Computer Programs

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the legislation, doctrinal opinions and relevant case law regarding the protection of computer programs in Romania and to contribute to the curent stage of knowledge in this matter. The objectives pursued by the author are: -indentification of the peculiarities of the transposition of the Computer Programs Directive into the Romanian legislation; -identification of the problems that could arise from the interpretation of the Romanian law. According to the Romanian Law, computer programs are protected under copyright law as literary works. The ideas and principles which underlie any element of a computer program are not protected.

This study researched the effect of interactive computer programs and visual materials on the success and retention of physics lesson. Inclined projectile motion was selected as the subject. While the lessons were taught with interactive physics, various visual computer programs and the support of computer in the experimental group, they were taught according to the conventional teaching method in the control group. As a consequence, it was aimed to compare the effect of these two applications upon the academic success and retention of learning. The sample of the study was consisted of 84 students receiving education at a secondary school in Ankara. Pretest-posttest experimental design with control group was used in the study. According to the t-test results of independent groups that were performed on experimental and control groups after teaching, it was concluded that the teaching, which was performed on the experimental group with interactive computer programs and visual materials, were more successful compared to the teaching, which was performed on the control group with conventional methods. At the end of the study, the required suggestions were presented according to the data obtained from applications, which were performed with interactive computer programs and visual materials.

"PURPOSE:

To evaluate the accuracy of detecting cephalometric landmarks automatically by computer.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Digital image processing algorithms (edge-based and morphological) in addition to mathematical algorithms (knowledge-based) were used to develop a program for the identification of 15 lateral cephalometric landmarks on digital cephalograms.
RESULTS:

The automatic landmark identification system was clinically acceptable (p > 0.05 comparing with 2-mm error range) for five landmarks.
CONCLUSION:

The automatic landmark identification is accurate for only some landmarks. Additional studies may be necessary to improve this method."

"Computer programs and the boundaries of copyright. The Court of Justice denies protection to functionalities, programming language and formats of data files".
A comment to the Sas Institute Inc. v. World Programming Ltd case [Court of Justice, Grand Chamber, 2 May 2012, C-406/10]. It is one of the most important European decisions in the field of computer programs and it is notable both from a practical and a theoretical point of view. The European Court of Justice denies protection to functionalities, programming language and format of data files, because they have to be considered as 'ideas' and not as 'expression'. The idea/expression dichotomy, often called into question especially in software copyright, is placed at the core of a not anymore ignorable, both by scholars and enterprises.

SOMMARIO: 1. Cenni introduttivi. 2. Il fatto. 3. La dicotomia idea-espressione e l’esclusione della funzionalità di un programma per elaboratore, del linguaggio di programmazione e del formato dei file di dati dalla tutela ex art. 1, § 2, dir. 91/250. 4. Diritti inalienabili del licenziatario di un programma per elaboratore e limiti all’autonomia privata. La disposizione imperativa di cui all’art. 5, § 3, dir. 91/250. 5. Sulle contraddizioni della Corte circa la portata del diritto d’autore sul manuale d’uso di un programma per elaboratore. 6. Considerazioni conclusive.

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Keywords: Intellectual property - Directive 91/250/EEC - Legal protection of computer programs - Articles 1(2) and 5(3) - Scope of protection - Creation directly or via another process - Computer program protected by copyright - Reproduction of the functions by a second program without access to the source code of the first program - Decompilation of the object code of the first computer program - Directive 2001/29/EC - Copyright and related rights in the information society - Article 2(a) - User manual for a computer program - Reproduction in another computer program - Infringement of copyright - Condition - Expression of the intellectual creation of the author of the user manual - Cyberlaw - Informatica giuridica

Praca opisuje w skrócie właściwości sieci neuronowych jako nowego (w czasie pisania tej publikacji) narzędzia do rozwiązywania różnych problemów, zwłaszcza takich, które wymagają podejścia indukcyjnego. Opisano budowę sieci oraz metody ich uczenia. Scharakteryzowano narzędzia używane do tworzenia i wykorzystywania sieci neuronowych, wskazując na dostępność zarówno narzędzi softwareowych (najczęściej używanych) i hardwareowych (mających zalety w przypadku wykorzystania sieci w automatyce i robotyce). Na koniec opisano narzędzie (zestaw programów do samodzielnego pobrania z Internetu) służące do tego, żeby samemu poznawać budowę i działanie sieci poprzez eksperymentowanie z nimi na domowym komputerze.

Advances in technology and decreasing costs are enabling microcomputers to displace more traditional devices in the scientific laboratory. The availability of various approaches to software-system development for the use of microcomputers in the on-line control of experiments has contributed to the trend. This report describes a software system developed to control conditioned behavior during schedules of reinforcement while simultaneously accumulating behavioral data and physiological (analog) data using a hardware system base on the Radio Shack TRS-80 Model I microcomputer. The software utilizes a high-level interpretive language (Microsoft BASIC), assembly language and compiled BASIC to attain an acceptable execution speed and ease of programming.

Doctors mistake in identifying the types of anemias with other diseases, resulting in many cases irreversible cases. Against this, there is an intelligent system based on Artificial Neural Networks for Diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia and megaloblastic and hemolytic similar, since their symptoms and factors in the early stages are similar, allowing the health professional assistant to take appropriate action. For this purpose a methodology of its own, adapting the classical architecture of an expert system to one based on neural networks. The result is a 99% certainty in diagnoses made during the appraisal.

This study researched the effect of interactive computer programs and visual materials on the success and retention of physics lesson. Inclined projectile motion was selected as the subject. While the lessons were taught with interactive physics, various visual computer programs and the support of computer in the experimental group, they were taught according to the conventional teaching method in the control group. As a consequence, it was aimed to compare the effect of these two applications upon the academic success and retention of learning. The sample of the study was consisted of 84 students receiving education at a secondary school in Ankara. Pretest-posttest experimental design with control group was used in the study. According to the t-test results of independent groups that were performed on experimental and control groups after teaching, it was concluded that the teaching, which was performed on the experimental group with interactive computer programs and visual materia...

The presence of slums in a city is an indicator of poverty and its proper delimitation is a matter of interest for researchers and policy makers. Socio-economic data from surveys and censuses are the primary source of information to identify and quantify slumness within a city or a town. One problem of using survey data for quantifying slumness is that this type of data is usually collected every ten years and is an expensive and time consuming process. Based on the premise that the physical appearance of an urban settlement is a reflection of the society that created it and on the assumption that people living in urban areas with similar physical housing conditions will have similar social and demographic characteristics (Jain, 2008; Taubenb¨ock et al., 2009b); this paper uses data from Medellin City, Colombia, to estimate slum index using solely remote sensing data from an orthorectified, pan-sharpened, natural color Quickbird scene. For Medellin city, the percentage of clay roofs cover and the mean swimming pool density at the analytical region level can explain up to 59% of the variability in the slum index. Structure and texture measures are useful to characterize the differences in the homogeneity of the spatial pattern of the urban layout and they improve the explanatory power of the statistical models when taken into account. When no other information is used, they can explain up to 30% of the variability of the slum index. The results of this research are encouraging and many researchers, urban planners and policy makers could benefit from this rapid and low cost approach to characterize the intra-urban variations of slumness in cities with sparse data or no data at all.

Doctors mistake in identifying the types of anemias with other diseases, resulting in many cases irreversible cases. Against this, there is an intelligent system based on Artificial Neural Networks for Diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia and megaloblastic and hemolytic similar, since their symptoms and factors in the early stages are similar, allowing the health professional assistant to take appropriate action. For this purpose a methodology of its own, adapting the classical architecture of an expert system to one based on neural networks. The result is a 99% certainty in diagnoses made during the appraisal.

ОТНОСНО СТАТИЧЕСКОТО ИЗЧИСЛЕНИЕ НА КРЪГОВОЦИЛИНДРИЧЕН РЕЗЕРВОАР ________________________________________________________________________ON THE STATIC ANALYSIS OF A CIRCULAR CYLINDRICAL TANK
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Circular cylindrical tank is considered under the action of internal hydrostatic pressure and temperature. Different madeling types has developed with the aid of contemporary computer programs. Representative results are given on diagrams.
_________________________________________________________________________________________Key words: cylindrical tank, pressure, temperature
_________________________________________________________________________________________Publication Details: Младенов, К., Албена Дойчева – Относно статическото изчисление на кръгово цилиндричен резервоар. 03-04.06.2004г. Научна конференция с международно участие – Стара Загора 2004, стр.54-59. ISBN: 954-9329-07-0 (т.1)
_________________________________________________________________________________________Publication Details: Mladenov, K., A. Doicheva – ON THE STATIC ANALYSIS OF A CIRCULAR CYLINDRICAL TANK, 03-04.06.2004г. Science conference with international participation, Stara Zagora, pp.54-59. ISBN: 954-9329-07-0 (vol.1) (in bulgarian)