Cross-Cultural Communicaiton

The article aims to demonstrate a consistent methodology for conducting cross-cultural
research of verbal communication behaviour and identifying its peculiarities in different
language cultures. First of all, the author discusses the problem of defining a basic unit of
communication crucial for the analysis of communicative behaviour and proposes her own
interpretation of such a unit called speech behaviour pattern (SBP). The illocutionary content
and general organization of any SBP is considered universal, while their actual realization in a
language is culturally conditioned and therefore may vary significantly in different languages.
Utterances that constitute a certain SBP are organized into a field with a prototypical centre
and a gradationally formed periphery, which is referred to as communicative-pragmatic field
(CPF). The proposed methodology of contrastive analysis includes the following four major
components: 1) definition of illocutionary purpose, 2) description of structural forms of SBP
(i.e., their lexical and grammatical characteristics), 3) identifying communicative-pragmatic
factors, 4) description of the structure and hierarchy of the communicative-pragmatic field that
includes utterances implementing SBP. The presented approach is then consistently applied to
the analysis of the SBP of INVITATION in the Russian and German discourse. The language data
are taken from the existing Russian and German corpora. The proposed methodology helps to
identify the main similarities and differences in the implementation of the SBP INVITATION in
Russian and German driven by grammatical and communicative-pragmatic factors.

Everybody is born into a family. Each has its own history, therefore, 'our history' is not made by us, but by previous generations. The rise of International migration and the crumbling of family structures, however, only make it harder for descendants to learn about their family history. Inhibited by language and geographical barriers as well as lost connections to the bearers of knowledge, many offspring of migrant families year for answers to questions such as 'Where do I come from?' or 'How did I get here?' Answering these requires re-establishing lost connections and meeting family one previously did not know. This paper illustrates how the juxtaposition of two generations of Chinese Australian migrants' narrative (a 'pioneer migrant' and an 'overseas born Chinese' are vital to piecing together a segment of family history.

Küreselleşen Dünyanın Kimlik İnşasında İnternetin Katkısı: Vimeo Web Sitesindeki Türkiye Tanıtımları

The influence of globalisation is flowed through nowadays. To understand better of globalistion term, it is suggested to look at subterms of globalisation like as world citizenship, internationalisation, multi-culturality, transnational trade, network society, suprastate or supranational organisations in culture, politic and economic areas. The globalisation as a multi-pole political world system is dervied from a world as mean of first and second which was destroyed by the 20th centruy’s world wars and end of Cold War. Furthermore, multipolarity was occured by world wide communication and computer techologies. These techonologies made the world possible for cross-border relations for nations, cultures and states. To give an exapmle for the progress we could talk about countries which have been in the economic ascendancy of Indonesia, Malesia or  cinema industruies of India, Hong-Kong etc. as an opposing force to Hollywood. One of the important result of globalisation is narrative ways of cinematic production is now more similiar with Hollywodd aesthetics.  So within the context of transborder relations with cultures is much more intensive, close, involutive than ever. At firist step of globalisation theory is discussed by general features than as second the effects of internet as an cultural tool in global era and as a last part of theory is conclued by cinema-internet relations. In the part of examination, it was looked at Vimeo contents for “Turkey’s Introductory Videos” and what kind of national and transnation contributions are done will be analyzed comparatively within context of taxonomic analyze. These analze will be classified at the basis of cultural and visual concepts. The research shows that post modern and consumerasim effects are very dominant on selected videos. Key words: Globalisation, Turkey, Transnationality, Cinema,  Vimeo
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Küreselleşme, dünya vatandaşlığı, uluslararasılaşma, çok kültürlülük, ulus-ötesi yapı ve organizasyonlar ile küresel göç gibi olgularla ön plana çıkan bir sürecin kavramsal ifadesidir. Siyasal planda ise yerkürenin birinci ve ikinci dünya tarafından yönetilişinin, 19. yüzyılda endüstriyel devrimler ile 20. yüzyılda dünya savaşları ve beraberinde gelen toplumsal devrimlerle birlikte yıkıldığı ve üçüncü bir dünya ile birlikte çok merkezli güç yapılarının ortaya çıkmaya başladığı bir dünya düzenini de ifade etmektedir. Bu gelişmelerde güç dengelerindeki değişmenin etkisi kadar bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin oluşturduğu ekonomik ve kültürel yapının gücü de bir o kadar etkili olmuştur. Küreselleşme Doğu için, Asya Kaplanları şeklinde başlayan ekonomik güçlenme, Uzak Doğu ve Hint sinemasının Hollywood karşısında birer güç dengesi haline gelmesi şeklinde gelişmişken diğer yandan da kültürel bakımdan sınırların kalktığı, Amerikan sineması tadında Uzak Doğu filmlerinin izlendiği, içerik ve stillerin iç içe geçtiği bir dünyayı işaret etmektedir. Bu araştırmada ilk olarak küreselleşme genel hatlarıyla tanımlanmış; sonrasında internetin bu olguya nasıl bir katkı sağladığı tartışılmıştır. Ayrıca,  intenetin sinemasal üretimler noktasında sürece nasıl destek verdiği değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırmanın uygulama bölümünde Vimeo sitesinde yer alan Türkiye’ye özgü üretilen yerli ve yabancı içeriklerin özellikleri, Türkiye’nin tanıtımına nasıl bir katkıda bulunduğu ve bu yönde ne katkılar yaptığı ele alınmıştır. Araştırma, literatür taraması ile birlikte Vimeo sitesinde yer alan Türkiye’nin tanıtımı ile ilgili içeriklere yabancı üyelerin ne tip içerikler ürettikleri ve içeriklerini nasıl bir görsel tema ve tasrımla bütünlediklerinin belirlenmesini konu alan taksonomik analiz ile son bulacaktır. Yerli ve yabancı katkıların öne çıkardıkları argümanlar bağlamında bir karşılaştırma da yapılmıştır. İncelenen videolarda post modern kültürel özellikler bulunmuş ve küreselleşmenin anlatı dili üzerindeki etkisinin tükretim biçiminde dışa vurum içerdiği tespit edilmiştir. 
Anahtar Kelimeler: Küreselleşme, Türkiye, Ulus-ötesi Sinema, Vimeo

Recently, the field of second language acquisition (SLA) has seen the growing impact of social context on second language learning, which has been called by Block a "social turn" (2003). This increasing interest in social context and SLA has resulted in a need to theorize two notions, "social" and "context," which have been defined differently across language-related fields. Similarly, the concept of "discursive practice" has started to appear more. Yet, despite its frequent use, this latter term has not been explored in detail. Discursive Practice in Language Learning and Teaching, the sixth volume in the Language Learning monograph series, fills this gap by unpacking and analyzing these key concepts. According to Lourdes Ortega, the series editor, Young, a scholar at the center of research on context and SLA, presents "a highly personal, deeply synthetic, and remarkably organic treatment of the social context of additional language learning" (p. vii) and attempts to map out an approach to second language learning theory that has implications for second language teaching and testing. In this book Young significantly expands the scope of SLA by introducing practice theory to the field. While he covers both written and spoken discourse, the latter is more dominant.

Рассмотрена социокультурная компетенция ино-
странных студентов как составная часть коммуникативной компе-
тенции. Представлены объекты обучения социокультурным сред-
ствам общения: ознакомление учащихся со страной изучаемого
языка и приобретение страноведческих и культурных знаний и
норм поведения, усвоение наиболее употребительных языковых
единиц с национально-культурной семантикой. Предложен отбор
учебного материала с учетом осуществления социальных ролей
обучающихся в сфере бытового, учебно-профессионального и со-
циокультурного общения с целью формирования социокультурной
компетенции. Выделено три типа информации: предметная, фоно-
вая и сопровождающая, – которые используются для адаптации
студентов в процессе обучения.

The article discusses the social and cultural competence
of foreign students as the main part of the communicative competence.
Objects of education for social and cultural means of communication,
such as introduction of students to a country of a language they study,
acquisition of cross-cultural and cultural knowledge, and standards of
behavior, learning of the most common linguistic units with national and
cultural semantics are described in the article. A selection of teaching
materials taking into account social roles of students in everyday,
education and professional, and social and cultural communication
to develop the social and cultural competence are also given. Subjectrelated, background and accompanying types of information are used to adapt students to the learning process.

In a compelling mix of literary narrative and ethnography, anthropologist Alma Gottlieb and writer Philip Graham continue the long journey of cultural engagement with the Beng people of Cote d'Ivoire that they first recounted in their award-winning memoir Parallel Worlds. Their commitment over the span of several decades has lent them a rare insight. Braiding their own stories with those of the villagers of Asagbe and Kosangbe, Gottlieb and Graham take turns recounting a host of unexpected dramas with these West African villages, prompting serious questions about the fraught nature of cultural contact. Through events such as a religious leader's declaration that the authors' six-year-old son, Nathaniel, is the reincarnation of a revered ancestor, or Graham's late father being accepted into the Beng afterlife, or the increasing, sometimes dangerous madness of a villager, the authors are forced to reconcile their anthropological and literary gaze with the deepest parts of their personal lives. Along with these intimate dramas, they follow the Beng from times of peace through the times of tragedy that led to Cote d'Ivoire's recent civil conflicts. From these and many other interweaving narratives - and with the combined strengths of an anthropologist and a literary writer - "Braided Worlds" examines the impact of postcolonialism, race, and global inequity at the same time that it chronicles a living, breathing village community where two very different worlds meet.

To have an open mind is more important than learning; and we can have an open mind, not by cramming it full of information, but by being aware of our own thoughts and feelings, by carefully observing ourselves and the influences about us, by listening to others, by watching the rich and the poor, the powerful and the lowly. Wisdom does not come through fear and oppression, but through the observation and understanding of everyday incidents in human relationship.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively explore marketing issues for foreign industrial companies of large, small and medium size entering emerging markets (EMs), particularly transition economies in Eastern Europe. The vast majority of current studies about emerging markets focus only on defining suitable strategies related to large consumer goods corporations.

Design/methodology/approach
The research adopted a multiple case study approach. Five Italian companies belonging to different business-to-business industries that have entered emerging countries in Eastern Europe were selected for investigation.

Findings
Empirical analysis uncovered recurring issues related to: institutional factors causing market uncertainty and instability; difficulties in building a sales network; a need for product adaptation to guarantee satisfactory performance; choices related to communication, branding and trade fairs; and considerations about competition and first mover advantage. Results can be interpreted as an extension of the analysis of institutional voids by Khanna and Palepu (1997).

Research limitations/implications
The study is based on the analysis of five case studies of companies operating in specific emerging markets, namely in Eastern Europe Countries (EEc) Further research based on different samples and different emerging countries is needed before generalizing results.

Practical implications
The study shows that the main institutional void affecting business-to-business companies entering emerging markets (EEc) is the lack of locally developed sales and after-sales networks. This institutional void slows the entry process of business-to-business companies in EMs. Given these constraints, from the perspective of business-to-business SMEs, it may be fruitful to pursue niche positioning in EMs.

Originality/value
The study analyzes emerging markets opportunities and entry strategies from the business-to-business marketing perspective, uncovering the most critical issues.

Dieser Beitrag widmet sich einer soziokonstruktivistischen Perspektive im Rahmen mehrsprachiger Interaktion. Demnach geht es nicht darum, zu erkennen, was produktiv oder rezeptiv in der Kommunikation geschieht, sondern was die Teilnehmer zusammen erreichen (Melo-Pfeifer 2011). In der mehrsprachigen Interaktion bleiben die sprachlichen Codes nicht immer getrennt, auch dann nicht, wenn der Kommunikativvertrag es anleitet (Bono / Melo-Pfeifer 2011). Infolgedessen bedeutet Interkomprehension nicht immer, dass jeder Sprecher eine Sprache „aktiv“ benutzt und die anderen Sprachen versteht. Deshalb ist die Unterscheidung zwischen produktiven und rezeptiven Sprachkompetenzen im Rahmen mehrsprachiger Interaktion nicht befriedigend, da es sich um die Ko-Konstruktion der Interkomprehension handelt.

A previous quantitative and qualitative study carried out by the author demonstrated that many of the personality traits that facilitate cultural adaptation or adjustment (the ability to function at a high level in cross-cultural environments) also facilitate gaining fluency in foreign languages (Keeley, 2014; Keeley, 2013; Keeley, 2012). The study employed Kozai Group’s Global Competencies Inventory (GCI), a validated instrument for expatriate selection focusing on the psychological factors demonstrated to facilitate functioning in cross-cultural environments. Optimism is one of the GCI competencies that demonstrated a strong relationship with the development of oral fluency in foreign languages. The objective of this paper is to explore optimism in detail and how it facilitates cross-cultural adjustment and foreign language fluency.

As media usage continues to increase on a global scale, fueled by the proliferation of mobile devices, this facilitates the effortless behavior of mediamultitasking. This paradigm shift in the way in which media is consumed presents fundamental challenges for the domains of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), education, psychology, and commerce. This technological shift introduces a new dimension that is needed when attempting to understand user interaction related to both the devices themselves andthe digital platforms accessed. This study begins a process of developing an understanding of cross-cultural media multitasking habits through a survey of a large group of experimental participants. In this study, participants from two different countries were surveyed. The countries used in this study were the USA and Portugal. This research provides valuable insights into theincreasingly common phenomenon of media multitasking and the similarities and differences between cultures when users are engaging in this activity. This study contributes to previous research in the realm of media multitasking by expanding on foundational knowledge on a global scale setting the stage for more detailed research on predictors, outcomes, and habits of global media multitasking.

This article investigates the issue of faith healing in the Philippines as practiced by spiritists there. How does this happen? Who are what is behind it? Then it looks at what the Bible teaches about divine healing. The correlations and contrasts may surprise you.

The growing use of the Internet and mobile devices has created a global and massive market.  This has led to a significant increase in the number of studies on Human-Computer interaction. The increasing number of information services around the world suggests that it is necessary to observe the cultural differences of the people who use the services while designing these applications. In this study, firstly the concept of user interface and the concept of culture will be emphasized. Then effects of cultural approach on interface design will be examined. Finally, the conclusions and recommendations on the culture-interface relationship will be shared.                                                    ÖZET
İnternet ve mobil cihazların kullanımının yoğunlaşması, beraberinde küresel ve büyük bir pazar oluştururken, bu durum İnsan-Bilgisayar etkileşimi üzerine yapılan araştırmaların sayısında belirgin bir artışa sebep olmuştur. Dünya çapında  bilgi servislerinin sayısının gün geçtikçe artması, bu uygulamalar tasarlanırken uygulamaları kullanan insanların kültürel farklılıklarının gözetilmesi gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çalışmada öncelikle kullanıcı arayüzü kavramı üzerine durularak, kültür kavramı incelenecektir. Ardından kültürel yaklaşımın arayüz tasarımı üzerindeki etkilerine odaklanılacak ve son olarak kültür-arayüz ilişkisi üzerine sonuçlar ve öneriler aktarılacaktır.

Highly attractive models (HAMs) have been popularly used in advertising to impact psychologically on the message receiver in the hopes of increasing the advertisement’s effectiveness. The marketing literature is replete with evidence of the positive effects of using HAMs. However, support for their effectiveness is somewhat conflicted. The research attempts to add to the body of knowledge, specifically through exploring individual difference variables (model characteristics, product types, comparison motives, and culture) impact on negative affect. This study also investigates whether advertising skepticism determined by culture has an impact on negative affect as a result of a HAM comparison. The methodology uses a 3 (beauty types) x 2 (product types) x 2 (comparison motives) between-subjects experimental design. Respondents for the main study are female students across cultures from international programs and universities in Vietnam. The results supported all hypotheses; except product types shown having no impact on negative affect. The research also confirmed there are interrelationships between culture and skepticism. These findings have implications regarding the potentially negative influence of advertising including HAMs for practitioners, academics and public policy makers.

The purpose of this document is to support the education and training of community interpreters. It does so by providing structured and detailed guidelines for professional conduct in accordance with principles and values that underlie widely accepted practice in the field. The concept of communicative autonomy is introduced in this document as a fundamental principle. Communicative autonomy is defined here as the capacity of each party in an encounter to be responsible for and in control of his or her own communication (despite language and cultural barriers).

This training session for teachers with multicultural classes shows how to get pupils to appreciate and relate to other cultures as 'mind sets'.

Questo resoconto di un seminario per insegnanti con classi multietniche, mostra come far capire e condividere la cultura come categorie mentali.
.

How is it possible for people from different cultures to really understand each other? They can if they change their conception of 'language' and 'linguistic comunication'.

Come possono persone di culture diverse riuscire a capirsi veramente? E' possibile se vedono in una nuova luce il 'linguaggio', le 'lingue' e la 'comunicazione linguistica'.
.

This qualitative study looks at what constitutes learning from international graduate students' point of view. The qualitative study used focus group and personal interviews to get a comparative look at the meaning of learning from the cross-cultural perspectives of doctoral students from five Asian nations: Thailand, China, Korea, India, and Japan studying at a USA university. In addition to the students' ideas concerning learning, the study also asked of the participants to provide learning-related visual representations/metaphors and interpretations. The study questioned whether there are any universal or cultural aspects related to their ideas of learning and how the cross-cultural experience itself is related to learning. It is intended that this paper will inform teachers and faculty of the need to re-think learning in this age of globalization and take into account the significance of cross-cultural experiences when designing learning objectives. It is also intended to initiate further dialog among comparative educators, intercultural specialists, and policy-makers to re-examine global educational goals, the nature of learning in cross-cultural settings, and the limitations of school as a place of learning in the globalized world.

This interview explores the nature of the study and the clinical practice of Tibetan medicine. Also included are topics such as the issues involved in the preservation of ancient forms of medicine in the modern world, medical integration, biopiracy, and the application of intellectual property rights to traditional culture. Eliot Tokar is a traditional Tibetan medicine doctor and internationally experienced writer and lecturer. He practices Tibetan medicine in NYC and is one of the first Westerners to have received extensive textual and clinical training in this field.

Категоричное речевое поведение: Универсальные и этноспецифические средства репрезентации // Практика коммуникатив-ного поведения в социально-гуманитарных исследованиях : материалы IV международной научно-практической конференции 1-2 декабря 2013 года. – Прага : Vědecko vydavatelské centrum «Sociosféra-CZ», 2013. – C. 106-112.

"When we visit a part of the world we will come across different spoken language, gestures, customs, climate, foods, etc. At first we may think that these differences are attractions and are not really problems. As the time passes we will realize that these differences may trigger a conflict. So we have to be aware of these."  Conflict occurring between individuals or social groups that are separated by cultural boundaries can be considered as cross sultural conflict.

A proposta é de uma revisão de algumas práticas transmídia e crossmedia no cinema contemporâneo e uma série de hibridizações e interdependências discursivas que estão ocorrendo no campo dos videogames. A reflexão segue dois eixos distintos: de um ponto de vista semiótico e estético, propõe-se como hipótese de trabalho que o verdadeiro discurso hegemônico do nosso tempo, característica da convergência de mídias, é o discurso publicitário; e, por outro, do ponto de vista da economia política da comunicação, salienta-se que o aumento de hibridizações discursivas e mídia está relacionado com a ideologia dominante em escala global, o neoliberalismo, o que explica, em última instância, o cenário da mídia que está sendo desenhado globalmente.

This lecture deals with the following 6 topics:
1) Presentation of the notion of “culture” and concrete examples.
2) Discussion of the notion of “cultural identity” is.
3) The scope of intercultural (or “cross-cultural”) communication.
4) Typical and recurrent obstacles that impede a successful intercultural communication.
5) (Negative or positive) impact of cultural (mis)communication
6) Possibilities to improve intercultural communication.

Individuals with Asperger's syndrome and other Autism Spectrum conditions are labeled as having a disorder. They are described as having deficits in social interaction because they have difficulty interpreting non-verbal, contextual, and emotional cues. This label and description are based upon neuronormative assumptions about communication that create oppressive discourses that mark and constrain those who are neurologically different from the dominant norm. This essay attempts to destabilize the privileged position of neuronormative communication and argues for a cross-cultural approach to communication between those who are neurologically different from each other based on awareness and mutual adaptation.

This study reviews many of the aspects of the Folk Catholicism that is practiced in the Philippines in light of biblical revelation. What does the Bible say about things like God's providence and God's power? What the Bible say about the Virgin Mary, the saints, multitudes of other spirits and the ancestors? What does the Bible say about town fiestas, religious processions, offerings to spirits, amulets and talismans, going to the gravesite on All-Saints' Day and a multitude of other issues. What does a culturally sensitive, biblically authentic, contextual theology look like? Keywords: Animism, theology, folk religion, primal religion, traditional religious values, theology, culture, Philippines, Filipinos, missions in the Philippines, Pentecostal, Folk Catholicism.

Silence has been studied in relation to basic cultural parameters, such as high/low context, collectivism/individualism, masculinity/femininity, high/low power distance. Thus, silence in Japan has often been attributed to the high context, collectivism, masculinity and high power distance in the Japanese society. However, in the cross-cultural comparison between Finland and Japan it becomes clear that Finland is an individualist culture with low power distance, low context of culture and high femininity. Yet, there are similarities in the way silence is perceived, used and appreciated in the two countries. Thus, this paper claims that no dichotomies, as the above mentioned characteristics, can comprehend such a complex phenomenon as silence. This is why the paper proposes three main hypotheses. According to the first one, silence can dawn in societies, where a special emphasis is put on listening. According to the second hypothesis, the preference for silence might be generated by the high value attributed to privacy in Finland and Japan. The choice of privacy might also be related to a special sensitivity to communication feedbacks, 'face saving' and communication apprehension in certain communication situations. And according to the third hypothesis, silence can also be triggered by emotions, which are both individual and universal and which are not necessarily culture specific. This is the way silence has been used by various religious and spiritual traditions. This is the case also of the Japanese Zen Buddhism where silence is perceived as an existential and transcendental phenomenon. The latter can only be attained and realized experientially.

I was supposed to have produced a British Studies textbook for use in 'bilingual schools' but I redirected it towards cross cultural studies where Britain was a mirror or Other that could be used by students to help think about their own socially constructed selves. This was the first textbook in Romania to introduce into Romanian schools the study of class, gender, race and sexuality at a time when homosexuality was still a prisonable offence. It was also - for Romanian schools - an early exponent of critical thinking rather than rote learning.

The third volume of the “Intercontinental Dialogue on Phraseology” series is a continuation of the project, which was inspired by the symposium "Phraseology 2009" organised by Professor Katsumasa Yagi at Kwansei Gakuin University in Nishinomiya, Japan. Thanks to the participation of scholars from Europe and Asia, the symposium enabled an intercontinental exchange of views on phraseology. The present volume is a result of a two-year cooperation of phraseologists from Africa, Asia, Australia and Europe. The volume starts with the section titled "Dialogue on Phraseology", which contains two papers by eminent phraseologists: Elisabeth Piirainen and Włodzimierz Wysoczański. Elisabeth Piirainen is an internationally recognised specialist in the field of phraseology, focussing on widespread idiomatic expressions, which are also discussed in her paper “Widespread idioms in Europe and beyond: New insights into figurative language". Włodzimierz Wysoczański does research on idiomatic stock of Slavic languages, who takes a special interest in cross-linguistic studies on similes. His paper, "Integralność we współczesnych badaniach frazeologicznych", deals with problems of contemporary analyses of phraseology. The section is followed by five parts, containing topically arranged papers. The first part, "Lexicography, Corpus Linguistics & Phraseology", contains five papers. Kaoru Akasu’s contribution, "On the Three Editions of the Kenkyusha’s Dictionary of English Collocations: A Comparative Analysis", contains a discussion on different editions of Kenkyusha dictionary of English collocations. The paper "Japanese idioms in corpus data and in dictionaries " by Priscilla Ishida offers an analysis of Japanese idioms in corpora and dictionaries. Outi Lauhakangas in her paper "On M. Kuusi’s database, type system and its challenges" presents Matti Kuusi database. Two papers deal with problems of lexicographic description: Alenka Vrbinc focuses on the inclusion of the dictionary presentation of meanings of fixed expressions in her paper titled "Phraseological units and the meaning: How is semantic information included in online dictionaries?", while Joanna Szerszunowicz, in her contribution "Cultural connotations of winged words in bilingual dictionaries", reflects on the place of cultural connotation in bilingual dictionaries. The second part, "General Linguistics & Phraseology", is composed of eight papers. In the paper “Wikipedia at its best – phraseological neologisms in Wikipedia discussions", Sabine Fiedler focuses on neologisms observed in Wikipedia discussions. The paper by Sergiusz Griniewicz, titled "Терминологические аспекты фразеологии", discusses the terminology. Elise Lopez dwells on an important problem occurring in a contrastive perspective: faux amis in phraseology. Her paper titled "A Study of Emic Proportions: Contextualising Phraseological False Friends" discusses the phenomenon in the emic perspective. Munzhedzi James Mafela’s contribution, "On the Phraseology of Tshiven da Idioms", contains a presentation of various aspects of idiomatic expressions used in the Tshivenda language. The paper by Ewa Młynarczyk, "Nazwy narzędzi jako podstawa metonimicznego obrazowania w przysłowiach i w swobodnych połączeniach wyrazowych", discusses the names of tools as a basis of metonymic imagery in proverbs and loose word combinations. Irina Naumova’s interest in the English Influence on Russian is reflected in her paper, titled "English Influence on Russian Phraseology (in the late eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries)", which contains an analysis of its selected examples of this impact. Magdalena Olejarnik analyses fixedness in mixed languages: her paper "Does phraseology exist in mixed languages? – A comparative study of verbal idioms in Standard Swahili and Sheng (a Swahili-English intertwined language)" contributes to the studies on the specifics of their phraseology. Makoto Sumiyoshi offers a in-depth analysis of the phrase Don’t ‘yes, sir’ me in his paper titled "Phrases, grammatical non-compositionality and functions in use: An analysis of Don’t ‘yes, sir’ me!”. The third part, "Ethnolinguistics, Discourse Analysis, Pragmatics & Phraseology", contains eight papers. In the paper "Traffic Metaphors in the Slovenian Language" Sasa Babić discusses how traffic-related issues are reflected in language, especially in fixed expressions. In her contribution "Woman in Estonian phraseology", Anneli Baran analyses how the woman is presented in the phraseological units of the Estonian language. Paola Capponi’s paper, "Forms of Threatening: Variants and Invariants", focuses on the threat as a linguistic phenomena. Elena V. Carter’s article “With An Open Heart: Somatic Idioms In Nikita Khrushchev’s Political Discourse In America" deals with somatic phraseology in N. Khruschev’s speeches delivered during his stay in the USA. The paper by Renata Dźwigoł, titled "Types of laughter – based on the analysis of Polish phraseological units and proverbs", contains a discussion of Polish fixed expression with a view to determining how different kinds of laughter are depicted. In the paper titled "Better working hard than yelling aloud: proverbs, metaphors and slogans in Chinese political discourse", Mariarosaria Gianninoto discusses Chinese formulaic language. Karolina Makowska’s article, titled "Analiza modyfikacji stałych połączeń wyrazowych w wypowiedziach Violetty Kubasińskiej z serialu BrzydUla", contains an analysis of the idiolect of a sitcom character who uses many modifications of fixed expressions. The phraseology of modern media are discussed by Jadwiga Tarsa who analyses Russian phraseological units in her paper titled "Фразеологизмы в Интернете – смесь традиции и современности". Four papers are included in the fourth part titled "The Contrastive Linguistics, Translation & Phraseology". The one by Edyta Koncewicz-Dziduch, "Deskryptywno-wartościujący charakter związków frazeologicznych z nazwami roślin w języku polskim, chorwackim, serbskim", aims to analyse the descriptive and evaluative character of phraseological units containing plant names in three languages: Polish, Croatian and Serbian. A contrastive analysis of a group of idiomatic expression is also presented by Laura Pinnavaia. In her paper "We are what we eat: Analyzing food and drink idioms in English, French, German, and Spanish", she discusses food and drink idioms in four languages. Sunil Sharma’s contribution also offers an insight into a problem of contrastive phraseology. His article "Kontrastive Untersuchung der Phraseologismen mit Gesichtsteilbezeichnungen im Deutschen und Hindi" contains an analysis of somatic phraseological units two languages: German and Hindi. Elena Zinovieva and Aleksiej Alyoshin focus on fixed comparisons in Russian and Swedish languages. Their paper titled "Русские и шведские устойчивые сравнения, характеризующие манеру речи человека" contains the analysis of the ones characterizing a person’s speech manner. The fifth part, "Cultural Studies, Language Teaching/Acquisition & Phraseology", comprises five papers. In the first article titled "Proverbial expressions and cultural context in archive materials" Liisa Granbom-Herranen shares her observations and remarks on using data for paremiography, especially in linguo-cultural analyses of proverbs. Three papers deal with problems from the sphere of language teaching and acquisition. In her paper "Phraseology and foreign language learning", Erla Hallsteinsdóttir offers a discussion on the role and place of phraseology in foreign language learning. Shin’ichiro Ishikawa’s paper analyses the use of phraseological units in oral and written texts produced by Asian students who learn English as a foreign language. The article by Krystyna Nikołajczuk "Najwyższy czas na frazeologię. Nauczanie polskich frazeologizmów o znaczeniu temporalnym w środowisku ukraińskojęzycznym", is devoted to teaching phraseology to learners of Polish as a foreign language in Ukraine. In his paper titled "Realia Nusantary w świetle indonezyjskiej frazeologii", Przemysław Wiatrowski discusses how the realia of a given ethnic community – in this case the Indonesian one – are reflected in phraseological stock.

ENGLISH:  The article starts off translating into French an essay in Italian, "Il traduttore camaleonte" (above), then, after a few paragraphs, forgoes the linguistic considerations, given the different intended public, and becomes instead a new article on the essence of translation (and negotiation) competence, how to acquire it, how to use it.
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  FRANÇAIS:  L'article commence en traduisant en français un essai en italien, "Il traduttore camaleonte" (ci dessus), puis, après quelques paragraphes, étant donnée la diversité des destinataires, met de côté les considérations linguistiques et devient un nouvel article qui décrit le savoir du traducteur (et du négociateur), comment l'acquérir, comment l'utiliser.
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  ITALIANO:  L'articolo inizia come la traduzione in francese del saggio "Il traduttore camaleonte" (qui sopra) – poi, dopo qualche paragrafo, causa il diverso pubblico destinatario, tralascia le considerazioni linguistiche per diventare un articolo originale sul sapere del traduttore (et del negoziatore), su come acquisirlo, su come usarlo.
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Esta obra aplica a la fraseología un punto de vista que podemos situar dentro de la corriente neohumboldtiana llamada en Rusia "linguo-culturología", y se centra en este caso en la motivación, tanto etimológica como psicolingüística, que sobrevive en mayor o menor grado en el lenguaje figurado en general y los frasemas en particular. Contiene 39 contribuciones que tratan diversas facetas de la cuestión desde perspectivas complementarias.
Dmitrij Dobrovolski’j, en Cross-linguistic equivalence of idioms: does it really exist? se enfrenta a la noción de la equivalencia fraseológica interlingüística, la inseparable otra cara de la moneda de cualquier teorización de lo específiico-cultural o de lo universal. Antonio Pamies Bertrán trata del propio concepto teórico de "motivación fraseológica" (A propos de la motivation phraséologique). Ángel López García proporciona un enfoque neurolingüístico acerca del acceso al lexicón mental en Neurolinguistics of the lexicon-syntax interface. Luis González García se ocupa de la variación fraseológica, y más concretamente de las manipulaciones, desviaciones que reviven la motivación de los componentes en fraseologismos, a partir de un corpus de conocidas canciones modernas españolas, en Modificación o desautomatización de fraseologismos en la música española actual. Juan de Dios Luque Durán enumera factores concretos que permiten concretar algo que en términos humboldtianos resultaba demasiado etéreo y romántico, aunque no por ello inexistente: "la mentalidad nacional" (Un ejemplo de la interrelación de cultura y lenguaje: el carácter nacional español en fraseologismos y otras formas de expresión lingüística).Completan esta parte "teórica" Lucía Luque Nadal (Culturemas y fraseologismos históricos como “esquemas ideológicos prototípicos”: estudio interlingüístico), e  Irina V. Zykova, que trata los estadios y niveles de la investigación fraseológica trans-lingüística de la semántica fraseológica (Contrastive studies: levels and stages of research on phraseologisms of different languages).
El enfoque histórico-etimológico esta representado por Natalia Med (Mecanismos de formación de la semántica valorativa en la fraseología de las lenguas románicas) y por Marc Ruiz-Zorrilla (Sobre la aplicación de la modelación semántico-estructural en la etimologización de los frasemas del español). Su maestro Valeriï Mokienko (hay por cierto en el índice una misteriosa errata en su nombre de pila) estudia los biblismos como fuente de la "europeización" de muchos fraseologismos (Biblismen als Quelle der Europäisierung nationaler Phraseologismen und Sprichwörter), tema que Anna Zholobova también aborda para nuestra lengua en Uso actual de los bibleísmos fraseológicos en español y ruso. Andrey Grigorev, en The Byzantine tradition and semantics of Russian biblical expressions, estudia la tradición bizantina en los biblismos rusos; también la religión, como caldo de cultivo cultural de la motivación metafórica, aparece en Dragana Mršević-Radović, con el tratamiento etimológico-histórico del trasfondo cultural de la fraseología serbia: L’esprit et l’âme dans la phraseologie serbe – approche historico-étymologique; o en Rosa Piñel (La imagen del Diablo en la fraseología española y alemana) seguido por el trabajo de Teodora Kyryakova-Dinieva sobre aspectos culturales de las fórmulas gemelas en biblismos alemanes y búlgaros.
El aspecto cultural sincrónico en la fraseología es tratado por Elisabeth Piirainen que aborda la motivación fraseológica desde la perspectiva de la intertextualidad en sentido amplio (Idiom motivation from cultural perspectives: metaphors, symbols, intertextuality); Nana Stambolishvili, en Phraseologismen als kulturelles Gedächtnis, trata el rol de los fraseologismos como "memoria cultural"; Nader al Jallad, muestra en A Linguo-cultural study of “generosity” in Arabic un estudio lingüístico-cultural sobre la generosidad en la cultura árabe. El simbolismo animal y su reflejo en la lengua no podían faltar a este estudio, y se aborda en varias lenguas. Kamila Tutaeva lo trata en La simbología del oso en la fraseología rusa: estudo linguo-cultural; Josefina Velasco en Del cerdo se aprovecha todo (aproximación a un análisis ideográfico); Rayna Holandi en Language symbolism in animalistic phraseology (a contrastive study on English and Bulgarian) y Natalia Sourgouladze, que estudia los zoónimos en francés y georgiano en L’étude de la particularité sémantique des zoonymes et des somatismes animaux dans les langues française et géorgienne.
La historia es otro de los grandes "puentes" para las proyecciones conceptuales que vinculan la herencia cultural nacional al acervo fraseológico. Joanna Szerszunowicz analiza peculiaridades intraculturales del polaco en relación a citas célebres, pese a ser relativamente recientes, en On intracultural "winged words" and their translation equivalents (based on Lech Wałęsa’s words). Otro elemento importante a este respecto son los estereotipos. Sabine Geck realiza un estudio contrastivo alemán-español de las fórmulas rutinarias y los scripts culturales del aspecto social de la comida en Guten Appetit! Routineformeln und das Script der Mahlzeit aus interkultureller Perspektive (deutsch-spanisch). Katarina Kekic aborda los clichés raciales y nacionalistas en Racismo y xenofobia en la fraseología: el caso del serbio, tema que también aborda más adelante Anda Rădulescu (Sur quelques difficultés de traduction en français des parémies roumaines formées à partir des noms de peuples).
Todos los grandes dominios fuente de la productividad metafórica son examinados: el pensamiento, el habla, los gestos, el cuerpo... Alexandra Stavtseva, en Semantic and functional peculiarities of English and German phraseological units denoting human intellectual abilities examina las características funcionales y semánticas de unidades fraseológicas del alemán y el inglés que conceptualizan mediante imágenes la inteligencia o la carencia de la misma. Carmen Mellado analiza el trasfondo cultural de las metáforas metadiscursivas en Valores semánticos y pragmáticos de la fraseología de callar en alemán y español, complementado por el trabajo José Alejandro Calero sobre La fuerza ilocutiva socialmente reprochable en el léxico: análisis contrastivo checo-español. Irina Skrypnik analiza las similitudes y diferencias de las expresiones de relaciones interpersonales en ruso e ucraniano en Interpersonal relationships in Ukrainian and English: similarities and discrepancies (on the material of the somatic phraseological units). Joanna Szerszunowicz se ocupa de la carga cultural en la metaforización de los nombres propios (On selected source domains of onomastic phraseology in a cross-linguistic perspective). Ilaria Meloni estudia la lexicalización de los gestos corporales (cinegramas) en los frasemas del alemán y del italiano en Zur Versprachlichung mimisch-gestischer Zeichen. Kinegramme im Deutschen und im Italienischen. Erika Kržišnik y Jasmina Markič estudian los cinegramas y las metáforas anatómicas en El componente roka y mano-brazo en las fraseologías eslovena y española, tema que también examina Elizabete Aparecida Marques en La mano como base metonímica de locuciones verbales y adverbiales: un estudio comparativo entre el español y el portugués.
Los estudios de tipo onomasiológico también son parte ineludible de esta problématica, y en este sentido ambén hay varias aportaciones relevantes: Iovka Tchobánova (Estudio de la embriaguez  en  la  fraseología portuguesa), Luis Luque Toro (Una aproximación cognitiva a los conceptos de consejo, vicios y malos hábitos en la fraseología española), Saliha Iggui (Noms de plantes et phraseologie en berbère); También están presentes dialectos y lenguas minoritarias como el lapón o el danés occidental, tratados por Anna Idström (Inari Saami metaphors of hunger) y Torben Arboe (Phraseological aspects of Jutlandic (western Danish).
Se trata como vemos de una obra densa y completa dedicada por entero al trasfondo motivador de la semántica fraseológica, cuyos casi 40 capítulos se complementan y convergen hacia un mejor conocimiento de esta faceta del fenómeno fraseológico, tan importante para explicar tanto la dinámica de la fijación como la de la idiomaticidad.
    Reseña de José Manuel Pazos Bretaña
    Universidad de Córdoba
    (Publicada en Language Design, 13 (2011)

Este volumen, que contiene 33 contribuciones de investigadores internacionales dedicadas a la paremiología, viene a ser complementario del libro que Pamies y Dobrovol'skij dedicaron por las mismas fechas a las locuciones (Linguo-cultural competence and phraseological motivation) en la medida en que el hilo conductor es también el componente cultural, sólo que esta vez los trabajos recogidos se refieren exclusivamente al ámbito paremiológico.
Un elemento tan esencial como la siempre cuestionada y siempre reinvindicada representatividad y vitalidad de los refranes es tratado por Julia Sevilla Muñoz en Aspectos culturales y transculturales de la Paremiología: el mínimo paremiológico; Maria Antonella Sardelli en Recopilación y sistematización del mínimo paremiológico italiano y Jean-Philippe Zouogbo, en Prolégomènes à l’établissement d’un minimum parémiologique pour le français, que analiza cuestiones teóricas y prácticas previas a la determinación del mínimo paremiológico en francés. Serie complementada más adelante por Liisa Granbom-Herranen, que analiza el uso efectivo de los refranes en Proverb – a literal phrase and a part of everyday speech;
El reflejo de los somatismos en los refranes y frasemas es el tema de varios trabajos como el de Carlos Crida (La sangre en las unidades fraseológicas y paremias del español y del griego. Estudio comparativo y propuesta de uso práctico), de Moayad N. Sharab (Locuciones somáticas de cabeza en español y el árabe de Jordania: un estudio contrastivo), y de Inés Olza Moreno (¡Qué fraseología ni qué narices! Fraseologismos somáticos del español y expresión del rechazo metapragmático). Otras propiedades semánticas, entre ellas la fijación del refrán, son analizadas por Guy Achard-Bayle en Circulation du sens parémique: du dicton au proverbe métaphorique-métamorphique, donde se examina el flujo semántico entre dichos y proverbios. Otros aspectos teóricos generales son abordados por Inés Sfar (Le proverbe: un prédicat endophorique), Mosbah Saïd, (Noms composés et énoncés parémiques: le figement dans le figement est-il possible?) y Thouraya Ben Amor Ben Hamida, que estudia la fijación y la metáfora en la paremiología en Parémiologie, défigement et métaphore.
Los autores que contribuyen a esta obra tratan, además, otros numerosos aspectos, aunque con el acento puesto en el trasfondo cutural como generador de diferencias y puntos comunes entre lenguas. Así lo hacen Germán Conde Tarrío en El refrán y el humor: la paremia hagiográfica; Fernando García Romero en Con la luz apagada todas las mujeres son iguales: sobre un tópico proverbial en griego antiguo; y Maria Celeste Augusto, que trata la fraseología asociada a los nombres de los meses en portugués y neerlandés en Phraséologies des mois de l’année en portugais et en néerlandais: une approche contrastive; sin olvidar el aspecto aplicado, que Claire Nicolas investiga en su enfoque del papel y de los problemas de la fraseo-paremiología en la enseñanza de lenguas (Phraséo-parémiologie en acquisition et en didactique des langues).
El  punto de vista histórico diacrónico es abordado por Jennifer Aparicio Morgado en Funcionalidad de las paremias jurídicas latinas, por Mariarosaria Gianninoto, que estudia las primeras muestras dela  paremiografía china en Les chengyu chinois et les premiers exemples de parémiographie bilingüe; José Enrique Gargallo Gil y Antonio Torres Torres analizan los viejos refranes del tiempo endario en Meteoros y personificación en la paremiología romance a partir del proyecto BADARE. Completa la serie María Elisa Zurita con El refranero clásico en clave de humor cordobés.
Los aspectos formales son abordados en Elif Divitçioğlu, que trata las particularidades sintácticas de los proverbios turcos en Particularités syntaxiques des proverbes en turc de Turquie; Rémy Dor, que analiza la estructura de los proverbios en turco en Analyse morphique du proverbe turk ancien; o Macià Riutort en su trabaJo sobre Fraseología y refranes en las Sagas de Islandeses y su traducción al español.
La motivación sincrónica también tiene su parcela, a cargo de Vanessa Fernández Pampín en Los accidentes geográficos marítimos en los refraneros gallegos; Luisa A. Messina Fajardo en Come avispa, que cigarrón atora: paremiología venezolana y “comparancias”. Esta dimensión esencialmente semántico-culturológica está representada en el libro principalmente por trabajos de orientación contrastiva, como el de Joana Hadzi-Lega Hristoska, que analiza la representación de la mujer en francés y macedonio en La femme dans une optique proverbiale franco-macédonienne. Laura Santone trata las paremias de la astrología en Quand les planètes ’frappent’ leurs proverbes: parémie et horoscope ; Floriana Lavermicocca estudia el papel del ‘otro’ en los proverbios franceses e italianos en L’altérité dans les proverbes français et italiens; Gulnar Sarsikeyeva se ocupa de la especificidad cultural de paremias kazajas y de los problemas de su traducción al francés en La spécificité culturelle des parémies kazakhes dans leur traduction en français; Irine Goshkheteliani estudia las implicaciones culturales en proverbios ingleses y georgianos en Cultural implications in English and Georgian proverbs; Magdalena Lipinska examina los mecanismos pragmáticos del humor en proverbios franceses y polacos en Les mécanismes pragmatiques de l’humour dans les proverbes polonais et français; Maslina Ljubičić y Nada Županović describen las metáforas del matrimonio en proverbios italianos y croatas en Husband and wife metaphors in Italian  and Croatian proverbs y Anna T. Litovkina, que analiza la representación de la naturaleza femenina en los antiproverbios anglo-americanos en Some aspects of a woman’s nature as revealed through Anglo-American anti-proverbs. A esto hay que añadir la meticulosidad con que Wolfgang Mieder nos explica El sueño proverbial de Martin Luther King’s sobre los derechos humanos.
Este libro significa una puesta al día en muchos aspectos de la paremiología, y tratando de varias lenguas por parte de un elenco de autores marcadamente internacional, muchos de los artículos están en español, lo cual le da también un carácter divulgativo a tener en cuenta.
    Reseña de José Manuel Pazos Bretaña
    Universidad de Córdoba
publicada en Language Design, 13 (2011)

What boosts a person’s employability in today’s networked, liquid and “glocal” world? We are experiencing increasingly global interconnections, associated with some growing local and localized differentiations, as well as living a continuing transformation organized around information technologies - that is changing the
way we produce, consume, behave, manage, communicate and think.
In such a scenario, which are the key-competencies to be honed in order to foster our employability? How to empower people? Which education and training
approaches are the most effective? Why e-REAL - Enhanced Reality Lab - is becoming a cornerstone?
The present volume is aimed at sharing paradigms, practices, case-studies and outputs from applied research.

Utilizing performative writing to interrogate the experiences of a queer Xicano male in the discipline of Communication Studies, this essay argues for specificity in dialogue with specificity to disrupt dominant and/or normalized power relations in Queer of Color Critique (QOCC) and beyond. After defining QOCC, the potentiality of jotería critique is offered as a decolonial queer praxis that focuses on hybridity, radical interconnectedness, and nonheteronormative mestiza/o sexual and gender subjectivities. Further, by embracing the ambiguities of hybridity and the politics of radical interconnectedness, Jotería communication studies is a nascent sub-discipline that works in the borderlands between the academic, the artistic, and the activist world, which contributes to and challenges the greater discipline to disrupt the multiple logics of the center in emancipatory, transformative, and embodied forms.

This article considers translations of modern Arabic fiction to English in the context of contemporary translation theory as a critical approach. Translation theory provides a framework to analyze the cultural and sociological aspects involved in the process of literary translation that can influence the circulation of the final product. Specifically; the polysystem theory of Even-Zohar and the literary fields and social agents of Bourdieu are considered in an exploration of how and why translations from Arabic are undertaken; how and by whom. This paper takes the Yacoubian Building [Ar. 'Amaret Yacoubian]; a contemporary novel by Alaa Al Aswani; under consideration for its cultural and literary importance. It is found that contemporary Arabic fiction has shown a slowly increasing presence in the English literary market.