Decode-And-Forward

Ventilation at high respiratory rates is considered detrimental during CPR because it may increase intrathoracic pressure limiting venous return and forward blood flow generation. We examined whether ventilation at high, yet clinically plausible, tidal volumes could also be detrimental, and further examined effects on end-tidal pCO(2) (P(ET)CO(2)). Sixteen domestic pigs were randomized to one of four ventilatory patterns representing two levels of respiratory rate (min(-1)) and two levels of tidal volume (ml/kg); i.e., 10/6, 10/18, 33/6, and 33/18 during chest compression after 8 min of untreated VF. Data (mmHg, mean ± SD) are presented in the order listed above. Ventilation at 33/18 prompted higher airway pressures (p<0.05) and persistent expiratory airway flow (p<0.05) before breath delivery demonstrating air trapping. The right atrial pressure during chest decompression showed a statistically insignificant increase with increasing minute-volume (7 ± 4, 10±3, 12 ± 1, and 13 ...

The Class III malocclusion is a most common skeletal malocclusion in Japan, with a prevalence of 4% to 5% in the general population. 1,2 Approximately one third of orthodontic patients exhibit a Class III malocclusion. The morphologic condition of the mandible in persons with Class III malocclusions is different from that found in normal Class I subjects, 5 and most skeletal characteristics of Class III patients with a permanent dentition are already present in the deciduous dentition 6-9 (ie, in Class III malocclusion during primary dentition, mandibular lengths are significantly greater and the mandible is situated more anteriorly than it is in Class I subjects . The position of the maxilla, meanwhile, is slightly retrusive, in association with a smaller-than-normal maxilla. Regarding the growth and development of the craniofacial skeleton in individuals with Class III malocclusion, Guyer et al, 7 using cross-sectional cephalometric records from persons ranging in age from 5 to 15 years old, indicated that Class III malocclusion

This study examined the relationships between gait and dynamic balance in people with early-stage Parkinson's disease (PD). We assessed 18 participants diagnosed with stage I-II idiopathic PD and 17 healthy age-matched volunteers. Temporo-spatial gait variables were analyzed using the GAITRite system and participants were asked to walk at a comfortable walking speed. Dynamic balance was assessed using the Balance Master. Movement velocity (MV), maximal excursion (ME), and directional control (DC), obtained through the limits of stability test, quantified dynamic balance. People with early stage PD exhibited significantly slower walking speed, shorter stride length, and smaller forward MV than the comparison group. In the PD group, stride length and speed significantly correlated with forward MV, forward ME, and forward DC. Thus, in people with early PD, gait speed and stride length are correlated with dynamic balance, particularly in the forward direction in standing.

This paper presents a new approach for automatically pipelining sequential circuits. The approach repeatedly extracts a computation from the critical path, moves it into a new stage, then uses speculation to generate a stream of values that keep the pipeline full. The newly generated circuit retains enough state to recover from incorrect speculations by flushing the incorrect values from the pipeline, restoring the correct state, then restarting the computation.

Upper esophageal sphincter (UES) refers to the highpressure zone located in between the pharynx and the cervical esophagus. The physiological role of this sphincter is to protect against reflux of food into the airways as well as prevent entry of air into the digestive tract. UES is a musculocartilaginous structure with its anterior wall being formed by the full extent of the posterior surface of the cricoid cartilage and arytenoid and interarytenoid muscles in the upper part. Posteriorly and laterally the cricopharyngeus (CP) muscle is a definitive component of the UES. CP has many unique characteristics: it is tonically active, has a high degree of elasticity, does not develop maximal tension at basal length, and is composed of a mixture of slow-and fast-twitch fibers, with the former predominating. These features enable the cricopharyngeus to maintain a resting tone and yet be able to stretch open by distracting forces, such as a swallowed bolus and hyoid and laryngeal excursion. CP, however, constitutes only the lower one third of the entire high-pressure zone. The thyropharyngeus (TP) muscle accounts for the remaining upper two thirds of the UES. The UES pressure is not entirely the result of myogenic activity, as a component of the pressure is the result of passive elasticity of the tissues. The opening of the UES involves relaxation of CP and TP muscles and forward movement of the larynx by the contraction of hyoid muscles. The UES function is controlled by a variety of reflexes that involve afferent inputs to the motorneurons innervating the sphincter. These physiological reflexes elicit either contraction or opening of the UES. Inability of the sphincter to open leads to difficulty in swallowing. Opening of the sphincter without associated CP relaxation leads to the clinical syndrome of cricopharyngeal bar. Am J Med. 2000;108(4A):27S-37S.

The empirical research on housing market in India is scarce due to the paucity of information. The monograph on “A Study of Residential Housing Demand in India” is the outcome of a Study conducted by the National Institute of Bank Management (NIBM) for National Housing Bank (NHB) and partially addresses advice of Reserve Bank of India to NHB on studying the housing and real estate sector. This study provides exhaustive empirical research and detailed analysis (both micro and macro level) of current status and future growth potential of housing industry in India, its back-ward and forward linkages, financing structure and nature of underlying risk.

The link management protocol (LMP) is used to maintain control channel connectivity, to verify the physical connectivity of data channels, to correlate link property information at both endpoints of a data link and to aggregate multiple data links into a single traf®c engineering (TE) link. LMP also provides assistance in fault localization, both in opaque and transparent optical networks. In this paper, we show how LMP relates to the generalized multi-protocol label switching (GMPLS) suite of protocols and integrates into a distributed GMPLS control plane. We describe the role of LMP in two applications: data link (auto-)discovery and the establishment of forwarding adjacency labelswitched paths (FA-LSPs) including their initiation, veri®cation and bundling, and conclude that they can be built upon basic functions of LMP, namely control channel management, link veri®cation and link property correlation.

In our 2006 paper, we examined the implications of Michael Lewis' book for the labor market in Major League Baseball. Our tests provided econometric support for Lewis' claim of mis-pricing in the baseball labor market's valuation of batting skills. We also found suggestive evidence that the dispersion of statistical knowledge throughout baseball organizations was associated with a sharp attenuation of the mis-pricing. This paper takes a closer look at the economic issues raised by Lewis for the baseball labor market. We extend the sample both backward and forward in time, seeking to determine how long the pricing anomaly existed, and whether the recent attenuation in the anomaly is robust to new observations. In addition, we refine the measures of skill used in our tests to more closely match the narrative account in Lewis' book. Using both our earlier and refined measures, we find that the pricing anomaly extends well before the period described in Moneyball, and that with some important caveats, the market correction in the post-Moneyball period persists. Finally, improvements in personnel management associated with a closer link between pay and performance may be responsible for the sharply increased correlation between winning percentage and payroll in recent years.

There has long been substantial interest in understanding the relative pricing of forward and futures contracts. This has led to the development of two standard theories of forward and futures pricing, namely, the Cost-of-Carry and the Risk Premium (or Unbiased Expectations) hypotheses. These studies have modelled the relationship between spot and forwardafutures prices either through a no-arbitrage condition or a general equilibrium setting. Relatively few studies in this area have considered the impact of stochastic trends in the data. With the emergence of non-stationarity and cointegration in recent years, more sophisticated models of futuresaforward prices have been specified. This paper surveys the significant contributions made to the literature on the pricing of forwardafutures contracts, and examines recent empirical studies pertaining to the estimation and testing of univariate and systems models of futures pricing.

The aim of this study was to compare match performance in professional soccer players across two major European championships: Spanish La Liga and English FA Premier League (FAPL). Data were collected using a computerized match analysis system. A total of 5938 analyses were recorded during the 2006–2007 season. The players were classified into six positional roles: central defenders, full backs,

This survey paper starts from the basic, and intuitive, assumption that judges are human and as such, can be modeled in the same fashion we model politicians, activists, managers: driven by well-defined preferences, behaving in a purposive and forward-looking fashion. We explore, then, the role politics play in judicial decision-making. We provide a brief overview of what is called the "strategic approach," compare it to alternative approaches to understand judicial behavior, and offer some concluding thoughts about the future of positive analyses of judicial decision-making.

In this work, the kinematics and singularity analyses of a four degrees of freedom parallel manipulator are investigated using the theory of screws. As an initial step, the forward position analysis is carried out and forward position equations are obtained in a closed form, thanks to the simplicity of the architecture of the proposed mechanism. Afterwards, simple and compact expressions are derived for the velocity and reduced acceleration states of the moving platform w.r.t. the fixed coordinate frame of the manipulator, both in screw form, through each limb, and as six-dimensional vectors. The Klein form, a symmetrical bilinear form of the Lie algebra e(3), plays a central role in the present work. A numerical example is provided to demonstrate the efficacy of screw theory in efficiently analysing the kinematics and singularity of the parallel manipulator. The numerical results from the kinematic analysis are verified with results produced with a commercially available dynamic and kinematic simulation program.

To evaluate how using a wheelchair with rear-wheel camber (when the bottoms of the wheels are farther apart than the tops) is associated with the risk of instability incidents, and to determine the effect of camber on wheelchair stability. Epidemiologic data were analyzed from a sample of 576 users of manually propelled wheelchairs in Nova Scotia. A controlled trial was performed using a representative wheelchair occupied by an anthropomorphic test dummy, altering the camber in 5 degrees increments from -15 degrees to +15 degrees. For the epidemiologic study, univariate and multivariate analyses were used. To measure the static stability, a tilting platform was used according to the guidelines of the International Organization for Standardization. Camber users reported significantly more instability incidents; of these incidents, more were in the rear direction (40% vs 27%) and fewer in the lateral direction (17% vs 28%) (p < .01). When controlling for other factors, camber was associated with a 3.91-fold increased risk of sustaining an instability incident (p < .001). With increases in camber angle in the laboratory, lateral and forward stability increased and rear stability decreased (with the wheels unlocked and locked) (p < .001). Camber use is negatively associated with instability incidents in the lateral direction and positively associated with incidents in the backward direction, probably due in part to the effects of camber on lateral and rear stability.

This work deals with the use of multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and a weighted Euclidean distance (the tolerance distance) as an exploratory tool in developing predictive logistic models. The method was applied to a living-donor kidney transplant data set with 109 cases and 13 predictors. This approach, followed by backward and forward selection procedures, yielded two models, one with four and another with two predictors. These models were compared to two other models, ordinarily built by backward and forward stepwise selection, which yielded, respectively, five and two predictors. After internal validation, the models performance statistics showed similar results. Likelihood ratio tests suggested that backward approach achieved a better fit than the forward modelling in both methods and the Vuong's non-nested test between backward-built models suggested that these were undistinguishable. We conclude that the tolerance distance, in combination with MCA, could be a feasible method for variable selection in logistic modelling, when there are several categorical predictors. c o m p u t e r m e t h o d s a n d p r o g r a m s i n b i o m e d i c i n e 9 5 ( 2 0 0 9 ) 116-128 117 1.

Ostojic, S.M., S. Mazic, and N. Dikic. Profiling in basketball: Physical and physiological characteristics of elite players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 20(3):000-000. 2006.-The purpose of this study was to describe structural and functional characteristics of elite Serbian basketball players and to evaluate whether players in different positional roles have different physical and physiological profiles. Five men's basketball teams participated in the study and competed in the professional First National League. Physiological measurements were taken of 60 players during the final week of their preparatory training for competition. According to positional roles, players were categorized as guards (n ϭ 20), forwards (n ϭ 20), and centers (n ϭ 20)

We review the changing nature of tax policy in developing countries over the last 30 years and consider what factors determining the level and structure of tax revenues in such countries may have changed recently and how such changes may affect future developments.

The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is a multifactorial and complex test, and it involves so many different kinds of functions that it is difficult to understand why patients fail. Capacity of 'working memory' is possibly involved in the WCST performance and is considered a relevant factor responsible for the schizophrenics' poor performance. The present study was specifically designed to assess the relationship between 'working memory' measurements and WCST performances of schizophrenics. Furthermore, we investigated the relationship between the cognitive dysfunction and the clinical symptomatology. The following tests were administered to 30 schizophrenics and 25 healthy subjects: WCST, Digit Span Test (Backward and Forward), Digit Symbol Substitution Test and Visuo-Spatial 'working memory' Test, a card test appropriately devised. Clinical assessment included the Italian version of the scale of Krawiecka Manchester Scale (K-MS) and the Outcome scale by Strauss and Carpenter (1972). The 30 patients differed significantly in all the neuropsychological variables from the controls. WCST indexes did not correlate significantly with any of the 'working memory' measures (visuo-spatial and verbal) in the samples studied. No relationship was seen between the neuropsychological performances and clinical symptomatology as evaluated by the K-MS scale. WCST indexes and DSST significantly correlated with the outcome measure. The results do not support the hypothesis that executive dysfunction as evaluated by WCST is attributed to 'working memory' impairment, rather they could suggest that these two neuropsychological functions identify different neurocognitive constructs.

This paper investigates the informational content of the yield curve in the European market using data on the Italian term structures. According to the expectation hypothesis theory (EHT) the current forward rate equals the future short rate plus a constant risk premium that is time invariant but maturity dependent. This theory has been widely tested in the empirical literature providing various findings according to the country where it has been applied and to the segment of the yield curve examined or the period under study. The standard approach to test the EHT uses the regression techniques assuming data on spot rates and their first differences to be stationary. Recently an increasing number of studies evidenced the non stationarity of interest rates time series and some tests of the EHT are formulated using term spread and forward-spot spread which are stationary. A new strand of literature suggests to investigate the EHT using a restricted VAR framework. In this paper, following [Jondeau, E., Ricart, R., 1999. The expectations hypothesis of the term structure: tests on us, german, french and uk euro-rates. Journal of International Money and Finance 18, 725–750, Ghazali, N.A. Low, S.W., 2002. The expectations hypothesis in emerging financial markets: the case of malaysia. Applied Economics 34, 1147–1156 and Seo, B., 2003. Non linear mean reversion in the term structure of interest rates. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 27, 2243–2265], we test if the expectation hypothesis holds using cointegration and error correction analysis. For the period under study results suggest that the long and short term interest rates are cointegrated and therefore subject to a long equilibrium path, providing evidence that the EHT holds for the Italian and the European market.

Extensions of crossed modules in Lie algebras with abelian kernel are studied, particularly backward and forward induced extensions and related properties. The set Opext((U, Q, ε), (R, K, ∂)) of congruence classes of extensions of (R, K, ∂) by (U, Q, ε) is endowed with a K-vector space structure. This Kvector space appears in a five-term natural and exact sequence associated with an extension of crossed modules.

This report introduces a hybrid asynchronous, distributed audio/video group conferencing system. One of the chief benefits of Internet communication systems is that they allow communicators to write messages when they need to, and read messages when they can. Researchers, developers, and lay citizens are increasingly familiar with one of the benefits of e-mail and online text conferencing systems: the ability to use asynchronous, store-and-forward and retrieve-ondemand technologies for communication. However, most theories of interactive technologies suggest that users would achieve more accurate interpersonal perceptions and more effective and efficient work transactions if all visual and auditory non-verbal cues were available via desktop communication systems. Synchronous multimedia communication technologies achieve this, but forego the benefits of store-andforward and retrieve-on-demand. The technological barrier has been in wedding asynchronous communication to the storage, indexing, and retrieval of sound and video.

The lead–lag relationship in both returns and volatilities between spot and futures markets has been investigated extensively in the financial economics literature. Only a limited number of such studies have appeared on forward markets, primarily due to the lack of easy access to empirical data. This paper uses a unique database in over-the-counter Forward Freight Agreements (FFA) to investigate the issue. The underlying commodity is non-storable, being that of a shipping service, with the additional feature of transactions costs being higher in the spot market in comparison to the forward market. These features have interesting implications for the markets. At the practical level, the better understanding of the mean and variance dynamics can improve risk management and budget planning decisions.

The concept of a medical parallel manipulator applicable to chest compression in the process of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is proposed in this paper. According to the requirement of CPR action, a three-prismatic-universal-universal (3-PUU) translational parallel manipulator (TPM) is designed for such applications. And a thorough analysis involving the issues of kinematics, dynamics, and control have been performed for the 3-PUU TPM. Not only the inverse and forward kinematics problems are solved in closed-form, but also the Jacobian matrix is derived analytically, along with the manipulator workspace generated in view of the physical constraints imposed by mechanical joints. Based on the principle of virtual work with a simplifying hypothesis adopted, the dynamic modeling is performed, and dynamic control utilizing computed torque method is implemented, at last the simulation results illustrate the well performance of the control algorithm. The research work provide a sound base for the development of a medical manipulator to assist in CPR operation.

The early decades of the 21 st century are considered to be the era of human resources for health (HRH). The World Health Report (WHR) 2006 launched the Health Workforce Decade (2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015), with high priority given for countries to develop effective workforce policies and strategies. In many countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR), particularly those classified as Low and Low-Middle Income Countries (LMICs), the limited knowledge about the nature, scope, composition and needs of HRH is hindering health sector reform. This highlights an urgent need to understand the current reality of HRH in several EMR countries.

Current commercial Earth Observation satellites have very restricted image processing capabilities on-board. They mostly operate according to a ‘store-and forward’ mechanism, where the images are stored on-board after being acquired from the sensors and are downlinked when contact with a ground station occurs. However, in order for disaster monitoring satellite missions to be effective, there is a need for automated and intelligent image processing onboard. In fact, the need for increasing the automation on-board is predicted as one of the main trends for future satellite missions. The main factors that hold back this concept are the limited power and computing resources on-board the spacecraft. This paper reviews existing image processing payloads of earth observing small satellites. An autonomous change detection system is proposed to demonstrate the feasibility of implementing an intelligent system on-board a small satellite. Performance results for the proposed intelligent imaging system are estimated, scaled and compared to existing hardware that are being used in the SSTL DMC satellite platform.

Based on Plasmans et al. (2006), we develop a microfounded macro New-Keynesian model for open economies, be them large or small, and we investigate the exchange rate pass-through to import prices in the context of a monetary policy. More specifically, we study two different versions of a Taylor rule (without and with interest rate smoothing), each in contemporaneous, backward-looking and

Cooperative transmission is an effective solution to improve
the performance of wireless communications over fading
channels without the need for physical co-located antenna arrays.
In this paper, selection combining is used at the destination instead
of maximal ratio combing to optimize the structure of destination
and to reduce power consumption in selective decode-and-forward
relaying networks. For an arbitrary number of relays, an exact
and closed-form expression of the bit error rate (BER) is derived
for M-PAM, M-QAM, and M-PSK, respectively, in both independent
identically distributed and independent but not identically
distributed Rayleigh fading channels. A variety of simulations are
performed and show that they match exactly with analytic ones. In
addition, our results show that the optimum number of relays depend
not only on channel conditions (operating SNRs) but also on
modulation schemes which to be used.

In 1879, the U.S. Supreme Court construed the Free Exercise Clause for the first time, holding in Reynolds v. United States that Congress could punish Mormon polygamy. Historians have interpreted Reynolds, and the anti-polygamy legislation and litigation that it midwifed, as an extension of Reconstruction into the American West. This Article offers a new historical interpretation, one that places the birth of Free Exercise jurisprudence in Reynolds within an international context of Great Power imperialism and American international expansion at the end of the nineteenth century. It does this by recovering the lost theory of religious freedom that the Mormons offered in Reynolds, a theory grounded in the natural law tradition. It then shows how the Court rejected this theory by using British imperial law to interpret the scope of the First Amendment. Unraveling the work done by these international analogies reveals how the legal debates in Reynolds reached back to natural law theorists of the seventeenth century, such as Hugo Grotius, and forward to fin de siècle imperialists, such as Theodore Roosevelt. By analogizing the federal government to the British Raj, Reynolds provided a framework for national politicians in the 1880s to employ the supposedly discredited tactics of Reconstruction against the Mormons. Embedded in imperialist analogies, Reynolds and its progeny thus formed a prelude to the constitutional battles over American imperialism in the wake of the Spanish-American War. These constitutional debates reached their denouement in the Insular Cases, where Reynolds and its progeny appeared not as Free Exercise cases but as precedents on the scope of

Mô hình IS-LM: cũng được biết đến như là mô hình Hicks-Hansen, được nhà kinh tế học John Hicks và nhà kinh tế học của Hoa Kỳ Alvin Hansen đưa ra và phát triển. Mô hình IS-LM đã được sử dụng để kết hợp các hoạt động khác nhau của nền kinh tế: nó là sự kết hợp của thị trường tài chính (tiền tệ) với thị trường hàng hóa và dịch vụ. Trong nền kinh tế đóng thì mô hình không chịu ảnh hưởng của các yếu tố bên ngoài nền kinh tế: xuất khẩu ròng (NX), tỷ giá hối đoái,lãi suất thế giới... Trong tiếng Anh, IS-LM là viết tắt của Investment/Saving -Liquidity preference/Money supply (Đầu tư/Tiết kiệm -Nhu cầu thanh toán/Tiền cung cấp ưu đãi).

Schottky diodes were fabricated on the HVPE-grown, free-standing gallium nitride (GaN) layers of n-and p-types. Both contacts (ohmic and Schottky) were deposited on the top surface using Al/Ti and Pd/Ti/Au, respectively. The Schottky diode fabricated on n-GaN exhibited double barriers with values of 0.9 and 0.6 eV and better performance in the rectification factor together with reverse and forward currents with an ideality factor of 1.8. The barrier height for the p-GaN Schottky diode is 0.6 eV with an ideality factor of 4.16. From the capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurement, the net doping concentration of n-GaN is 4 × 10 17 cm −3 , resulting in a lower reverse breakdown of around −12 V. The interface state density (N SS ) as a function of E C −E SS is found to be in the range 4.23 × 10 12 -3.87 × 10 11 eV −1 cm −2 (below the conduction band) from Ec-0.90 to E C -0.99. Possible reasons responsible for the low barrier height and high ideality factor have been addressed.

Future generations of cellular communications requires higher data rates and a more reliable
transmission link with the growth of multimedia services, while keeping satisfactory quality of service, .
MIMO antenna systems have been considered as an efficient approach to address these demands by
offering significant multiplexing and diversity gains over single antenna systems without increasing
bandwidth and power. Although MIMO systems can unfold their huge benefit in cellular base stations,
but they may face limitations when it comes to their deployment in mobile handsets.
To overcome this drawback, relays (fixed or mobile terminals) can cooperate to improve the overall
system performance in cellular networks. Cooperative communications can efficiently combat the severity
of fading and shadowing through the assistance of relays. It has been found that using relays the capacity
and coverage of cellular networks can be extended without increasing mobile transmit power or
demanding extra bandwidth.

Sensors are tiny computers with limited computational capability and physical resources. The implementation of secure protocols for sensor network is a big challenge. In order to provide high security for sensor networks, it is very important to choose a small, efficient and effective encryption algorithm as a security primitive. The TEA (Tiny Encryption Algorithm) is an efficient algorithm that requires little memory and resources. These features make the TEA a good candidate for security mechanism for sensors.

The aim of this study was to compare match performance in professional soccer players across two major European championships: Spanish La Liga and English FA Premier League (FAPL). Data were collected using a computerized match analysis system. A total of 5938 analyses were recorded during the 2006–2007 season. The players were classified into six positional roles: central defenders, full backs,

Understanding the postural effects on organs and skeleton could be crucial for several applications. This paper reports on a methodology to quantify the three-dimensional effects of postures on deformable anatomical structures. A positional MRI scanner was used to image the full trunk in four postures: supine, standing, seated and forward-flexed. The MRI stacks were processed with a custom toolbox, implemented using open source software. The semi-automated segmentation was based on the deformation of generic models of the pelvis, sternum, femoral heads, spine, liver, kidneys, spleen, skin, thoracic and abdominal cavities. The toolbox was designed to be easily extended by additional image filters, deformation schemes, or new generic models. Results obtained on one subject demonstrate that the method can be used to quantify the effects of postures on skeleton and organs. The spinal curvature, the pelvic parameters and the volume of the thoracic cavity were affected by the four postures. The volumes of the kidneys, spleen, liver and abdominal object were mostly unaffected. The movement of organs was coherent with the effect of gravity. The deformation of organs between postures was expressed using geometrical transformations. Investigations should be pursued on a larger population to confirm the patterns observed on the first subject.

The GSM network with the greatest worldwide number of users, succumbs to several security vulnerabilities. The short message service (SMS) is one of its superior and well-tried services with a global availability in the GSM networks. The main contribution of this paper is to introduce a new secure application layer protocol, called SSMS, to efficiently embed the desired security attributes in the SMS messages to be used as a secure bearer in the m-payment systems. SSMS efficiently embeds the confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation in the SMS messages. It provides an elliptic curve-based public key solution that uses public keys for the secret key establishment of a symmetric encryption. It also provides the attributes of public verification and forward secrecy. It efficiently makes the SMS messaging suitable for the m-payment applications where the security is the great concern.

Multi-hop data delivery through vehicular ad hoc networks is complicated by the fact that vehicular networks are highly mobile and frequently disconnected. To address this issue, we adopt the idea of carry and forward, where a moving vehicle carries the packet until a new vehicle moves into its vicinity and forwards the packet. Different from existing carry and forward solutions, we make use of the predicable vehicle mobility, which is limited by the traffic pattern and road layout. Based on the existing traffic pattern, a vehicle can find the next road to forward the packet to reduce the delay. We propose several vehicle-assisted data delivery (VADD) protocols to forward the packet to the best road with the lowest data delivery delay. Experimental results are used to evaluate the proposed solutions. Results show that the proposed VADD protocols outperform existing solutions in terms of packet delivery ratio, data packet delay and protocol overhead. Among the proposed VADD protocols, the H-VADD protocol has much better performance.