Cuttings

There was an apparent difference in tissue origin of adventitious roots in stem cuttings collected from Dracaena and Cordyline. Dracaena was difficulty rooting but Cordyline root quickly and easily when cuttings are taken from stock plants. The reasons for this could be due to their anatomy. The difficult-to-root cutting in Dracaena related to the presence of sclerenchyma ring between phloem and cortex. So Dracaena cutting require the application of auxin that has effects on the anatomical events that associated with the rooting process. The ease-to-root cutting Cordyline occurs as a result of the presence of preformed initials form within the cutting tissues that occurs readily on cutting without the need for special treatments of root formation. Hence, it is necessary to use anatomical study as indicator/markers of rooting ability. The application of IBA at 1000ppm proved to be the most effective treatment in stimulating adventitious root formation on Dracaena cutting; it recorded...

Potato production from rooted apical cuttings or from small tubers (1-20g) produced in high density beds has great potential in Asia. This is particularly important in non-traditional warrner environments. This research .was conducted to assess the feasibility of producing many smaU tubers in high density beds. A second objective compared tubers from beds with transplanted rooted cuttings and traditional seed tubers for growth and yield in the field. Tuberlet production in beds exceeded 2000/m 2 with a density of 1000 plants/m 2 under optimal growing conditions while under high temperatures only about 1.25 tuberlets/plant were pr0duced. In field experiments, transplanted cuttings yielded 20 t/ha in the mid and high elevation areas, only slightly less than tuberlets of 5-10g while at the hot site, yields were generally only 8 to 10 t/ha for both materials. Larger healthy seed tubers produced siguificantly higher yields at the low and high elevation sites. Tuberlets of 1-5g were also able to give yields of 20 t/ha in the midelevation site. These resuhs indicate that cuttings and smaU tuberlets are two ways of growing potatoes which need to be further evaluated for socioeconomic assessment by farmers.

De nombreux grands manuscrits ont été la proie de marchands qui les ont dépecés en feuillets séparés pour offrir aux amateurs la possibilité d'acquérir de belles miniatures isolées. Les recherches de divers historiens d'art ont permis d'identifier un ensemble de folios provenant tous d'un même remarquable manuscrit juridique du XIVe siècle, composé et décoré à Toulouse, qui comportait des illustrations originales de haute qualité.

A systematic treatability study was conducted for the treatment of drill cuttings, a waste generated during petroleum exploration and production, by stabilization/solidification with Portland cement (CEM I), with the addition of high carbon power plant fly ash (HCFA), an industrial by-product, as a novel sorbent for organic contaminants. A factorial design experiment was adopted to investigate the effects of waste-tobinder ratio, binder formulation, and curing time on response variables including unconfined compressive strength (UCS), hydraulic conductivity, porosity, leachate pH, and acid neutralization capacity (ANC) of the s/s products. Results show that all factors had significant effects on the properties of the s/s products. Drill cuttings and HCFA addition both reduced UCS, but HCFA improved hydraulic conductivity, relative to CEM I only s/s products. Drill cuttings addition had little effect on the ANC of products prepared with CEM I only, and improved that of products containing HCFA. Management options assessment based on performance criteria adapted from regulatory and other guidance suggests that the s/s products could find application as controlled low-strength materials, landfill liner, and landfill daily cover. This work demonstrates how a systematic treatability study can be used to develop a s/s operating window for the management of a particular waste type.

In conifers, vegetative propagation of superior genotypes is the most direct means for making large genetic gains, because it allows a large proportion of genetic diversity to be captured in a single cycle of selection. There are two aims of vegetative propagation, namely large-scale multiplication of select genotypes and production of large numbers of plants from scarce and costly seed that originates from controlled seed orchard pollinations. This can be achieved, in some species, either through rooted cuttings or rooted microshoots, the latter regenerated through tissue culture in vitro. Thus far, both strategies have been used but often achieved limited success mainly because of difficult and inefficient rooting process. In this overview of technology, we focus on the progress in defining the physical and chemical factors that help the conifer cuttings and microshoots to develop adventitious roots. These factors include plant growth regulators, carbohydrates, light quality, temperature and rooting substrates/media as major variables for development of reliable adventitious rooting protocols for different conifer species.

This study was carried out to analyze the trend of cassava (Manihot esculenta) products and impacts on the livelihood of value chain actors in the Centre Region of Cameroon. Thus, surveys were carried out in 2016, in six localities (Yaounde, Bafia, Obala, Ngoumou, Mbankomo and Mbalmayo) of the Centre Region with the aid of structured questionnaires. Three hundred value chain actors mainly producers, processors, transporters, marketers and consumers of cassava and cassava-based products were selected through a multi-stage random sampling technique and interviewed in markets. However, some producers and consumers were interviewed in their farms, restaurants and at home. Data collected were analyzed using IBM SPSS 20. The results indicated that different cassava products were available at different levels of the value chain. Bobolo/baton, flours, tubers, cassava leaves, cassava cuttings, starch, mitoumba/mintoumba/ntoumba, garri/gari, and water fufu were the main products sold. Meanwhile, tubers, bobolo, leaves and flour were observed as the most consumed products. About 87% of producers had farm sizes ranging from 1-5 Ha and 13% had farms greater than 5 Ha. The main sources of planting material were from neighboring farms (65%), friends (19%), seed farms (9%) and donations (7%). Approximately 90% of plant material used were local cassava varieties and 10% were improved varieties. The main difficulties encountered in cassava production were infertile soils (15.73%), unavailability of quality seeds (14.61%), pests and diseases (12.36%) and the remainder were other constraints. At the marketing level, constraints such as poor transport facilities (31.51%), scarcity of conservation or storage facilities (19.18%), price fluctuations (16.44%) and poor marketing channels (15.07%) were noted among others. In the transformation sector, difficulties registered were, poor mechanization, poor transport facilities, scarcity of fuel wood and raw material. Thus, mechanization is recommended to enhance the productivity and competitiveness of the cassava value chain in the region.

Q uesto nuovo capitolo della rassegna di frammenti miniati lombardi 78 riguarderà alcune opere di artisti, fortunatamente quasi tutti identificabili con certezza, attivi nel XV secolo. L'unico miniatore destinato a rimanere ancora anonimo è l'autore delle prime opere che esaminerò. Si tratta di due frammenti appartenuti a un gruppo di iniziali ritagliate, donate nel 1916 alla Harvard University di Cambridge (Mass.) e di recente passate dal Fogg Museum alla Houghton Library 79 • La coppia di miniature inedite, ritagliate da uno stesso corale, si compone di una iniziale A (in relazione al versetto del salmo: Aspitiens a longe ecce in deo) raffigurame il Profeta Isaia in preghiera davanti a Dio Padre [23] e di una lettera H (Hodie in lordane) con il Battesimo di Cristo [24] 80 • U n confronto stilistico con le immagini di un A ntifonario temporale eseguito per il Duomo vecchio di Lodi, di cui si conosce la data (1422) 81 , dimostra senza ombra di dubbio che il codice al quale appartennero le due miniature americane servì da modello per il corale lodigiano e che fu eseguito con ogni probabilità nei primi anni del secolo XV da un artista lombardo. Accostando le iniziali Fogg alle miniature dei ff. 2r e 90r dell'Antifonario, oggi conservato presso il Museo civico di Lodi (ms. Lauden. 8), sorprendo!lo infatti le innumerevoli analogie tra le due immagini, comprese quelle relative agli elementi ornamentali che costituiscono il corpo della stessa iniziale e il fondo della lettera, decorato da un elegante motivo floreale stilizzato con sottili riccioli e puntini bianchi. All'esecutore delle miniature ritagliate della Houghton Library si deve una terza miniatura raffigurante la Pentecoste, di cui non si conosce l'attuale collocazione, venduta dalla Sotheby's nel 1981 ed erroneamente attribuita nel catalogo dell'asta al «Maestro Olivetano>> 82 • Le componenti stilistiche delle tre miniature citate sono ancora fortemente legate alla tradizione tardogotica lo!ll-barda, come dimostra il disegno delle vesti, con quel gioco nervoso delle pieghe («spinoso ed acu-tangolo>> lo avrebbe definito efficacemente E. Arslan) 83 , che ricorda alcune soluzioni adottate dalla bottega di Giovannino de Grassi. E anche i volti delle figure trovano riscontri più verosimili nelle opere elaborate in quell'ambito culturale, piuttosto che dal «Maestro Olivetano> >. In particolare, ritengo che l'esecutore delle due iniziali americane operi in modo non difforme dall'autore di un Messale lombardo della Biblioteca ambrosiana (ms. E. 18. inf.) dove campeggia una bella miniatura a piena pagina con la Crocifissione «composta con grandiosità degna di un frescante >> da un miniatore vicino ad Anovelo da Imbonate nell'iconografia e a Giovannino de Grassi nello stile 84 • In ultimo, vorrei accostare a questo gruppo di frammenti lombardi ritagliati una quarta iniziale raffigurante una Santa [25], forse proveniente da un antifonario santorale per il comune dei santi, conservata anch'essa presso la Houghton Library (n. 1916.19). La qualità stilistica della miniatura è indubbiamente inferiore a quella dei precedenti esemplari, ma la particolare decorazione del fondo della lettera e, soprattutto, quel motivo ornamentale nastriforme inducono a ritenere che anche quest'opera sia da mettere in relazione con i tre corali di Lodi, e in particolare con il ms. Lauden. 7 al quale furono strappati numerosi fogli. L'iniziale Houghton e il corale riproducono soluzioni analoghe, come si osserva per esempio dal confronto con la miniatura di San Martino vescovo dove sono riscontrabili sia l'identico motivo a nastro attorcigliato, sia la decorazione floreale del fondo della lettera 85 • Una delle iniziali più belle del corale di Lodi è quella raffigurante San Bassiano, santo protettore della città cui era dedicata un'importante chiesa. La presenza dello stesso santo su una pergamena oggi a Philadelphia, ritagliata da un corale 5

Lietuvas Dārzkopības Institūtā (2002Institūtā ( . -2003 tika veikta upeĦu, sarkano jāĦogu, zelta jāĦogu un ērkšėogu pavairošana lietojot lapainos un daĜēji koksnainos spraudeĦus. SpraudeĦus apstrādāja ar β-indoliletiėskābes (IES), IES ar askorbīnskābi, un naftiletiėskābes (NES) šėīdumiem. Vislielākais apsakĦojušos stādu iznākums bija upeĦu (75.2 %) un ērkšėogu (72.9 %) lapainajiem spraudeĦiem, pielietojot 20 stundu mērcēšanu IES šėīdumā 50 mg l -1 koncentrācijā. Sarkanajām un zelta jāĦogām tika iegūti sliktāki apsakĦošanās rezultāti. Sarkano jāĦogu lapaino spraudeĦu apsakĦošanās variēja starp 33.3 -50.0 %, bet zelta jāĦogas -42.9 -54.2 %. DaĜēji koksnaino spraudeĦu apsakĦošanās šīm sugām bija 36.8 %. Labākās kvalitātes spraudeĦi iegūti izmantojot NES šėīdumu. Ribes ăints dažādu sugu spraudeĦi apsakĦojās atšėirīgi.

U ritrovamento all' interno di musei, biblioteche e collezioni private americane di numerosi frammenti miniati lombardi, riferibili al XV secolo, mi ha spinto a raccogliere il materiale in un articolo, il cui scopo è quello di far conoscere i pezzi in questione, senza avere la pretesa di presentare uno studio esaustivo sui loro autori, spesso -anche se non sempre -anonimi.

This article presents the recent discovery of one bifolio removed from an illuminated manuscript and reused in the binding of another ancient book. This fragment has been written and illuminated in the first half of the fourteenth century in Southern France, in Languedoc region, and it contains capitula of the juridical text of the Liber Sextus of pope Boniface VIII (1235-1303): De aetate et qualitative et ordine preficiendorum, De filiis presbiterorum, De bigamis, De officio Vicarii with glosses of Giovanni d’Andrea (c. 1270-1348). This fragment is stylistically similar to a group of manuscripts illuminated by the circle of artists responsible for the Missal of Auger de Cogeux (London, British Library, ms. Additional 17006). This group can be probably located in Languedoc, between Toulouse and Narbonne: its closest parallels are a number of manuscripts with legal content, dating from the first half of the fourteenth century, such as the Decretals of Clement V in Brescia (Biblioteca Civica Queriniana, ms. B I 1) and some folia of a dismembered manuscript containing Gratian’s Decretals, recently reassembled, usually regarded as having been produced between Toulouse and Narbonne. The illuminators of this circle, while clearly influenced by Parisian illumination, exhibit a number of distinctive features, in particular the range of grotesque figures which are typical of south-western French production.

Litter on roadways has to be removed for hygiene and to reduce pollution, amongst other reasons. Therefore, the effective operation of street sweepers is important in the collection of solid waste. In this article, the effectiveness of gutter brushes of street sweepers in removing different debris types, namely medium-size gravel, small and fine particles, and wet thin debris is studied by means of sweeping tests using a brushing test rig. Two types of gutter brushes, cutting and F128, are tested under a variety of operating conditions. The experimental tests provide a means of identifying suitable ranges of brush penetration for the different debris types under defined operating parameters such as brush angle of attack, brush rotational speed, and sweeper velocity. These ranges may provide sufficiently high removal forces and avoid the occurrence of sweeping problems such as backward sweeping and inappropriate bristle-surface contact. Optimum operating parameters for the three debris types studied, as well as a mixture of all of them, are determined. Lastly, the results indicate that, as far as the sweeping effectiveness is concerned, the F128 brush is the preferred one for the cases studied.

Abstract: Among the objects conserved (not on display but accessible upon request) in the museum of the Casa Morandi in via Fondazza, Bologna, where the painter Giorgio Morandi resided with his sisters until his death in 1964, are two single–leaf illuminations for which new attributions are proposed. The two parchment leaves were presented to the painter by his friend, the collector Luigi Magnani, in the 1950s, on two separate occasions. Both are miniatures from liturgical manuscripts produced in the Emilia region, which Magnani most probably acquired on the Bolognese art market. The first, depicting the ‘Pentecost’, is from the hand of the anonymous illuminator known as the Seneca Master (or the First Master of San Domenico) and is datable to the first quarter of the 14th century. The second, displaying the uncommon subject of ‘Christ Creator of the Stars’, is instead attributable to Bertolino de’ Grossi (first half of the 15th century). The discovery of several letters also enables the author to reconstruct the relations between Magnani and Pietro Toesca, his teacher during the period of his post–graduate studies in Rome, and mentor in the field of the history of manuscript illumination.

Revised version of the manuscript, submitted to Bulletin of Volcanology: 1 2 Chemical and isotopic compositions of thermal springs, fumaroles and bubbling 3 gases at Tacaná Volcano (Mexico-Guatemala): implications for volcanic 4 surveillance 5 6 27 28 2 Chemical and isotopic compositions of thermal springs, fumaroles and bubbling 29 gases at Tacaná Volcano (Mexico-Guatemala): implications for volcanic 30 surveillance 31 32 ABSTRACT 46

Resumen
Gordon Matta-Clark artista poliédrico, energético, dinámico, explosivo, extremadamente inteligente e intuitivo, que cuando a finales de los años sesenta irrumpe en la esfera artística de Nueva York, lo hace con los títulos y avales de propiedad de primer beneficiario de la herencia de los años sesenta: pop, minimalismo y conceptualismo.
Durante los años 70, Matta-Clark hizo una serie de trabajos conocidos como “architecture." Éstos trabajos temporales creados aserrando y tallando secciones fuera de edificios, fueron desde el comienzo programados para ser destruidos.
Dr. Adolfo Vásquez Rocca

This work is aimed at investigating the weathering processes of the granodiorites cropping out in a small catchment of the Sila Massif. The mineral constituents in this granodiorite are plagioclase, often zoned with a Ca-rich core and a Na-rich rim, quartz, chlorite, K-feldspar, white mica and epidote. During this study, dolomite was discovered in local stream sediments, as separate monomineralic grains, probably resulting from erosion of veins cutting the crystalline rocks. Prevailing dissolution of foreign dolomite and a Ca-rich plagioclase is suggested by the Ca-Mg-HCO 3 chemical composition of local groundwaters and stream waters, which is rather unexpected for waters interacting with granitoid rocks. These qualitative observations are quantitatively confirmed by reaction path modelling of the weathering processes occurring in the study area, which was carried out using the EQ3/6 software package, version 8.0, and the Double Solid Reactant Method. Indeed, it was possible to ascertain that the release of both major dissolved constituents and several trace elements (Ba, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, V and Zn), from rocks to waters, is chiefly controlled by the dissolution of foreign dolomite and the Ca-rich core of zoned plagioclases.

A systematic treatability study was conducted for the treatment of drill cuttings, a waste generated during petroleum exploration and production, by stabilization/solidification with Portland cement (CEM I), with the addition of high carbon power plant fly ash (HCFA), an industrial by-product, as a novel sorbent for organic contaminants. A factorial design experiment was adopted to investigate the effects of waste-tobinder ratio, binder formulation, and curing time on response variables including unconfined compressive strength (UCS), hydraulic conductivity, porosity, leachate pH, and acid neutralization capacity (ANC) of the s/s products. Results show that all factors had significant effects on the properties of the s/s products. Drill cuttings and HCFA addition both reduced UCS, but HCFA improved hydraulic conductivity, relative to CEM I only s/s products. Drill cuttings addition had little effect on the ANC of products prepared with CEM I only, and improved that of products containing HCFA. Management options assessment based on performance criteria adapted from regulatory and other guidance suggests that the s/s products could find application as controlled low-strength materials, landfill liner, and landfill daily cover. This work demonstrates how a systematic treatability study can be used to develop a s/s operating window for the management of a particular waste type.

Découpés d’un missel au début du XIXe siècle, probablement entre les mains du collectionneur anglais William Young Ottley, deux superbes feuillets figurant la Crucifixion et la Majestas Domini sont au nombre des plus belles créations d’Antoine de Lonhy, peintre itinérant actif entre 1445 et 1470 environ. Ces deux peintures, aujourd’hui séparées entre la Národní Galerie de Prague et le J. Paul Getty Museum de Los Angeles, ont été mises en relation par François Avril en 1989. L’existence d’une copie littérale de ces deux feuillets dans un missel toulousain (Toulouse, Bibliothèque municipale, ms. 95, fol. 154v-155), permettent à l’auteur de démontrer que les deux peintures formaient originellement un diptyque appartenant à un luxueux missel produit à Toulouse, commandé peut-être par l’archevêque Bernard de Rosier. Dans la présente étude, nous étudions un ensemble de neuf fragments inédits provenant du même manuscrit, que nous attribuons à Antoine de Lonhy

Nel corso del Duecento avvenimenti nuovi e diversi mutarono l'aspetto della produzione figurativa degli scriptoria romani 1 e così pure, conseguentemente, la fisionomia della produzione di codici miniati ad uso della Curia papale 2 . La mobilità costante della corte papale all'interno dello Stato pontificio, nel Lazio e nell'Umbria 3 , e la presenza in seno ad essa di tanti prelati e cardinali provenienti da differenti aree geografiche facilitarono, infatti, nella seconda metà del  secolo, l'introduzione, nel fare artistico in ambito curiale, di nuovi modi 4 che si estesero con vigore anche al campo della produzione manoscritta. Tale produzione divenne fecondo terreno di sperimentazione nel quale confluirono e si amalgamarono immissioni culturali innovative di fonte altra rispetto a quanto c'era di tradizionale nel Medioevo romano 5 : miniatori romani verosimilmente viaggiarono ed operarono in Umbria e nel Lazio per conto della Curia nel corso dei suoi spostamenti così come artisti e miniatori di varie parti della Penisola e d'Europa, soprattutto francesi, umbri, bolognesi e toscani, furono presenti a Roma nel corso del Duecento 6 . Questo fitto interscambio si tradusse anche nel significativo apporto dei miniatori umbri, toscani e bolognesi all'illustrazione dei manoscritti ad uso della Curia papale ed ebbe come risultato l'elaborazione di un linguaggio formale aperto in molte direzioni, capace di coniugare con perizia forme e schemi : un esempio di ciò è la manierata eleganza delle volute festonate, tempestate di piccole gemme trilobate, di matrice squisitamente umbra, unita alla vivacità narrativa e all'espressività giocosa ed ironica delle drôleries, peculiare della tradizione illustrativa bolognese.

There was an apparent difference in tissue origin of adventitious roots in stem cuttings collected from Dracaena and Cordyline. Dracaena was difficulty rooting but Cordyline root quickly and easily when cuttings are taken from stock plants. The reasons for this could be due to their anatomy. The difficult-to-root cutting in Dracaena related to the presence of sclerenchyma ring between phloem and cortex. So Dracaena cutting require the application of auxin that has effects on the anatomical events that associated with the rooting process. The ease-to-root cutting Cordyline occurs as a result of the presence of preformed initials form within the cutting tissues that occurs readily on cutting without the need for special treatments of root formation. Hence, it is necessary to use anatomical study as indicator/markers of rooting ability. The application of IBA at 1000ppm proved to be the most effective treatment in stimulating adventitious root formation on Dracaena cutting; it recorded 72.7% rooting followed by IAA (45.7%), NAA (32.3%) and untreated one (22.2%). However, these promoting substances resulting in approximate higher rooting percentages in Cordyline cuttings; IBA (100%), NAA (97.4%), IAA (96.9%) and control (92.7%) than in Dracaena ones. Apparently, it is important to study the anatomical structure of stem cuttings for commercial production and what growth substances suitable for each to overcome the difficult-to-root problem.

Earthworks such as embankments and cuttings are integral to road and rail networks but can be prone to instability, necessitating rigorous and continual monitoring. To date, the potential of remote sensing for earthwork hazard assessment has been largely overlooked. However, techniques such as airborne laser scanning (ALS) are now ripe for addressing these challenges. This research presents the development of a novel hazard assessment strategy, combining high-resolution remote sensing with a numerical modeling approach. The research was implemented at a railway test site located in northern England, U.K.; ALS data and multispectral aerial imagery facilitated the determination of key slope stability variables, which were then used to parameterize a coupled hydrological-geotechnical model, in order to simulate slope behavior under current and future climates. A software toolset was developed to integrate the core elements of the methodology and determine resultant slope failure hazard which could then be mapped and queried within a geographical information system environment. Results indicate that the earthworks are largely stable, which is in broad agreement with the management company's slope hazard grading data, and in terms of morphological analysis, the remote methodology was able to correctly identify 99% of earthworks classed as embankments and 100% of cuttings. The developed approach provides an effective and practicable method for remotely quantifying slope failure hazard at fine spatial scales (0.5 m) and for prioritizing and reducing on-site inspection.

In conifers, vegetative propagation of superior genotypes is the most direct means for making large genetic gains, because it allows a large proportion of genetic diversity to be captured in a single cycle of selection. There are two aims of vegetative propagation, namely large-scale multiplication of select genotypes and production of large numbers of plants from scarce and costly seed that originates from controlled seed orchard pollinations. This can be achieved, in some species, either through rooted cuttings or rooted microshoots, the latter regenerated through tissue culture in vitro. Thus far, both strategies have been used but often achieved limited success mainly because of difficult and inefficient rooting process. In this overview of technology, we focus on the progress in defining the physical and chemical factors that help the conifer cuttings and microshoots to develop adventitious roots. These factors include plant growth regulators, carbohydrates, light quality, temperature and rooting substrates/media as major variables for development of reliable adventitious rooting protocols for different conifer species.

Remobilization, bioavailability, and potential toxicity of chemical contaminants were evaluated at the 4H shell mounds -the site of abandoned offshore oil and gas production platforms in the Santa Barbara Channel region of the Southern California Bight. Evaluations used a weight-of-evidence approach based on results from bulk phase chemical analyses and laboratory toxicity testing of shell mound cores, in situ field bioassays using caged mussels, and surficial sediment chemistry. Shell mound cores contained elevated concentrations of metals associated with drilling wastes (e.g., Ba, Cr, Pb, and Zn), as well as monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The highest concentrations along with pockets of free oil were associated with the middle ''cuttings'' stratum. Sediments composited from all core strata caused significant acute toxicity and bioaccumulation of Ba and PAHs in test organisms during laboratory exposures. In contrast, caged mussels placed at each of the shell mounds for a period of 57-58 days had greater than 90% survival, and there were no significant differences in survival of mussels placed at the shell mounds and corresponding reference sites. While all mussel samples exhibited increases in shell length, whole animal weight, and tissue lipid content, in some cases growth metrics for the shell mound mussels were significantly higher than those for the reference sites. Concentrations of metals, PAHs, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in tissues of the shell mound mussels were not significantly different from those at reference sites. The presence of labile aromatic hydrocarbons in shell mound cores and absence of significant contaminant accumulation of tissues of caged mussels indicated that chemical contaminants are not being remobilized from the 4H shell mounds. Surficial bottom sediments near the shell mounds contained elevated Ba concentrations that probably were associated with drilling wastes. However, concentrations did not exhibit clear spatial gradients with distance from the shell mounds. Despite a number of storm events during the mussel exposures, maximum currents were 34 cm s À1 and unlikely to erode materials from the shell mounds. Thus, Ba distributions in bottom sediments probably were due to episodic disturbance such as platform removal or trawling rather than ongoing erosion and dispersion of shell mound solids by near-bottom currents. These results suggest that, in the absence of physical disturbances, contaminants are expected to remain sequestered in the shell mounds.

This work is aimed at investigating the weathering processes of the granodiorites cropping out in a small catchment of the Sila Massif. The mineral constituents in this granodiorite are plagioclase, often zoned with a Ca-rich core and a Na-rich rim, quartz, chlorite, K-feldspar, white mica and epidote. During this study, dolomite was discovered in local stream sediments, as separate monomineralic grains, probably resulting from erosion of veins cutting the crystalline rocks. Prevailing dissolution of foreign dolomite and a Ca-rich plagioclase is suggested by the Ca-Mg-HCO 3 chemical composition of local groundwaters and stream waters, which is rather unexpected for waters interacting with granitoid rocks. These qualitative observations are quantitatively confirmed by reaction path modelling of the weathering processes occurring in the study area, which was carried out using the EQ3/6 software package, version 8.0, and the Double Solid Reactant Method. Indeed, it was possible to ascertain that the release of both major dissolved constituents and several trace elements (Ba, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, V and Zn), from rocks to waters, is chiefly controlled by the dissolution of foreign dolomite and the Ca-rich core of zoned plagioclases.

Because of low investment and operational costs, interest is increasing in the use of willow plants in landfill leachate disposal. Toxic effects of leachate on the plants should be avoided in the initial period of growth and phytotoxicological testing may be helpful to select appropriate leachate dose rates. The aim of this study was to determine the phytotoxicity of landfill leachate on young willow (Salix amygdalina L.) cuttings, as a criterion for dose rate selection in the early phase of growth. Over a test period of 6 weeks plants were exposed to six concentrations of landfill leachate solutions (0%; 6.25%; 12.5%; 25%; 50% and 100%), under two different regimes. In regime A willow plants were cultivated in leachate solution from the beginning, whereas in regime B they were grown initially in clean water for 4 weeks, after which the water was exchanged for leachate solutions. The lowest effective concentration causing toxic effects (LOEC) was calculated (p < 0.05). In regime A LOEC was between 5.44% and 6.50% of leachate concentration, but slightly higher in regime B (5.32-6.59%). Willow plants were able to survive in landfill leachate solutions with electrical conductivity (EC) values up to 5.0 mS/cm in regime A, whereas in regime B plants were killed when EC exceeded 3.0 mS/cm. This indicates an ability of willow plants to tolerate higher strengths of landfill leachate if they are cultivated in such concentrations from the beginning.

Zamioculcas zamiifolia is an ornamental potted foliage plant and a relatively new introduction to the world of interior plants. However, its low growth rate in conventional solid media is a constraint in mass propagation. The present study aimed at developing improved culture techniques that would enhance the growth and rapid propagation of the plant. Three experiments were conducted to find out the best type of vegetative cuttings, the effect of light on plant growth in a liquid (distilled water) medium, and to develop a new solid medium with nutrients to increase the growth rate. Basal leaflets without rachis were found to be the best cutting type for rapid propagation. Solid substrate was better than liquid medium for rapid rooting. Compost + sand + 0.75 g l -1 fertilizer nutrients can be recommended for rapid propagation of the plant. Plant growth was high in the light-exposed liquid medium compared to dark treatment. Interestingly, the liquid medium led to development of a miniature plant which could be introduced as a novel table-top ornament. The results of the present study would contribute immensely to the export industry of Z. zamiifolia.

Rooting ef®ciencies of cuttings derived from three age class stock plants of African pencil cedar (Juniperus procera Hoechst. ex Endl.), were studied using eight different concentrations of indolebutyric acid (IBA), viz. 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.40, 0.80, 1.60 and 3.20%. The number of cuttings used in anyone treatment ranged from 60 to 70. IBA applied at either 20 mg per cutting (for cuttings derived from 5-month-old stock plants) or at 40 mg per cutting (for cuttings derived from 10and 15-month-old stock plants) resulted in signi®cantly higher rooting responses compared to the control (P < 0:001). Whereas callusing in cuttings derived from the 5-month-old stock plants declined with increasing IBA level (r À0:78, P < 0:05), rooting increased up to only 0.2% IBA. There were signi®cant differences (P < 0:001) among the rooting responses of cuttings derived from 5-and 15-month-old stock plants, as well as among those derived from 10-and 15-monthold stock plants. The number of rooted cuttings and the corresponding root number declined rapidly when cuttings were treated with IBA beyond the 0.4% level. None of the cuttings derived from any of the age classes survived the lethal effects of IBA when this was applied at a concentration of 160 and 320 mg per cutting. By far the most signi®cant effect of IBA was on the total root number. Mean root number increased by over three-fold in cuttings derived from all the three categories of stock plants when these were treated with 40 mg of IBA per cutting. The effectiveness of applied IBA in inducing rooting and in increasing the total root number increased with the age of stock plants from which cuttings were derived. Cuttings derived from 15-month-old stock plants needed higher IBA concentration, and the magnitude of the response (relative to the control, and in terms of rooting ability) was higher compared to those derived from 5-month-old stock plants. Interestingly, a signi®cant number of cuttings derived from the more mature stock plants tended to produce roots without undergoing tissue dedifferentiation. Conversely, more than 95% of the control cuttings derived from 5-month-old seedlings produced calli, hence developing the majority of their roots after tissue differentiation had taken place. Growth of stecklings was proportional to the number of roots and (provided that growing conditions are optimal) planting size stecklings could be produced within about 10 months after transplanting rooted cuttings from the rooting medium to potted soils. With an overall rooting success of 60±80%, and with a reasonably good growth rate of stecklings, production of planting material from juvenile stock plants of J. procera through vegetative means, and through use of low-cost propagators, offers opportunities for a cheaper, practically sound and technically less demanding alternative means of propagation. #

In this paper, we provide evidence that the rooting performance of cuttings can be improved by the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis of donor plants. Poinsettia stock plants were inoculated with the Glomus intraradices isolate H510 and grown in three different cultivation systems (two organic and one conventional). AM colonization was not related to P availability in the substrate. Decay of the excised cuttings in response to unfavorable postharvest storage conditions was significantly reduced by AM colonization of the stock plants. In most cases, AM significantly promoted the formation of adventitious roots in the stored cuttings. The strongest effect of AM was found when donor plants were grown in a modified organic substrate; then AM-conditioned cuttings showed higher leaf sugar levels and a changed kinetic of carbohydrates during storage. Analyses of N, P, and K in cuttings did not indicate a nutritional effect. The results support the idea that an altered carbohydrate metabolism and plant hormones can contribute to improved rooting performance of cuttings excised from mycorrhizal donor plants.

Borehole guided waves, other than the extensional waves traveling through the drillstring, can be used as pilot signals to obtain seismic-while-drilling (SWD) seismograms and information about the drilling conditions. This occurs when there is no rotation of the drillstring while drilling and when the contacts between the drillpipe and the borehole wall preclude the propagation of the extensional wave. To obtain the velocity of the guided waves, we model the compressional-wave velocity of drilling mud with different compositions of lowand high-gravity solids, corresponding to a given drilling plan and taking into account the presence of formation cuttings and in-situ conditions. Then we compute the velocities of the tube wave (with and without casing) and the guided wave traveling in the mud inside the drillstring (pipe wave). The results indicate the pipe wave constitutes a reliable pilot signal in the absence of drillpipe rotation. This allows us to obtain a complete depth reverse vertical seismic profile.

... fumaroles and bubbling gases at Tacaná Volcano (Mexico–Guatemala): implications for volcanic surveillance Dmitri Rouwet &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Salvatore Inguaggiato &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Yuri Taran &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Nicholas Varley &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; José A. Santiago S. ... 1987; De la Cruz-Reyna et al. 1989). ...

In conifers, vegetative propagation of superior genotypes is the most direct means for making large genetic gains, because it allows a large proportion of genetic diversity to be captured in a single cycle of selection. There are two aims of vegetative propagation, namely large-scale multiplication of select genotypes and production of large numbers of plants from scarce and costly seed that originates from controlled seed orchard pollinations. This can be achieved, in some species, either through rooted cuttings or rooted microshoots, the latter regenerated through tissue culture in vitro. Thus far, both strategies have been used but often achieved limited success mainly because of difficult and inefficient rooting process. In this overview of technology, we focus on the progress in defining the physical and chemical factors that help the conifer cuttings and microshoots to develop adventitious roots. These factors include plant growth regulators, carbohydrates, light quality, temperature and rooting substrates/media as major variables for development of reliable adventitious rooting protocols for different conifer species. Keywords Cuttings Á Gymnosperms Á In vitro culture Á Micropropagation Á Microshoots Abbreviations ACC 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid AOA Aminooxyacetic acid ARF Adventitious root formation AVG Aminoethoxyvinylglycine BA 6-Benzyladenine cGMP Cyclic guanosine monophosphate CW Cool white light 123

This study was carried out to analyze the trend of cassava (Manihot esculenta) products and impacts on the livelihood of value chain actors in the Centre Region of Cameroon. Thus, surveys were carried out in 2016, in six localities (Yaounde, Bafia, Obala, Ngoumou, Mbankomo and Mbalmayo) of the Centre Region with the aid of structured questionnaires. Three hundred value chain actors mainly producers, processors, transporters, marketers and consumers of cassava and cassava-based products were selected through a multi-stage random sampling technique and interviewed in markets. However, some producers and consumers were interviewed in their farms, restaurants and at home. Data collected were analyzed using IBM SPSS 20. The results indicated that different cassava products were available at different levels of the value chain. Bobolo/baton, flours, tubers, cassava leaves, cassava cuttings, starch, mitoumba/mintoumba/ntoumba, garri/gari, and water fufu were the main products sold. Meanwhi...

In this paper two types of recycled aggregate, originated from construction and demolition waste (CDW) and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) waste, were used in the production of concrete. The EVA waste results from cutting off the EVA expanded sheets used to produce insoles and innersoles of shoes in the footwear industry. The goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of the use of these recycled aggregates as replacements of the natural coarse aggregate, upon density, compressive strength, tensile splitting strength and flexural behavior of recycled concrete. The experimental program was developed with three w/c ratios: 0.49, 0.63 and 0.82. Fifteen mixtures were produced with different aggregate substitution rates (0%, 50% EVA, 50% CDW, 25% CDW-25% EVA and 50% CDW-50% EVA), by volume. The results showed that it is possible to use the EVA waste and CDW to produce lightweight concrete having semi-structural properties.

This study presents baseline data for future geochemical monitoring of the active Tacaná volcano-hydrothermal system (Mexico-Guatemala). Seven groups of thermal springs, related to a NW-SE oriented fault scarp cutting the summit area (4,100 m a.s.l.), discharge at the northwest foot of the volcano (1,500-2,000 m a.s.l.); another one on the southern ends of Tacaná (La Calera). The near-neutral (pH from 5.8 to 6.9) thermal (T from 25.7 to 63.0°C) HCO-SO 4 waters are thought to have formed by the absorption of a H 2 S/SO 2-CO 2 enriched steam into a Cl-rich geothermal aquifer, afterwards mixed by Na-HCO 3 enriched meteoric waters originating from the higher elevations of the volcano as stated by the isotopic composition (δD and δ 18 O) of meteoric and spring waters. Boiling temperature fumaroles (89°C at ~3,600 m a.s.l. NW of the summit), formed after the May 1986 phreatic explosion, emit isotopically light vapour (δD and δ 18 O as low as-128 and-19.9‰, respectively) resulting from steam separation from the summit aquifer. Fumarolic as well as bubbling gases at five springs are CO 2-dominated. The δ 13 C CO2 for all gases show typical magmatic values of-3.6±1.3‰ vs V-PDB. The large range in 3 He/ 4 He ratios for bubbling, dissolved and fumarolic gases (from 1.3 to 6.9 R A) is ascribed to a different degree of near surface boiling processes inside a heterogeneous aquifer at the contact between the volcanic edifice and the crystalline basement (4 He source). Tacaná volcano offers a unique opportunity to give insight into shallow hydrothermal and deep magmatic processes affecting the CO 2 / 3 He ratio of gases: bubbling springs with lower gas-water ratios show higher He/ 4 He ratios, and consequent lower CO 2 / 3 He ratios (e.g., Zarco spring). Typical Central American CO 2 / 3 He and 3 He/ 4 He ratios are found for the fumarolic, Agua Caliente and Zarco gases (3.1±1.6x10 10 and 6.0±0.9 R A , respectively). The L/S (5.9±0.5) and (L+S)/M ratios (9.2±0.7) for the same gases are almost identical to the ones calculated for gases in El Salvador, suggesting an enhanced slab contribution as far as the northern extreme of the Central American Volcanic Arc, Tacaná.

Oil-drill cuttings, separated from drilling mud and shipped to shore for removal of oil before landfilling, have potential for use as aggregate in construction. A range of samples, originating from different locations in the North Sea, were obtained from licensed processors. Geometrical, physical, and chemical properties were tested against existing standard requirements for fillers. The materials were either readily suitable for inclusion in pavement asphalt or after minor adjustment of the processing technology. Performance of test mixtures made with cleaned oil-drill cuttings was compared to a limestone reference.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between Lolium perenne L. uptake of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in sludge amended soils and soil availability of these elements assessed by soil sequential extraction. A greenhouse experiment was set with three representative soils of the Pampas Region, Argentina, amended with sewage sludge and sewage sludge enriched with its own incinerated ash. After the stabilization period of 60 days, half of the pots were sampled for soil analysis; the rest of the pots were sown with L. perenne and harvested 8, 12, 16 and 20 weeks after sowing, by cutting just above the soil surface. Cadmium and Pb concentrations in aerial tissues of L. perenne were below detection limits, in good agreement with the soil fractionation study. Copper and Zn concentration in the first harvest were significantly higher in the coarse textured soil compared to the fine textured soil, in contrast with soil chemical speciation. In the third harvest, there was a positive correlation between Cu and Zn concentration in aerial biomass and soil fractions usually considered of low availability. We conclude that the most available fractions obtained by soil sequential extraction did not provide the best indicator of Cu and Zn availability to L. perenne.

Ronald Hill specializes in petroleum geochemistry and has more than 12 years of professional experience, which includes his years in Exxon-Mobil and Chevron. Currently, he is a research geologist for the U.S. Geological Survey. His interests include the investigation of shale-gas resources and the processes that control petroleum generation. He holds geology degrees from the Michigan State University (B.S. degree),