under those circumstances the countries attacked would all seek the support of the United States.

The short story “The Secret Life of Walter Mitty” was first published in the USA in 1939 - the times of a great depression, the pre-war state of the country having an impact on people’s mental state. On the example of the protagonist (Walter) the reader learns about the repercussions which can be caused by the aggressive (death) drive dominance over the other drives. But in order to protect a personality, one might subconsciously redirect the unconscious drives, so that according to Freud, everyone has his/her own defense mechanisms. In Walter Mitty’s case, fantasies act as a defense.

Az 1990 óta jelentkező megváltozott szerkezetű és súlyozású biztonsági kockázatok kihívások, veszélyforrások a Magyar Köztársaság vonatkozásában is sokkal racionálisabb, feladatorientáltabb, gyorsabb reagálású és gazdaságosabb működésű védelmi és érdekérvényesítési rendszert igényelnek a XXI. században, különös tekintettel a magyar nemzetbiztonsági szolgálatokra. A rendszerváltást követően létrejött osztott – 2010 nyarán tovább polarizálódó – nemzetbiztonsági intézményrendszer, illetve az ebből fakadó széttagolt védelemirányítás nem biztosítja megfelelően az ország védelmi és érdekérvényesítési erőforrásainak leghatékonyabb, optimalizált felhasználását, működtetését, valamint a kormányzati szintű stratégiai tervezést, különös tekintettel a megváltozott szerkezetű és súlyozású XXI. századi biztonsági kihívásokra.

, three Chinese Coast Guard (CCG) ships, using water cannons, blocked two Philippine vessels en route to transport supplies to military personnel stationed in BRP Sierra Madre in Ayungin Shoal. 2 Although the troops subsequently received the supplies, the episode is part of a series of incidents in the South China Sea (SCS) where China has been employing gray zone coercion tactics to advance its interests in the area. Indeed, in September 2021, Philippine Foreign Secretary Teodoro Locsin Jr ordered the filing of diplomatic protests against the People's Republic of China (PRC) because of, among others, the continued presence of its fishing vessels in the vicinity of Iroquois Reef, and the unlawful restriction of Filipino fishermen from conducting lawful fishing activities in Scarborough shoal. 3 Days after Sec. Locsin issued his guidance, the Malaysian Foreign Ministry announced that it summoned the Chinese ambassador in order to convey related concerns. 4 Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, a Vietnamese fishing vessel was rammed and sunk by the CCG in April 2020. 5 Having experienced a similar incident in 2019, the Philippines expressed support for Viet Nam. 6 The aforementioned recent incidents in the SCS are part of the increasing number of gray zone challenges in the region. While not outright armed hostilities, these gray zone challenges are, in the past couple of years, becoming among the major security concerns in the region. This two-part policy brief aims to examine the strategic context of gray zone challenges, as well as to explore the role that the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) can play to manage or address the said challenges. This first part seeks to answer the question: How do gray zone coercion tactics figure in the geopolitical environment of the Indo-Asia-Pacific region? In addition, this paper will also answer the following: 1) What are gray zone challenges? 2) How does China employ gray zone coercion tactics in the maritime domain of Southeast Asia, particularly in the SCS? Guided by the Power Transition Theory (PTT), this Executive Policy Brief (EPB) argues that gray zone coercion tactics are part of China's efforts to alter the status quo in its favor. In order to achieve its strategic objectives while not provoking armed hostilities, Beijing prefers a more incremental approach in challenging the international order. It is in this context that gray zone coercion challenges figure in the regional security environment. Key Points • Coupled with the closing gap between the hegemon and the challenger, instability and uncertainty are-according to the Power Transition Theory (PTT)-heightened when the former fears that the latter will, among others, challenge the rules and leadership of the international order.

Examining the geopolitical dynamics of the Asia-Pacific, this paper argues that the main security interest of the Philippines is to ensure that Cross-Strait relations remain peaceful and stable. In particular, this suggests maintaining the status quo on Taiwan’s political status. Changing the status quo, either by Taiwan or China (or by an external power), may lead to armed conflict. A relatively autonomous Taiwan would remain as strategic buffer against Beijing’s intent to dominate the first island chain—thus enabling a balance of power favorable to the Philippines and other like-minded countries in the region.

http://www.ndcp.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/publications/2021/NDCP%20EPB_2021-01_Galang.pdf

Formal university and college Intelligence Studies degree programs have experienced a pronounced growth in recent years, exhibiting a richness in diversity and engagement in both institutional type and instructional delivery. At face value American academia seems about to embark on a new era of cooperation and understanding with the U.S. Intelligence Community (IC). But in seeking to determine whether progress in this development is as significant as is hoped in Washington, DC, this study reveals a persisting historical concern and academic bias that constrains the latent collaboration.

This article considers Britain’s relationship with the Falkland Islands and the wider context of UK–Argentine relations. It does so by considering three main themes. First, the current Argentine government’s strategy towards the Falklands (Islas
Malvinas) and the manner in which the question of disputed ownership has been tied into wider Latin American relationships designed to unsettle UK and Falkland Islands interests. Second, the debate surrounding the defence of the Falklands is examined for the purpose of considering how this issue, especially sensitive given the 30th anniversary of the 1982 conflict, brings into sharp relief the implications of recent defence and spending reviews. Finally, the article aims to assess and evaluate the manner in which the Falkland Islands community engages with and responds to worsening UK–Argentine relations. It is concluded that UK–Argentine
relations are in their worst state since 1982 and that there is little or no prospect of any improvement given the Argentine government’s commitment to force the UK into entering sovereignty negotiations. On its side, the UK and the Falkland
Islands’ community do not believe that sovereignty is negotiable and would rather consider how more cordial relations could be established in a manner reminiscent of the late 1990s.