Container Shipping

This article presents results from the first statistically significant study of cost escalation in transportation infrastructure projects. Based on a sample of 258 transportation infrastructure projects worth US$90 billion and representing different project types, geographical regions, and historical periods, it is found with overwhelming statistical significance that the cost estimates used to decide whether such projects should be built are highly and systematically misleading. Underestimation cannot be explained by error and is best explained by strategic misrepresentation, that is, lying. The policy implications are clear: legislators, administrators, investors, media representatives, and members of the public who value honest numbers should not trust cost estimates and cost-benefit analyses produced by project promoters and their analysts.

This article presents results from the first statistically significant study of traffic forecasts in transportation infrastructure projects. The sample used is the largest of its kind, covering 210 projects in 14 nations worth U.S.$59 billion. The study shows with very high statistical significance that forecasters generally do a poor job of estimating the demand for transportation infrastructure projects. For 9 out of 10 rail projects, passenger forecasts are overestimated; the average overestimation is 106%. For half of all road projects, the difference between actual and forecasted traffic is more than ±20%. The result is substantial financial risks, which are typically ignored or downplayed by planners and decision makers to the detriment of social and economic welfare. Our data also show that forecasts have not become more accurate over the 30-year period studied, despite claims to the contrary by forecasters. The causes of inaccuracy in forecasts are different for rail and road projects, with political causes playing a larger role for rail than for road. The cure is transparency, accountability, and new forecasting methods. The challenge is to change the governance structures for forecasting and project development. Our article shows how planners may help achieve this.

The article first describes characteristics of major infrastructure projects. Second, it documents a much neglected topic in economics: that ex ante estimates of costs and benefits are often very different from actual ex post costs and benefits. For large infrastructure projects the consequences are cost overruns, benefit shortfalls, and the systematic underestimation of risks. Third, implications for cost–benefit analysis are described, including that such analysis is not to be trusted for major infrastructure projects. Fourth, the article uncovers the causes of this state of affairs in terms of perverse incentives that encourage promoters to underestimate costs and overestimate benefits in the business cases for their projects. But the projects that are made to look best on paper are the projects that amass the highest cost overruns and benefit shortfalls in reality. The article depicts this situation as ‘survival of the unfittest’. Fifth, the article sets out to explain how the problem may be solved, with a view to arriving at more efficient and more democratic projects, and avoiding the scandals that often accompany major infrastructure investments. Finally, the article identifies current trends in major infrastructure development. It is argued that a rapid increase in stimulus spending, combined with more investments in emerging economies, combined with more spending on information technology is catapulting infrastructure investment from the frying pan into the fire.

This paper focuses on problems and their causes and cures in policy and planning for large-infrastructure projects. First, it identifies as the main problem in major infrastructure developments pervasive misinformation about the costs, benefits, and risks involved. A consequence of misinformation is cost overruns, benefit shortfalls, and waste. Second, it explores the causes of misinformation and finds that political-economic explanations best account for the available evidence: planners and promoters deliberately misrepresent costs, benefits, and risks in order to increase the likelihood that it is their projects, and not those of their competition, that gain approval and funding. This results in the ‘survival of the unfittest’, in which often it is not the best projects that are built, but the most misrepresented ones. Finally, it presents measures for reforming policy and planning for large-infrastructure projects with a focus on better planning methods and changed governance structures, the latter being more important.

A major source of risk in project management is inaccurate forecasts of project costs, demand, and other impacts. The paper presents a promising new approach to mitigating such risk, based on theories of decision making under uncertainty which won the 2002 Nobel prize in economics. First, the paper documents inaccuracy and risk in project management. Second, it explains inaccuracy in terms of optimism bias and strategic misrepresentation. Third, the theoretical basis is presented for a promising new method called "reference class forecasting," which achieves accuracy by basing forecasts on actual performance in a reference class of comparable projects and thereby bypassing both optimism bias and strategic misrepresentation. Fourth, the paper presents the first instance of practical reference class forecasting, which concerns cost forecasts for large transportation infrastructure projects. Finally, potentials for and barriers to reference class forecasting are assessed.

"Over budget, over time, over and over again" appears to be an appropriate slogan for large, complex infrastructure projects. This article explains why cost, benefits, and time forecasts for such projects are systematically over-optimistic in the planning phase. The underlying reasons for forecasting errors are grouped into three categories: delusions or honest mistakes; deceptions or strategic manipulation of information or processes; or bad luck. Delusion and deception have each been addressed in the management literature before, but here they are jointly considered for the first time. They are specifically applied to infrastructure problems in a manner that allows both academics and practitioners to understand and implement the suggested corrective procedures. The article provides a framework for analyzing the relative explanatory power of delusion and deception. It also suggests a simplified framework for analyzing the complex principal-agent relationships that are involved in the approval and construction of large infrastructure projects, which can be used to improve forecasts. Finally, the article illustrates reference class forecasting, an outside view de-biasing technique that has proven successful in overcoming both delusion and deception in private and public investment decisions.

The Supplementary Green Book Guidance on Optimism Bias (HM Treasury 2003) with reference to the Review of Large Public Procurement in the UK (Mott MacDonald 2002) notes that there is a demonstrated, systematic, tendency for project appraisers to be overly optimistic and that to redress this tendency appraisers should make explicit, empirically based adjustments to the estimates of a project’s costs, benefits, and duration. HM Treasury recommends that these adjustments be based on data from past projects or similar projects elsewhere, and adjusted for the unique characteristics of the project in hand. In the absence of a more specific evidence base, HM Treasury has encouraged departments to collect data to inform future estimates of optimism, and in the meantime use the best available data. In response to this, the Department for Transport (henceforth DfT), has contracted Bent Flyvbjerg in association with COWI to undertake the consultancy assignment "Procedures for dealing with Optimism Bias in Transport Planning". The present Guidance Document is the result of this assignment.

The pricing of infrastructure, such as this of commercially competing ports, is one of the most controversial aspects of the global economy of the 21 st century. The controversy arises from the need to reconcile the economic development impacts of infrastructure investments with the, under commercial terms, recovery of investment costs. In developed countries and regions, the role of public investment' is thus re-evaluated, while the concept of`competition on infrastructure' is increasingly challenged by the need to establish a level playing field among competing ports. The paper shows how Marginal Cost Pricing of port infrastructure can be a powerful`pricing discipline' towards achieving cost recovery and fair competition among ports. To succeed in this, the paper advocates for stronger policy intervention in order to ensure greater transparency of port accounting systems, better and more harmonised port statistics, a meaningful set of state aid guidelines, and stricter application of Competition Law in port infrastructure investments.

2008. 352 pp. r150.00 (hardcover). This volume is intended to explain why major investment projects (the so-called mega-projects) often are not completed on time and cost more than originally budgeted. Drawing from experiences of European and North American countries, the book also suggests ways to avoid such failures. Although the topic is rather specific, the book is worth reading for both experts and nonexperts as infrastructure development continues to be a major key to economic expansion across the globe.g row_486 380.. 408 For those who only have a vague idea of what a mega-project is, the book begins by introducing the topic and reviewing the most important recent literature. The first part of the volume, then, provides numerous insights on the complexity of mega-projects, starting from the large number of reasons why mega-projects might fail. For example, the project might be "underdesigned," thus less costly but less robust to unforeseen developments, or it might be "overdesigned," when a large number of weaknesses and possible problems are considered in advance, and solutions are evaluated before the problem actually occurs. Overdesigned projects are more robust, less likely to fail, but are much more costly. The project might involve the use of innovative technologies that have never been applied to a similar context, and that involve more uncertain implementation costs and results. Most projects have an impact on the environment and might face opposition for example from environmentalist groups. If representative of these groups have not been directly involved in the design of the project, they might try to stop it, thus causing delays and increasing costs. Finally, because of incorrect predictions of 380 GROWTH AND CHANGE, JUNE 2009

Risk, including economic risk, is increasingly a concern for public policy and management. The possibility of dealing effectively with risk is hampered, however, by lack of a sound empirical basis for risk assessment and management. This article demonstrates the general point for cost and demand risks in urban rail projects. The article presents empirical evidence that allow valid economic risk assessment and management of urban rail projects, including benchmarking of individual or groups of projects. Benchmarking of the Copenhagen Metro is presented as a case in point. The approach developed is proposed as a model for other types of policies and projects in order to improve economic and financial risk assessment and management in policy and planning.

This paper explores how theories of the planning fallacy and the outside view may be used to conduct quality control and due diligence in project management. First, a much-neglected issue in project management is identified, namely that the front-end estimates of costs and benefits – used in the business cases, cost-benefit analyses, and social and environmental impact assessments that typically support decisions on projects – are typically significantly different from actual ex post costs and benefits, and are therefore poor predictors of the actual value and viability of projects. Second, it is discussed how Kahneman and Tversky’s theories of the planning fallacy and the outside view may help explain and remedy this situation through quality control of decisions. Third, it is described what quality control and due diligence are in the context of project management, and an eight-step procedure is outlined for due diligence based on the outside view. Fourth, the procedure is tested on a real-life, multibillion-dollar project, organized as a public-private partnership. Finally, Akerlof and Shiller’s recent discussion in economics of “firing the forecaster” is discussed together with its relevance to project management. In sum, the paper demonstrates the need, the theoretical basis, a practical methodology, and a real-life example for how to de-bias project management using quality control and due diligence based on the outside view.

Do different types of megaprojects have different cost overruns? This apparently simple question is at the heart of research at the University of Oxford aimed at understanding the characteristics of megaprojects, particularly in terms of how they are established, run and concluded. In this study, we set out to investigate cost overruns in the Olympic Games. To do so, we examined the costs of the Games over half a century, including both summer and winter Olympics. We looked at the evolution of final reported costs and compared these to the costs established in the Games bids, submitted to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) up to seven years before the Games occurred. In so doing we established the largest dataset of its kind, and documented for the first time in a consistent fashion the costs and cost overruns for the Olympic Games, from 1960 to 2012. We discovered that the Games stand out in two distinct ways compared to other megaprojects: (1) The Games overrun with 100 per cent consistency. No other type of megaproject is this consistent regarding cost overrun. Other project types are typically on budget from time to time, but not the Olympics. (2) With an average cost overrun in real terms of 179 per cent – and 324 per cent in nominal terms – overruns in the Games have historically been significantly larger than for other types of megaprojects, including infrastructure, construction, ICT, and dams. The data thus show that for a city and nation to decide to host the Olympic Games is to take on one of the most financially risky type of megaproject that exists, something that many cities and nations have learned to their peril. For the London 2012 Games, we find that: (1) With sports-related real costs currently estimated at USD14.8 billion, London is on track to become the most costly Olympics ever. (2) With a projected cost overrun of 101 per cent in real terms, overrun for London is below the historical average for the Games, but not significantly so. (3) The London cost overrun is, however, significantly higher than overruns for recent Games since 1999. London therefore is reversing a positive trend of falling cost overruns for the Games.

The ability to utilize multiple modes of transport has a considerable impact on the accessibility of sea ports. Furthermore, the growing demand for sustainability continuously prompts ports to make hinterland transport as efficient and environmentally friendly as possible. One possibility to improve the performance of intermodal freight systems is integrating multiple modes in designing hinterland transport services which is discussed as Synchromodal Freight Transport Systems in this paper. A detailed definition of this concept is presented and subsequently, a mathematical model to design the service schedule for such a system is proposed. As an illustrative case, the application of model for a case in the hinterland network of the Port of Rotterdam is also discussed and a set of numerical experiments for scenarios of integrated and separate service design is presented.

This study introduces a state-of-the-art volatility forecasting method for container shipping freight rates. Over the last decade, the container shipping industry has become very unpredictable. The demolition of the shipping conferences system in 2008 for all trades calling at a port in the European Union (EU) and the global financial crisis in 2009 have affected the container shipping freight market adversely towards a depressive and non-stable market environment with heavily fluctuating freight rate movements. At the same time, the approaches of forecasting container freight rates using econometric and time series modelling have been rather limited. Therefore, in this paper, we discuss contemporary container freight rate dynamics in an attempt to forecast for the Far East to Northern Europe trade lane. Methodology-wise, we employ autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) as well as the combination of ARIMA and autoregressive conditional eteroscedasticity (ARCH) model, which we call ARIMARCH. We observe that ARIMARCH model provides comparatively better results than the existing freight rate forecasting models while performing short-term forecasts on a weekly as well as monthly level. We also observe remarkable influence of recurrent general rate increases on the container freight rate volatility.

The mobilities turn has demonstrated the importance of the social, cultural, and political implications of travel for a variety of modes, though largely focused on people and vehicles, not freight.  The transport of goods by shipping container has become the predominant means of freight transport since the 1960s, shaping places from port cities to rural distribution centers.  This paper uses two North American case studies to explore temporary immobilities or pauses in the flows of shipping containers, showing that the problems containers pose to the places they pass through are not a function of the objects themselves, but their state of mobility.  Pauses are important as a category of mobility because of the consequences of regulations that attempt to eliminate or redirect them.

Dan Lovallo and Daniel Kahneman must be commended for their clear identification of causes and cures to the planning fallacy in “Delusions of Success: How Optimism Undermines Executives’ Decisions” (July 2003). Their look at overoptimism, anchoring, competitor neglect, and the outside view in forecasting is highly useful to executives and forecasters. However, Lovallo and Kahneman underrate one source of bias in forecasting—the deliberate “cooking” of forecasts to get ventures started. My colleagues and I call this the Machiavelli factor.

Introducing new technologies often crush unions; indeed, sometimes that is the purpose. However, the International Longshore & Warehouse Union (ILWU), on the US Pacific Coast, demonstrates that need not occur. In 1960, the ILWU and Pacific Maritime Association signed the Mechanization & Modernization agreement (M&M). M&M represented among the first efforts by a union to shape this process—to “get a share of the machine.” Although workers understood that new technologies cannot simply be resisted, tremendous controversy still existed, culminating in the US shipping industry’s longest strike ever. In 1971, members of the San Francisco Bay area’s Local 10 led this strike, having experienced containerization most extensively. Although their numbers plummeted, those remaining maintained power at a strategic point of the global economy. Looking at how these workers managed to survive and partially shape the introduction of a valuable new technology suggests that it, and globalization, need not always destroy unions.

The growth in liner shipping capacity; the degree of containerisation of general cargo trades; and the average and maximum size of containerships have all been increasing at a remarkable rate during the past 20 years. Futurologists, naval architects, but also a few economists earning a living by extrapolating past trends, occasionally talk about mammoth containerships, as big as 18,000 TEU, calling at fewer and fewer hub ports, increasingly at dedicated terminals.

This paper argues that although this is a possible scenario, it is not likely to become the prevailing trend. On the contrary, it is believed here that the maximum size of containerships is reaching its upper (economic) limit and the future will see an increase in the market share of smaller ships, directly calling at more ports that serve a limited hinterland; a development similar to what has happened in aviation after that market was liberalised.

There are nowadays 6 important and very distinguishable trends that all, each reinforcing the other, point to this direction. These are: 1. worldwide port development; 2. regionalisation of trade; 3. infrastructure development in southern Europe; 4. road pricing in Europe; 5. the future of liner shipping alliances; and 6. the impact of information technology.

The paper provides an overview of China’s relations with Poland in the context of the New Silk Road (NSR) as well as Łódź’s benefits form the One Belt One Road (OBOR). China has rapidly expanded the extent of its interactions with Poland since 2013 when it decided that the railway network should go through the shortest land connection of China to Western Europe. From the very beginning Łódź was one of the most important points on the planned route. The article presents the key features of the city, while the case of the Łódź–Chengdu rail connection offers an insight into the region’s benefits from the NSR. The article concludes that although there have been positive changes in the economic situation of the Łódź region so far, there are still many areas of the Sino-Polish cooperation that seem crucial for the future of the OBOR.

Megaproject Planning and Management: Essential Readings contains the seminal articles from the growing body of research on megaproject planning and management along with an original introduction by the editor, Bent Flyvbjerg. The leading and most cited authority in the field, Flyvbjerg has used crowdsourcing and 25 years of experience to cherry-pick from several hundred articles and books the writings that define the field. This volume will be an indispensable source for those wishing to speak with authority about how megaprojects are prepared, delivered, and fought over. The target audience is students, academics, practitioners, and media pundits alike, as well as communities affected by megaprojects.

As megaprojects have become ubiquitous, their real benefits and costs have come under increased scrutiny. We interviewed Bent Flyvbjerg, who has extensively studied megaproject development. Flyvbjerg has found systematic problems in the development process: by intentionally misrepresenting information and deliberately disregarding risks, proponents instigate projects that result in fewer benefits and higher costs than promised.

From the poorly managed public infrastructures of the previous century, ports have evolved into high-tech enterprises and crucial nodes in global supply chains of production, transport and distribution. Containerization has been instrumental in this transformation, together with the impressive and seemingly unstoppable gigantism in containership sizes. The former ‘city-ports’ –facilities created inside or at the confines of river cities—are no longer sufficient to handle the requirements of modern ships, and ports, in need of more space and water depths, have moved downstream, in river estuaries, towards the open sea. Pressure on ports to continue upgrading their infrastructure is mounting, necessitated by increasing port competition and the requirements of mega-ships. Limits to growth are, however, visible, and equally visible is the need for a more balanced approach between the benefits of mega-ships and the costs these ships impose on the planning, development and operations of ports.

An integrated design and multiobjective optimization approach to ship design is herein presented. It integrates methods and software tools for the simultaneous evaluation of key measures of merit in the early phase of ship design. The implemented approach is herein applied to the design of an Aframax tanker for which a variety of parameters related to payload, steel weight, strength, oil outflow, stability and hydrodynamics were considered within an integrated multiobjective design and optimization procedure. Required Freight Rates (RFR), Oil Outflow Index (OOI), Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) and maximum speed for given main engine margins were determined so as to rank design alternatives. Formal exploration and exploitation strategies were utilized to investigate the design space and, subsequently, advance competing design proposals into certain directions such as maximum energy efficiency, attainable speed and environmental protection in case of accidents. The paper focuses on the integration of design methods, of related software tools and optimization, utilizing the design of a tanker as an elaborated demonstration example to illustrate the holistic view of the adopted approach.

Over the last decennia, shipping has gradually been included as an important asset in the economic policy and law making of the European Union and of Member States. This was overdue since transport, and particularly shipping, is a key factor in economic life and a fundamental element in international trade relations. It would be worth mentioning here that the EU is the most important trading area in the world accounting for more than 20% of world trade and that 90% of the Community's external trade, and about 30% of intra-community trade, is carried by sea.

This is the book by which, with Neil Kinnock and Glenda Jackson (then UK transport minister), we introduced the Quality Shipping campaign, as well as the European Commission’s “Towards a New Maritime Strategy” document, appended in the book. The Strategy Document was debated at the MAREFORUM conference which I organized at Erasmus University.

In this study, it is aimed to determine the price bubbles in the stock prices of the major container line shipping companies and to investigate whether the stock values of the companies are affected by global developments in the market in the same way by examining the timewise parallel movements between the determined price bubbles. The dataset in the study consists of 8 stock prices of the top 10 biggest container line companies in 2018. The included companies are Hyundai Merchant Marine (HMM), Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha ("K" Line), Nippon Yusen Kaisha (NYK Line), Evergreen Line, Mitsui Osaka Shosen Kaisha (Mitsui O.S.K. Lines-MOL), Orient Overseas (OOCL), Yang Ming Marine Transport Corp. and Cosco Shipping Co. The companies which are not traded in the stock market and the once whose data includes big breaks are not included in the sample of the study. The dataset covers the dates between 05 th November 2010 and 6 th July 2018 and consists of weekly observations. Unlike the conventional methods, using the rolling window technique, the Generalized Sup Augmented Dickey-Fuller (GSADF) test, which yields successful results in the detection of multiple price bubbles in the series, was used to determine the price bubbles in the stock values of the container line shipping companies. According to the results of the study, the timewise parallel movements were determined between the price bubbles in some stock values, while there was no parallelism in some of them. Based on the findings of the study, it can be deduced that the factors affecting the stock values of the container line shipping companies vary. It is considered that it will be more useful to understand the bubble mechanism by including potential factors in econometric models and testing with empirical studies in further studies.

Maritime transport is most preferred transportation mode in global trade and ports are strategy model points along global supply chains due to their integral part role in maritime transportation. Efficiency and effectiveness in the port industry can create a competitive advantage to port operators and supply chains they are in part as well. In order to ensure the sustainability of ports, environmental, economic and social components of port investments must be taken into account. Thus, investment decisions have strategic importance to gain and sustain a competitive advantage, which requires an analysis of port performance indicators. Investment decisions also necessary to respond to the requirements of the industry at a level above the average, while the wrong prediction can be caused idle capacity, loosed capital and missed opportunity costs. This study aimed to create an effective decision-making process. According to this aim, SWOT, AHP and Stepwise Regression analyses are combined. Firstly, investment decision criteria were determined by SWOT analysis, and AHP technique is used for weighting the criteria. Findings of these two steps used as the inputs of investment decision. Finally, a statistical model developed to help decision makers to decide which type of investment must be made by stepwise regression analysis.

Digital transformation has led to a new era of port development at an unprecedented pace. China represents a large percentage of total global trades, navigating the maritime silk-road to various global and regional ports. In Malaysia, the lack of concrete justifications for the issue of transhipment port strategy leads to a debatable framework. Hence, the aim of the paper is to critically discuss the strategy to build a transhipment port as a catalyst to achieving critical mass for economic growth in Sabah. The study draws heavily on existing literature on the theoretical evidence and the possible factors that shape strategy to build transshipment port in Sabah. Based on reviewed literature, various resultant strategies adopted to stand for their interest are discussed. In this way, this paper provides not only theoretical insights, but also strategically guides managers of organisations in Sabah, government, and businesses values towards building a transshipment port in Sabah to effectively retire cabotage policy to reduce cost, enhance port throughput, develop hinterland for critical mass, enhance ports-economic clusters connectivity, eliminate capacity bottleneck, unlock natural resources export potential, align port service towards regional port users" needs and to give regional port powers a run for their money.

This dissertation is a case study of an economic evaluation of a 700 TEU class container feeder vessel as an alternative short sea shipping service in the Caspian Sea. The proposed case study illustrates the introduction of container transportation services by feeder vessel
between the Port of Baku (Azerbaijan) and the Port of Aktau (Kazakhstan).
The dissertation briefly outlines the background information related to the shipping industry and specifically to the container shipping and short sea shipping. The following part of the dissertation will discuss the possibility of the main assumption which lies in the number of containers that can be transported. The main question to be asked is whether it is possible to generate a satisfactory number of containers in each port or not? Hence, it requires an in-depth analysis of the projected transportation route, which covers Central Asia and the
Caucasus. Consequently, the current condition of the main trade corridor, which covers Baku and Aktau ports will be analysed.
The latter study will conduct rational and reasonable inferences and assumptions for the proposed case study based on collected fragmentary data which has been publicized. One key assumption is that the number of containers to be transported changes accordingly to the previously given number order. This means, there are minimum and a maximum limit of containers that can be transported between those ports.

This paper demonstrates a non-cooperative four rational player's static game framework to analyse the shipping alliance competition on a particular Far East-Northern Europe liner shipping service loop. The complete-perfect information case of the players is taken into account and the Cournot-Nash equilibrium pure strategy solution concept is utilised. The approach developed in this study focuses on the current liner shipping alliance structure and assumes the long term stability of the current alliances. The research steps are mathematically integrated to different methodological outcomes and numerically tested in the given case study. The results suggested that, in a two year period, additional ship capacity deployment would reduce the competitiveness of the alliances. It is proposed that outcomes of this research will provide significant theoretical contribution to the existing literature and will generate a robust tactical decision support rationale regarding to the capacity deployment problem of the liner container shipping industry.

The essay juxtaposes, as in a poetic metaphor, Czech sea voyages to Southeast Asia in the late colonial era, as described in the travellers’ writings, and the author’s recent voyage on a container ship from Rotterdam to Singapore. A reflection on sea travel and an experiment in historical research, it is an account of accessing the past through the experience of a voyage. The essay reflects on size, speed, time, and modernity; on containers, classes, nations, colonies, and empires, past and present. How can our present journeys help us grasp the experiences of past travellers, as well as our relationship with them, our nearness and our distance? How can old travelogues enrich our perception of present-day travel, shipping, and colonialisms? How do present, past and future overflow into each other, on the fluid borders between physical, economic and industrial reality and narrative/poetic imagination? How is containerisation, whose (pre)history this essay traces, part of our ‘knowledge production’? The essay performs these questions with a Czech accent that reflects a specific historical situation and the self-image of a variously colonised European people who navigate(d) in particular, often clownishly improper ways, in the world of colonies and empires, old and new.

Dating back to the mid-20th century, shipping containers, sometimes called intermodal containers, freight containers or sea cans, are boxes made of steel that are used to safely and securely ship household items and commercial goods overseas. Shipping containers can typically be safely transported across different modes of transport - for example, from truck to cargo ship or rail.  In order to prioritize safety for shipping containers overseas, the 1972 Convention for Safe Containers was established by the United Nations and the International Maritime Organization (IMO).

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ATHA EXPRESS SOLUSI Pengiriman Paket ke Luar Negeri bagi UKM dan Online Shop Indonesia

Pertumbuhan Teknologi Informasi dan E-Commerce yang sangat cepat dan dinamis mampu menembus batas ruang dan waktu. Transaksi Perdagangan Antar Negara bisa terjadi dengan mudah. Apabila dulu transaksi penjualan antar negara atau ekspor hanya bisa dilakukan oleh perusahaan besar, Paradigma tersebut saat ini sudah tidak relevan karena siapa saja bisa menjual produknya ke Luar Negeri, UKM dan Online Shop pun sekarang sudah bisa menjual produknya ke Luar Negeri. Rubalah Mindset Anda, Kembangkan Pasar Anda hingga ke Mancanegara.

Jangan Khawatirkan masalah pengiriman barang ke Luar Negeri, karena kami selalu siap membantu dan siap memberikan solusi pengiriman barang yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan anda. Atha Express melayani pengiriman barang dan paket ke lebih dari 200 Negara di Seluruh Dunia. Dengan dukungan Ekspedisi Internasional yang Ternama dan Terpercaya kami siap memberi solusi pengiriman barang ke Luar Negeri bagi UKM dan Online Shop di Indonesia. Manfaatkan Dukungan Pemerintah dalam membantu Para Pelaku Ekonomi Kreatif di Indonesia dan Kemudahan Regulasi dalam Melakukan Ekspor Barang ke Luar Negeri guna meningkatkan Devisa Negara. Lets Go Global UKM, Pelaku Ekonomi Kreatif dan Online Shop Indonesia.

RENSPONSIVE
Kami Siap Memberikan Solusi Pengiriman Bagi Anda

SERVICE
Rasakan Standart Pelayanan yang Berbeda dari kami

INTEGRASI
Lacak Paket Anda Secara Real Time Online

CEPAT DAN AMAN
Didukung Ekspedisi Global Ternama dan Terpercaya

WA/Telp : 081-1346-0504
http://bit.ly/Ekspedisi_Luar_Negeri

Lokasi : https://g.page/Ekspedisi-Luar-Negeri-AthaExpres

Website : https://ekspedisi-ke-luar-negeri-murah-atha-express.business.site

#ekspedisiluarnegeri, #ekspedisiluarnegerimurah, #ekspedisipengirimanpaket, #ekspedisi, #ekspedisi2019, #ekspedisiimport, #ekspedisibarang, #ekspedisipengiriman, #ekspedisiindonesia, #ekspedisicepat #ekspedisiluarnegeri, #ekspedisimurah, #ekspedisinkri2017, #ekspedisicargo, #ekspedisinusantara, #ekspedisikeluarnegeri, #ekspedisiluarnegerimurahdanmudah, #ekspedisiluar, #ekspedisiluarnegri, #ekspedisiluarnegeriamanmurah #ekspedisiluarnegrimurah, #ekspedisiluarpulau, #jasaekspedisi, #jasaekspedisimurah, #jasaekspedisisurabaya, #jasaekspedisiimportborongan, #jasaekspedisiimport, #jasaekspedisimalangmurah, #jasaekspedisiluar, #jasaekspedisijawatimur #jasaekspedisiindonesia, #jasaekspedisicepat, #jasaekspedisijawa, #jasaekspedisikeretaapi, #jasaekspedisiimporborongan, #ekspedisipengirimanpaket, #ekspedisipengiriman, #ekspedisipengirimanmurah, #ekspedisipengirimansurabaya, #ekspedisipengirimancepat #ekspedisipengirimanaman, #ekspedisipengirimanbarang, #ekspedisipengirimanpaket, #ekspedisipaket, #ekspedisipaketexpress, #ekspedisipaketsurabaya, #ekspedisijne, #ekspedisiposo, #ekspedisipos, #ekspedisiindonesia

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ATHA EXPRESS SOLUSI Pengiriman Paket ke Luar Negeri bagi UKM dan Online Shop Indonesia

Pertumbuhan Teknologi Informasi dan E-Commerce yang sangat cepat dan dinamis mampu menembus batas ruang dan waktu. Transaksi Perdagangan Antar Negara bisa terjadi dengan mudah. Apabila dulu transaksi penjualan antar negara atau ekspor hanya bisa dilakukan oleh perusahaan besar, Paradigma tersebut saat ini sudah tidak relevan karena siapa saja bisa menjual produknya ke Luar Negeri, UKM dan Online Shop pun sekarang sudah bisa menjual produknya ke Luar Negeri. Rubalah Mindset Anda, Kembangkan Pasar Anda hingga ke Mancanegara.

Jangan Khawatirkan masalah pengiriman barang ke Luar Negeri, karena kami selalu siap membantu dan siap memberikan solusi pengiriman barang yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan anda. Atha Express melayani pengiriman barang dan paket ke lebih dari 200 Negara di Seluruh Dunia. Dengan dukungan Ekspedisi Internasional yang Ternama dan Terpercaya kami siap memberi solusi pengiriman barang ke Luar Negeri bagi UKM dan Online Shop di Indonesia. Manfaatkan Dukungan Pemerintah dalam membantu Para Pelaku Ekonomi Kreatif di Indonesia dan Kemudahan Regulasi dalam Melakukan Ekspor Barang ke Luar Negeri guna meningkatkan Devisa Negara. Lets Go Global UKM, Pelaku Ekonomi Kreatif dan Online Shop Indonesia.

RENSPONSIVE
Kami Siap Memberikan Solusi Pengiriman Bagi Anda

SERVICE
Rasakan Standart Pelayanan yang Berbeda dari kami

INTEGRASI
Lacak Paket Anda Secara Real Time Online

CEPAT DAN AMAN
Didukung Ekspedisi Global Ternama dan Terpercaya

WA/Telp : 081-1346-0504
http://bit.ly/Ekspedisi_Luar_Negeri

Lokasi : https://g.page/Ekspedisi-Luar-Negeri-AthaExpres

Website : https://ekspedisi-ke-luar-negeri-murah-atha-express.business.site

#ekspedisiluarnegeri, #ekspedisiluarnegerimurah, #ekspedisipengirimanpaket, #ekspedisi, #ekspedisi2019, #ekspedisiimport, #ekspedisibarang, #ekspedisipengiriman, #ekspedisiindonesia, #ekspedisicepat #ekspedisiluarnegeri, #ekspedisimurah, #ekspedisinkri2017, #ekspedisicargo, #ekspedisinusantara, #ekspedisikeluarnegeri, #ekspedisiluarnegerimurahdanmudah, #ekspedisiluar, #ekspedisiluarnegri, #ekspedisiluarnegeriamanmurah #ekspedisiluarnegrimurah, #ekspedisiluarpulau, #jasaekspedisi, #jasaekspedisimurah, #jasaekspedisisurabaya, #jasaekspedisiimportborongan, #jasaekspedisiimport, #jasaekspedisimalangmurah, #jasaekspedisiluar, #jasaekspedisijawatimur #jasaekspedisiindonesia, #jasaekspedisicepat, #jasaekspedisijawa, #jasaekspedisikeretaapi, #jasaekspedisiimporborongan, #ekspedisipengirimanpaket, #ekspedisipengiriman, #ekspedisipengirimanmurah, #ekspedisipengirimansurabaya, #ekspedisipengirimancepat #ekspedisipengirimanaman, #ekspedisipengirimanbarang, #ekspedisipengirimanpaket, #ekspedisipaket, #ekspedisipaketexpress, #ekspedisipaketsurabaya, #ekspedisijne, #ekspedisiposo, #ekspedisipos, #ekspedisiindonesia

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ATHA EXPRESS SOLUSI Pengiriman Paket ke Luar Negeri bagi UKM dan Online Shop Indonesia

Pertumbuhan Teknologi Informasi dan E-Commerce yang sangat cepat dan dinamis mampu menembus batas ruang dan waktu. Transaksi Perdagangan Antar Negara bisa terjadi dengan mudah. Apabila dulu transaksi penjualan antar negara atau ekspor hanya bisa dilakukan oleh perusahaan besar, Paradigma tersebut saat ini sudah tidak relevan karena siapa saja bisa menjual produknya ke Luar Negeri, UKM dan Online Shop pun sekarang sudah bisa menjual produknya ke Luar Negeri. Rubalah Mindset Anda, Kembangkan Pasar Anda hingga ke Mancanegara.

Jangan Khawatirkan masalah pengiriman barang ke Luar Negeri, karena kami selalu siap membantu dan siap memberikan solusi pengiriman barang yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan anda. Atha Express melayani pengiriman barang dan paket ke lebih dari 200 Negara di Seluruh Dunia. Dengan dukungan Ekspedisi Internasional yang Ternama dan Terpercaya kami siap memberi solusi pengiriman barang ke Luar Negeri bagi UKM dan Online Shop di Indonesia. Manfaatkan Dukungan Pemerintah dalam membantu Para Pelaku Ekonomi Kreatif di Indonesia dan Kemudahan Regulasi dalam Melakukan Ekspor Barang ke Luar Negeri guna meningkatkan Devisa Negara. Lets Go Global UKM, Pelaku Ekonomi Kreatif dan Online Shop Indonesia.

RENSPONSIVE
Kami Siap Memberikan Solusi Pengiriman Bagi Anda

SERVICE
Rasakan Standart Pelayanan yang Berbeda dari kami

INTEGRASI
Lacak Paket Anda Secara Real Time Online

CEPAT DAN AMAN
Didukung Ekspedisi Global Ternama dan Terpercaya

WA/Telp : 081-1346-0504
http://bit.ly/Ekspedisi_Luar_Negeri

Lokasi : https://g.page/Ekspedisi-Luar-Negeri-AthaExpres

Website : https://ekspedisi-ke-luar-negeri-murah-atha-express.business.site

#ekspedisiluarnegeri, #ekspedisiluarnegerimurah, #ekspedisipengirimanpaket, #ekspedisi, #ekspedisi2019, #ekspedisiimport, #ekspedisibarang, #ekspedisipengiriman, #ekspedisiindonesia, #ekspedisicepat #ekspedisiluarnegeri, #ekspedisimurah, #ekspedisinkri2017, #ekspedisicargo, #ekspedisinusantara, #ekspedisikeluarnegeri, #ekspedisiluarnegerimurahdanmudah, #ekspedisiluar, #ekspedisiluarnegri, #ekspedisiluarnegeriamanmurah #ekspedisiluarnegrimurah, #ekspedisiluarpulau, #jasaekspedisi, #jasaekspedisimurah, #jasaekspedisisurabaya, #jasaekspedisiimportborongan, #jasaekspedisiimport, #jasaekspedisimalangmurah, #jasaekspedisiluar, #jasaekspedisijawatimur #jasaekspedisiindonesia, #jasaekspedisicepat, #jasaekspedisijawa, #jasaekspedisikeretaapi, #jasaekspedisiimporborongan, #ekspedisipengirimanpaket, #ekspedisipengiriman, #ekspedisipengirimanmurah, #ekspedisipengirimansurabaya, #ekspedisipengirimancepat #ekspedisipengirimanaman, #ekspedisipengirimanbarang, #ekspedisipengirimanpaket, #ekspedisipaket, #ekspedisipaketexpress, #ekspedisipaketsurabaya, #ekspedisijne, #ekspedisiposo, #ekspedisipos, #ekspedisiindonesia

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ATHA EXPRESS SOLUSI Pengiriman Paket ke Luar Negeri bagi UKM dan Online Shop Indonesia

Pertumbuhan Teknologi Informasi dan E-Commerce yang sangat cepat dan dinamis mampu menembus batas ruang dan waktu. Transaksi Perdagangan Antar Negara bisa terjadi dengan mudah. Apabila dulu transaksi penjualan antar negara atau ekspor hanya bisa dilakukan oleh perusahaan besar, Paradigma tersebut saat ini sudah tidak relevan karena siapa saja bisa menjual produknya ke Luar Negeri, UKM dan Online Shop pun sekarang sudah bisa menjual produknya ke Luar Negeri. Rubalah Mindset Anda, Kembangkan Pasar Anda hingga ke Mancanegara.

Jangan Khawatirkan masalah pengiriman barang ke Luar Negeri, karena kami selalu siap membantu dan siap memberikan solusi pengiriman barang yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan anda. Atha Express melayani pengiriman barang dan paket ke lebih dari 200 Negara di Seluruh Dunia. Dengan dukungan Ekspedisi Internasional yang Ternama dan Terpercaya kami siap memberi solusi pengiriman barang ke Luar Negeri bagi UKM dan Online Shop di Indonesia. Manfaatkan Dukungan Pemerintah dalam membantu Para Pelaku Ekonomi Kreatif di Indonesia dan Kemudahan Regulasi dalam Melakukan Ekspor Barang ke Luar Negeri guna meningkatkan Devisa Negara. Lets Go Global UKM, Pelaku Ekonomi Kreatif dan Online Shop Indonesia.

RENSPONSIVE
Kami Siap Memberikan Solusi Pengiriman Bagi Anda

SERVICE
Rasakan Standart Pelayanan yang Berbeda dari kami

INTEGRASI
Lacak Paket Anda Secara Real Time Online

CEPAT DAN AMAN
Didukung Ekspedisi Global Ternama dan Terpercaya

WA/Telp : 081-1346-0504
http://bit.ly/Ekspedisi_Luar_Negeri

Lokasi : https://g.page/Ekspedisi-Luar-Negeri-AthaExpres

Website : https://ekspedisi-ke-luar-negeri-murah-atha-express.business.site

#ekspedisiluarnegeri, #ekspedisiluarnegerimurah, #ekspedisipengirimanpaket, #ekspedisi, #ekspedisi2019, #ekspedisiimport, #ekspedisibarang, #ekspedisipengiriman, #ekspedisiindonesia, #ekspedisicepat #ekspedisiluarnegeri, #ekspedisimurah, #ekspedisinkri2017, #ekspedisicargo, #ekspedisinusantara, #ekspedisikeluarnegeri, #ekspedisiluarnegerimurahdanmudah, #ekspedisiluar, #ekspedisiluarnegri, #ekspedisiluarnegeriamanmurah #ekspedisiluarnegrimurah, #ekspedisiluarpulau, #jasaekspedisi, #jasaekspedisimurah, #jasaekspedisisurabaya, #jasaekspedisiimportborongan, #jasaekspedisiimport, #jasaekspedisimalangmurah, #jasaekspedisiluar, #jasaekspedisijawatimur  #jasaekspedisiindonesia, #jasaekspedisicepat, #jasaekspedisijawa, #jasaekspedisikeretaapi, #jasaekspedisiimporborongan, #ekspedisipengirimanpaket, #ekspedisipengiriman, #ekspedisipengirimanmurah, #ekspedisipengirimansurabaya, #ekspedisipengirimancepat #ekspedisipengirimanaman, #ekspedisipengirimanbarang, #ekspedisipengirimanpaket, #ekspedisipaket, #ekspedisipaketexpress, #ekspedisipaketsurabaya, #ekspedisijne, #ekspedisiposo, #ekspedisipos, #ekspedisiindonesia

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ATHA EXPRESS SOLUSI Pengiriman Paket ke Luar Negeri bagi UKM dan Online Shop Indonesia

Pertumbuhan Teknologi Informasi dan E-Commerce yang sangat cepat dan dinamis mampu menembus batas ruang dan waktu. Transaksi Perdagangan Antar Negara bisa terjadi dengan mudah. Apabila dulu transaksi penjualan antar negara atau ekspor hanya bisa dilakukan oleh perusahaan besar, Paradigma tersebut saat ini sudah tidak relevan karena siapa saja bisa menjual produknya ke Luar Negeri, UKM dan Online Shop pun sekarang sudah bisa menjual produknya ke Luar Negeri. Rubalah Mindset Anda, Kembangkan Pasar Anda hingga ke Mancanegara.

Jangan Khawatirkan masalah pengiriman barang ke Luar Negeri, karena kami selalu siap membantu dan siap memberikan solusi pengiriman barang yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan anda. Atha Express melayani pengiriman barang dan paket ke lebih dari 200 Negara di Seluruh Dunia. Dengan dukungan Ekspedisi Internasional yang Ternama dan Terpercaya kami siap memberi solusi pengiriman barang ke Luar Negeri bagi UKM dan Online Shop di Indonesia. Manfaatkan Dukungan Pemerintah dalam membantu Para Pelaku Ekonomi Kreatif di Indonesia dan Kemudahan Regulasi dalam Melakukan Ekspor Barang ke Luar Negeri guna meningkatkan Devisa Negara. Lets Go Global UKM, Pelaku Ekonomi Kreatif dan Online Shop Indonesia.

RENSPONSIVE
Kami Siap Memberikan Solusi Pengiriman Bagi Anda

SERVICE
Rasakan Standart Pelayanan yang Berbeda dari kami

INTEGRASI
Lacak Paket Anda Secara Real Time Online

CEPAT DAN AMAN
Didukung Ekspedisi Global Ternama dan Terpercaya

WA/Telp : 081-1346-0504
http://bit.ly/Ekspedisi_Luar_Negeri

Lokasi : https://g.page/Ekspedisi-Luar-Negeri-AthaExpres

Website : https://ekspedisi-ke-luar-negeri-murah-atha-express.business.site

#ekspedisiluarnegeri, #ekspedisiluarnegerimurah, #ekspedisipengirimanpaket, #ekspedisi, #ekspedisi2019, #ekspedisiimport, #ekspedisibarang, #ekspedisipengiriman, #ekspedisiindonesia, #ekspedisicepat #ekspedisiluarnegeri, #ekspedisimurah, #ekspedisinkri2017, #ekspedisicargo, #ekspedisinusantara, #ekspedisikeluarnegeri, #ekspedisiluarnegerimurahdanmudah, #ekspedisiluar, #ekspedisiluarnegri, #ekspedisiluarnegeriamanmurah #ekspedisiluarnegrimurah, #ekspedisiluarpulau, #jasaekspedisi, #jasaekspedisimurah, #jasaekspedisisurabaya, #jasaekspedisiimportborongan, #jasaekspedisiimport, #jasaekspedisimalangmurah, #jasaekspedisiluar, #jasaekspedisijawatimur #jasaekspedisiindonesia, #jasaekspedisicepat, #jasaekspedisijawa, #jasaekspedisikeretaapi, #jasaekspedisiimporborongan, #ekspedisipengirimanpaket, #ekspedisipengiriman, #ekspedisipengirimanmurah, #ekspedisipengirimansurabaya, #ekspedisipengirimancepat #ekspedisipengirimanaman, #ekspedisipengirimanbarang, #ekspedisipengirimanpaket, #ekspedisipaket, #ekspedisipaketexpress, #ekspedisipaketsurabaya, #ekspedisijne, #ekspedisiposo, #ekspedisipos, #ekspedisiindonesia

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ATHA EXPRESS SOLUSI Pengiriman Paket ke Luar Negeri bagi UKM dan Online Shop Indonesia

Pertumbuhan Teknologi Informasi dan E-Commerce yang sangat cepat dan dinamis mampu menembus batas ruang dan waktu. Transaksi Perdagangan Antar Negara bisa terjadi dengan mudah. Apabila dulu transaksi penjualan antar negara atau ekspor hanya bisa dilakukan oleh perusahaan besar, Paradigma tersebut saat ini sudah tidak relevan karena siapa saja bisa menjual produknya ke Luar Negeri, UKM dan Online Shop pun sekarang sudah bisa menjual produknya ke Luar Negeri. Rubalah Mindset Anda, Kembangkan Pasar Anda hingga ke Mancanegara.

Jangan Khawatirkan masalah pengiriman barang ke Luar Negeri, karena kami selalu siap membantu dan siap memberikan solusi pengiriman barang yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan anda. Atha Express melayani pengiriman barang dan paket ke lebih dari 200 Negara di Seluruh Dunia. Dengan dukungan Ekspedisi Internasional yang Ternama dan Terpercaya kami siap memberi solusi pengiriman barang ke Luar Negeri bagi UKM dan Online Shop di Indonesia. Manfaatkan Dukungan Pemerintah dalam membantu Para Pelaku Ekonomi Kreatif di Indonesia dan Kemudahan Regulasi dalam Melakukan Ekspor Barang ke Luar Negeri guna meningkatkan Devisa Negara. Lets Go Global UKM, Pelaku Ekonomi Kreatif dan Online Shop Indonesia.

RENSPONSIVE
Kami Siap Memberikan Solusi Pengiriman Bagi Anda

SERVICE
Rasakan Standart Pelayanan yang Berbeda dari kami

INTEGRASI
Lacak Paket Anda Secara Real Time Online

CEPAT DAN AMAN
Didukung Ekspedisi Global Ternama dan Terpercaya

WA/Telp : 081-1346-0504
http://bit.ly/Ekspedisi_Luar_Negeri

Lokasi : https://g.page/Ekspedisi-Luar-Negeri-AthaExpres

Website : https://ekspedisi-ke-luar-negeri-murah-atha-express.business.site

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ATHA EXPRESS SOLUSI Pengiriman Paket ke Luar Negeri bagi UKM dan Online Shop Indonesia

Pertumbuhan Teknologi Informasi dan E-Commerce yang sangat cepat dan dinamis mampu menembus batas ruang dan waktu. Transaksi Perdagangan Antar Negara bisa terjadi dengan mudah. Apabila dulu transaksi penjualan antar negara atau ekspor hanya bisa dilakukan oleh perusahaan besar, Paradigma tersebut saat ini sudah tidak relevan karena siapa saja bisa menjual produknya ke Luar Negeri, UKM dan Online Shop pun sekarang sudah bisa menjual produknya ke Luar Negeri. Rubalah Mindset Anda, Kembangkan Pasar Anda hingga ke Mancanegara.

Jangan Khawatirkan masalah pengiriman barang ke Luar Negeri, karena kami selalu siap membantu dan siap memberikan solusi pengiriman barang yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan anda. Atha Express melayani pengiriman barang dan paket ke lebih dari 200 Negara di Seluruh Dunia. Dengan dukungan Ekspedisi Internasional yang Ternama dan Terpercaya kami siap memberi solusi pengiriman barang ke Luar Negeri bagi UKM dan Online Shop di Indonesia. Manfaatkan Dukungan Pemerintah dalam membantu Para Pelaku Ekonomi Kreatif di Indonesia dan Kemudahan Regulasi dalam Melakukan Ekspor Barang ke Luar Negeri guna meningkatkan Devisa Negara. Lets Go Global UKM, Pelaku Ekonomi Kreatif dan Online Shop Indonesia.

RENSPONSIVE
Kami Siap Memberikan Solusi Pengiriman Bagi Anda

SERVICE
Rasakan Standart Pelayanan yang Berbeda dari kami

INTEGRASI
Lacak Paket Anda Secara Real Time Online

CEPAT DAN AMAN
Didukung Ekspedisi Global Ternama dan Terpercaya

WA/Telp : 081-1346-0504
http://bit.ly/Ekspedisi_Luar_Negeri

Lokasi : https://g.page/Ekspedisi-Luar-Negeri-AthaExpres

Website : https://ekspedisi-ke-luar-negeri-murah-atha-express.business.site

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