Compression

Large-scale periodic undulations within the oceanic and continental lithospheres revealed by a number of observations, are often treated as compressive instabilities, i.e. lithospheric buckling or folding. These undulations are normally associated with intensive faulting, which raises questions on the role of faulting in the folding process, and even on the possibility of folding in highly faulted media. In this study, we demonstrate that folding can "survive" faulting and that both processes may develop concurrently, so that faulting may serve as a mechanism of folding in the brittle domain. We support this hypothesis by direct numerical modeling. The results are compared with the data on three most prominent and well-known cases of the oceanic and continental folding-like deformation ("Indian Ocean" type, "Western Gobi (central Asia)" type and "Central Australian" type). We demonstrate that under reasonable tectonic stresses, folds can develop from faults cutting through the brittle parts of the lithosphere. The predicted wavelengths and nite growth rates are in agreement with the observations. We also show that within a continental lithosphere with thermotectonic age greater than 400 My, either a bi-harmonic mode (two superimposed wavelengths, crustal and mantle one) or a coupled mode (mono-layer deformation) of inelastic folding can develop, depending on the strength and thickness of the lower crust.

Purpose To test the null hypothesis that depression does not correlate with patient satisfaction after open release of electrodiagnostically confirmed carpal tunnel syndrome when controlling for other demographic, disease-related, and psychosocial factors. Methods Eighty-two survey respondents who had recovered (minimum 2 years after surgery) from a limited incision open carpal tunnel release completed measures of satisfaction, perceived disability, depression, pain catastrophizing, and pain anxiety. Univariate and multivariate analyses sought predictors of satisfaction and perceived disability from among demographic, disease related, and psychological factors. Results The average satisfaction score was 8 points (range, 0-10) and the average Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score was 13 points (range, 0-76). Predictors of greater dissatisfaction included greater depression and the categorical electrophysiologic test rating. Predictors of perceived disability included depression, pain catastrophizing, and static numbness. Depression was the dominant predictor of both satisfaction and perceived disability. Conclusions Dissatisfaction and perceived disability after limited open carpal tunnel release for electrodiagnostically confirmed idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome is predicted primarily by depression and ineffective coping skills and to a lesser degree by clinical or electrophysiologic evidence of advanced nerve damage.

Objectives: To describe a cohort of significantly injured roller coaster riders and the likely levels of acceleration at which the injuries occurred, and to compare these data with contemporary efforts to define a lower limit of acceleration below which no significant spinal injury is likely to occur. Design: A retrospective case series of roller coaster rideinduced significant spinal injuries. Setting: Injury incident records and emergency medical service records for the Rattler roller coaster in San Antonio, TX, were evaluated for a 19-month period in 1992 and 1993. Medical records for the more significant injuries were also reviewed and the specific injuries were tabulated, along with the demographics of the cohort. Participants: There were 932,000 riders of the Rattler roller coaster, estimated to represent between 300,000 and 600,000 individual riders. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Injury incident reports and medical record review. Results: It is estimated that there were a total of 656 neck and back injuries during the study period, and 39 were considered significant by the study inclusion criteria. Seventy-two percent (28/39) of the injured subjects sustained a cervical disk injury; 71% of these injuries were at C5-6 (15 disk herniations, 5 symptomatic disk bulges) and 54% were at C6-7 (11 disk herniations, 4 symptomatic disk bulges). In the lumbar spine, the most frequent injury was a symptomatic disk bulge (20% of the cohort), followed by vertebral body compression fracture (18%), and L4-5 or L5-S1 disk herniation (13%). Accelerometry testing of passengers and train cars indicated a peak of 4.5 to 5g of vertical or axial acceleration and 1.5g of lateral acceleration over approximately 100ms (0.1s) on both. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that there is no established minimum threshold of significant spine injury. The greatest explanation for injury from traumatic loading of the spine is individual susceptibility to injury, an unpredictable variable.

Pour la fabrication des mousses polyuréthanes d'une certaine densité et d'une bonne qualité, on cherche donc à contrôler le mieux possible la formation de cette microstructure de sorte que le produit final ait les propriétés souhaitées pour l'application aux projectiles non létaux ce qui  nécessite le développement de stratégies de protection, donc c’est un enjeu non seulement scientifique mais également économique et social car au capital perdu s’ajoute la perte de vie humaine. Au niveau du laboratoire c’est ce qu’on cherche à atteindre une résistance au choc. Ce travail a pour objectif une élaboration et une détermination des caractéristiques mécaniques ainsi que l’évaluation du comportement balistique des matériaux mousses polyuréthanes élaborés par la formulation optimale, la caractérisation mécanique quasi-statique par essais de compression comporte une série d’essais accompagnés avec l’application à des projectiles non létaux. L’objectif est d’améliorer les propriétés physicochimiques, mécaniques très intéressantes notamment l’absorption des vibrations, résistance au choc.

The use of ultrasound during the tableting of pharmaceutical powders is a new concept. However, in the metallurgy, plastic, and ceramic industries, ultrasound-assisted compression of materials has been known for some years. Ultrasound improves the characteristics of the compression process leading to optimized mechanical strength of the compacts without applying excessive compression force. Therefore, problems associated with high-pressure compression in tableting can be overcome and tablets may be manufactured more economically and consistently with the aid of ultrasound compared to conventional pressure processes. Although great progress in the theoretical understanding of the ultrasound-assisted powder compression process has been made since the late 1960s, the need for further research in the area of ultrasound application during pharmaceutical powder compression is essential. Further investigations on a wide range of drugs and excipients, to expand the usefulness and scope of the ultrasound-assisted technique, and to understand the complex phenomena involved in the process, are needed. In this article the principles, advantages, and limitations of the application of ultrasonic vibrations during pharmaceutical powder compression is reviewed with the hope that this article can contribute to, and stimulate research in the area.

Transmission of compressed medical images is becoming a vital tool in telemedicine. Thus new methods are needed for efficient image compression. This study discovers the best design parameters for a data compression scheme applied to digital magnetic resonance (MR) images. The proposed technique aims at reducing the transmission cost while preserving the diagnostic information. By selecting the wavelet packet's filters, decomposition level, and subbands that are better adapted to the frequency characteristics of the image, one may achieve better image representation in the sense of lower entropy or minimal distortion. Experimental results show that the selection of the best parameters has a dramatic effect on the data compression rate of MR images. In all cases, decomposition at three or four levels with the Coiflet 5 wavelet (Coif 5) results in better compression performance than the other wavelets. Image resolution is found to have a remarkable effect on the compression rate.

The present paper deals with an experimental convective heat transfer investigation around a film-cooled, high-pressure gas turbine rotor blade mounted in a stationary, linear cascade arrangement. The measurements were performed in the von Karman Institute Isentropic Light Piston Compression Tube facility. The test blade was made of Macor glass ceramic and was instrumented with thin film gages. The coolant flow was ejected simultaneously through the leading edge (three rows of holes), the suction side (two rows of holes), and the pressure side (one row of holes). The effects of overall mass weight ratio, coolant to free-stream temperature ratio, and free-stream turbulence were successively investigated.

Expanded polystyrene (EPS) geofoam seismic buffers can be used to reduce earthquake-induced loads acting on rigid retaining wall structures. A numerical study was carried out to investigate the influence of wall height; EPS geofoam type, thickness, and stiffness; and excitation record on seismic buffer performance. The numerical simulations were carried out using a verified FLAC code. The influence of parameter values was examined by computing the maximum forces on the walls, the buffer compressive strains, and the relative efficiency of the buffer system. In general, the closer the predominant frequency of excitation to the fundamental frequency of the wall model, the greater the seismic loads and buffer compression. The choice of earthquake record is shown to affect the magnitude of maximum earth force and isolation efficiency. However, when the wall response for walls 3 to 9 m in height are presented in this study in terms of isolation efficiency, the data from scaled accelerogra...

Quantitative plant assemblage data from coal balls, miospores, megaspores, and compression floras from the Calhoun coal bed (Missotirian) of the Illinois Basin (USA) are used to interpret spatial and temporal changes in plant commtinities in the paleo-peat swamp. Coal-ball and miospore floras from the Calhoun coal bed are dominated strongly by tree ferns, and pteridosperms and sigillarian lycopsids are subdominant, depending on geographic location within the coal bed. Although the overall composition of Calhotin peat-swamp assemblages is consistent both temporally and spatially, site-to-site differences and short-term shifts in species dominance indicate local topographic and hydrologic control on species composition within the broader context of the swamp. Statistical comparison of the Calhoun miospore assemblages with those from other Late Pennsylvanian coal beds suggests that the same basic species pool was represented in each peat-swamp landscape and that the relative patterns of dominance and diversity were persistent from site to site. Therefore, it appears that the relative patterns of proportional dominance stayed roughly the same from one coal bed to the next during Late Pennsylvanian glacially-driven climatic oscillations. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Laboratory testing of rectangular beams using a synthetic rock was used to investigate the onset of dilation and spalling. The beams are axially compressed and subjected to 4-point bending to provide non-uniform compressive stresses. The maximum tangential stress occurs at the top of the beam and rapidly decreases with distance from the top of the beam. This stress distribution was used to simulate the maximum tangential stress distribution found around circular excavations. The results showed using this beam test configuration that the onset of dilation based on beam displacement and visually observed spalling began at approximately the same stress level. Discrete element numerical analyses (particle flow code) were used to evaluate the stress path at various locations in the beams. The analyses revealed that spalling and dilation in the beams occurred well below the peak strength failure envelope determined from conventional laboratory tests. The findings suggest that the onset of dilation in laboratory tests appears to be a good indicator for assessing the stress magnitudes required to initiate spalling.

Nuts of four hazelnut varieties and five new selections used for table consumption were compressed at the moisture content of 6% wet basis to measure shell resistance to breakage. Rupture force, rupture energy and nut specific deformation were measured under three compression loading positions. Physical parameters of nuts were also evaluated to relate them to the data obtained by compression test measurements. Rupture force and nut specific deformation are the most discriminant parameters that can be used to describe the behaviour under compression, while rupture energy values show fewer differences among the considered varieties. The values of force required to break nut shell ranged from 322.2 to 769.3 N. The lowest values of force were generally obtained along the y-axis, the transverse axis containing the major dimension at right angles to the longitudinal axis. Nut specific deformation ranged from 3.35 to 11.76%. Correlations between physical and texture parameters showed that values of force, energy and deformation were dependent on different parameters that varied in the three considered axis. The most used varieties, Ennis and Barcelona, showed high mean values of force rupture to break shell and low deformability, while Tonda Giffoni and Tonda Bianca were easy to break. Among the new selections, L35 and B6, with mean values of force rupture less than 428 N and values of nut specific deformation higher than 8%, were suitable for table consumption.

Methods. A health status questionnaire was mailed to 2,465 persons of working age (25-65 years) who were randomly selected from the general population of a representative region of Sweden. The questionnaire required the subjects to provide information about the presence and severity of pain, numbness and tingling in each body region, employment history, and work activities, including average time spent using a keyboard during a usual working day. Those reporting recurrent hand numbness or tingling in the median nerve distribution were asked to undergo a physical examination and nerve conduction testing. The prevalence of CTS, defined as symptoms plus abnormal results on nerve conduction tests, was compared between groups of subjects that differed in their intensity of keyboard use, adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, and smoking status.

In this paper a wavelet-based steganographic method is proposed for robust short-message hiding. The message is embedded into the most significant wavelet coefficients of a cover image to provide invisibility and resistance against lossy transmission over cellular networks, compression or other distortion. The architecture consists of three modules. In the first module the initial message is enciphered by an encryption

Static codes for the non-negative integers have a range of applications, including in the storage of inverted indexes, and in dictionary-based compression systems. We present two simple codes based on binary representations that are suited for message sequences in which the values are locally homogeneous, but not globally consistent. Experimental results based on typical sequences are given to show the efficacy of the new methods.

To improve accuracy in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) by comparing cross-sectional area (CSA) measurements of the median nerve obtained at the level of the carpal tunnel (CSAc) with those obtained more proximally (CSAp), at the level of the pronator quadratus muscle.

Data stored in databases keep growing as a result of businesses requirements for more information. A big portion of the cost of keeping large amounts of data is in the cost of disk systems, and the resources utilized in managing that data. This paper introduces various compression techniques for data stored in row oriented as well as column-oriented databases. Keeping

A 12-year-old female athlete, training for an international career in pentathlon, was referred to our clinic because of 2 years of recurrent localized swelling and activity-related pain in the medial aspect of her right knee, since falling from a horse and hitting her knees on the ground. She had been examined by a number of doctors over this period and treated with physiotherapy without a proper diagnosis and with no improvement. She could run only very limited distances before excruciating pain and swelling, and she had to abandon participation in competitions. During rest, the swelling decreased but never disappeared entirely. Clinical examination revealed minor effusion and localized tenderness on palpation around the medial joint line. Magnetic resonance imaging showed fluid between the medial capsule and medial collateral ligament, but could not identify any connection to the joint. Arthroscopy revealed a cleavage in the posterior medial joint capsule, superior and close to the medial meniscus, that was connected to the medial collateral ligament bursa. The cleavage was simply expanded, which emptied the bursa, followed by compression bandage and ice for 2 weeks. An immediate positive effect was observed and she could run pain free without swelling within 3 weeks of surgery. Six months after surgery, there has been no recurrence. To our knowledge, this is the first time this injury has been described in a child.

Solar cooling applied to buildings is without a doubt an interesting alternative for reducing energy consumption in traditional mechanical steam compression air conditioning systems. The study of these systems should have a closely purely fundamental approach including the development of numerical models in order to predict the overall installation performance. The final objective is to estimate cooling capacity, power consumption, and overall installation performance with relation to outside factors (solar irradiation, outside temperature.). The first stage in this work consists of estimating the primary energy produced by the solar collector field. The estimation of this primary energy is crucial to ensure the evaluation of the cooling capacity and therefore the cooling distribution and thermal comfort in the building. Indeed, the absorption chiller performance is directly related to its heat source. This study presents dynamic models for double glazing solar collectors and compares the results of the simulation with experimental results taken from our test bench (two collectors). In the second part, we present an extensive collector field model (36 collectors) from our solar cooling installation at The University Institute of Technology in St Pierre, Reunion Island as well as our stratified tank storage model. A comparison of the simulation results with real scale solar experimental data taken from our installation enables validation of the double glazing solar collector and stratified tank dynamic models.

The very great volume of information and data in a digital image can cause practical problems. Transmitting an image from one computer to another and/or archiving are very expensive due to the abundance of data representing the image in the form of bits. We present in this article a compression method, which takes in account the coding hybrid of huffman and shanon Fano, which has been applied to imagery and data. We've determined the method limit by considering different forms of images histogram. The results showed that the method is efficient when the number of bit by pixel is of the same order of magnitude as entropy.

After collecting a data base of fingerprint images, we design a neural network algorithm for fingerprint recognition. When presented with a pair of fingerprint images, the algorithm outputs an estimate of the probability that the two images originate from the same finger. In one experiment, the neural network is trained using a few hundred pairs of images and its performance is subsequently tested using several thousand pairs of images originated from a subset of the database corresponding to 20 individuals. The error rate currently achieved is less than 0.5%. Additional results, extensions, and possible applications are also briefly discussed.

Bottom hypoxia has reemerged as a prominent feature of Lake Erie's central basin during late summer. Similar to coastal and marine systems, the influence of hypoxia on pelagic organisms remains largely enigmatic in Lake Erie. During 2005, we used a plankton survey system (a sensor package consisting of an optical plankton counter, fluorometer, dissolved oxygen sensor, light sensor, and conductivity-temperaturedepth sensor), coupled with a fish hydroacoustics system, to explore how the distribution of phytoplankton (chlorophyll), mesozooplankton, and fish varied vertically and horizontally in relation to oxygen concentrations. To do so, we conducted surveys of the entire water column on a continuous basis during mild (August) and severe (September) hypoxia. Our surveys included two sampling designs: 1) basin-wide transects sampled during day and night to define broad-scale patterns of spatial overlap among pelagic organisms; and 2) shorter (5 km) transects sampled every 4 h over a 24-h period to explore how diel vertical migration and hypoxia interact to affect time-specific spatial overlap among fishes, mesozooplankton, and phytoplankton. Our findings indicated that fish avoided regions of the hypolimnion with dissolved oxygen concentrations b3 mg l − 1 by 1) moving horizontally into areas with higher oxygen or 2) moving vertically into the metalimnion, where a sharp thermocline and oxycline existed. A portion of the mesozooplankton continued to use the hypoxic hypolimnion as a refuge from fish predation during daytime at oxygen concentrations between 1 and 3 mg l − 1 ; however, there was usually a mesozooplankton maximum in the metalimnion, even when fish were compressed into this region. Prior to development of hypoxia, the metalimnion in some areas may have served as thermal refuge from predation from the epilimnetic planktivore, the emerald shiner, and the hypolimnetic planktivore-benthivore, the rainbow smelt. Overall, the horizontal compression of fish into lesshypoxic regions in the deep area of the central basin followed by vertical compression into the metalimnion as hypoxia developed further may have led to local reduction of mesozooplankton prey in these regions. Herein, we discuss the potential implications of these hypoxia-induced impacts for understanding food web interactions and fisheries management.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the suitability of alginates for Soft Tableting. For this purpose the compaction properties of alginates, varying in molecular weight, guluronic acid/mannuronic acid ratio and salt, were investigated and compared to MCC. Based on the mechanical properties, the suitability of the tested excipients for Soft Tableting was predicted. In order to test the prediction the tested materials were used to tablet enteric coated pellets, which served as a pressure sensitive material. The tableting behaviour was analysed by the 3-D modeling technique. The tablet properties were analysed by determining the elastic recovery and the compactibility. Alginates in general deformed elastically. The compression behaviour depended on the chemical composition of the alginates with sodium alginates being more elastic than potassium alginates. Tablets containing alginates with low guluronic acid content exhibited higher elasticity than tablets with alginates having a low mannuronic acid content. The plasticity of potassium alginates was higher than for sodium alginates. However, the plasticity of all tested alginates was lower than the plasticity of MCC. The compactibility of the tested alginates was sufficient. The proposed prediction, which states that tableting excipients with higher elasticity are more suitable for tableting sensitive materials than plastic excipients, was valid for the tested materials. The elastic alginates inflicted less damage on the pellets than the plastic MCC. Thus, all alginates were more appropriate for tableting pressure sensitive materials than MCC.

Despite the widespread support for live migration of Virtual Machines (VMs) in current hypervisors, these have significant shortcomings when it comes to migration of certain types of VMs. More specifically, with existing algorithms, there is a high risk of service interruption when migrating VMs with high workloads and/or over low-bandwidth networks. In these cases, VM memory pages are dirtied faster than they can be transferred over the network, which leads to extended migration downtime. In this contribution, we study the application of delta compression during the transfer of memory pages in order to increase migration throughput and thus reduce downtime. The delta compression live migration algorithm is implemented as a modification to the KVM hypervisor. Its performance is evaluated by migrating VMs running different type of workloads and the evaluation demonstrates a significant decrease in migration downtime in all test cases. In a benchmark scenario the downtime is reduced by a factor of 100. In another scenario a streaming video server is live migrated with no perceivable downtime to the clients while the picture is frozen for eight seconds using standard approaches. Finally, in an enterprise application scenario, the delta compression algorithm successfully live migrates a very large system that fails after migration using the standard algorithm. Finally, we discuss some general effects of delta compression on live migration and analyze when it is beneficial to use this technique.

CNG and compressed hydrogen are compared to illustrate why CNG, but not compressed hydrogen, is a viable alternative vehicle fuel. It is shown that natural gas has a greater energy content per mole than hydrogen and that more moles of natural gas than hydrogen may be stored in a given volume under identical conditions. Natural gas stored at 20.78 MPa (3000 psig) and 21.1°C (70°F) contains five times as much energy as hydrogen stored under the same conditions. Natural gas stored in a representative size CNG cylinder provides a range of about 100 km, while hydrogen in the same cylinder would provide a range of only 26 km, even assuming 30% greater efficiency from the hydrogen-fueled engine.

The influence of steel and polypropylene fibers on the resistance to compression of concrete is evaluated. NTP 339.034 and ASTM C39 were used to test compressive strength in four groups with a total of 48 specimens distributed in a control group and three experimental groups during 14 and 28 days of curing. The compressive strength test was determined for an average compressive strength of f´cr = 294 kg/cm 2 (28.8 MPa), according to E 060 reinforced concrete standard. Group G1 presented a dosification of steel and polypropylene fibers of 10% by 25 kg/m 3 and 600 gr/m 3 , group G2 15% by 25 kg/m 3 and 600 gr/m 3 , group G3 20% by 25kg/m 3 and 600 gr/m 3 and G4 was not supplied with steel and polypropylene fibers. The specimens were subjected to compression tests at the age of 14 and 28 days,obtaining as a result that the most favorable group is the G3 group with a resistance of 322.98 kg/m 2 (31.67 MPa), exceeding the control group by 8.10%. It is evident that the presence of steel and polypropylene fibers in concrete significantly increase its resistance to compression.

It's a fact that nonlinear color models like Hue-Saturation -Value/ Brightness/ Luminance/ Intensity (HSV/ HSB/ HSL/ HSI) have special feature for each
channel. So in this paper we propose a new hybrid compression system that deals with each channel with a suitable compression technique to obtain encoded images with less size and high decoding quality than the traditional encoding methods.

The aims of this study were to determine how custom-fit compression shorts affect athletic performance and to examine the mechanical properties of the shorts. Ten male and 10 female track athletes on a university's nationally competitive track team, specializing in sprint or jump events, participated in the study. Testing utilized the compression shorts with loose-fitting gym shorts as the control garment. Several significant effects were revealed for the custom-fit compressive garment. Although 60 m sprint time was not affected, hip flexion angle was reduced. Skin temperature increased more and at a faster rate during a warm-up protocol. Muscle oscillation was decreased during vertical jump landing. Countermovement vertical jump height increased when the participants were wearing the custom-fit compression garment. In materials testing, the elasticity of the compressive garment provides increased flexion and extension torque at the end range of extension and flexion, respectively, and may assist the hamstrings in controlling the leg at the end of the swing phase in sprinting. The compressive garment significantly reduced impact force by 27% compared with American football pants alone. Through various mechanisms, these findings may translate into an effect on athletic performance and a reduction in injuries.

Autoencoders play a fundamental role in unsupervised learning and in deep architectures for transfer learning and other tasks. In spite of their fundamental role, only linear autoencoders over the real numbers have been solved analytically. Here we present a general mathematical framework for the study of both linear and non-linear autoencoders. The framework allows one to derive an analytical treatment for the most non-linear autoencoder, the Boolean autoencoder. Learning in the Boolean autoencoder is equivalent to a clustering problem that can be solved in polynomial time when the number of clusters is small and becomes NP complete when the number of clusters is large. The framework sheds light on the different kinds of autoencoders, their learning complexity, their horizontal and vertical composability in deep architectures, their critical points, and their fundamental connections to clustering, Hebbian learning, and information theory.

Management of giant omphalocele in a full-term neonate is a challenging clinical situation. Even more challenging is giant omphalocele in a premature low-birth-weight infant. The authors describe a successful staged noninvasive technique for the management of giant omphalocele in a premature, low-birth-weight neonate without the use of prosthetic ma-terial until delayed primary closure could be attempted. J Pediatr Surg 38:E49.

In this paper two types of polymeric foams, namely, cross-linked poly-vinyl chloride (PVC) and polyurethane (PUR) were examined under compression loading at different strain rates. Quasi-static compression tests were performed using a servo-hydraulic material testing system (MTS) at strain rate of 0.001, 0.01, and 0.1 s −1 . Higher strain rate compression tests were performed using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) apparatus with polycarbonate bars at strain rate ranging from 130 to 1750 s −1 . PVC foams with three densities and two microstructures, and PUR foams with two densities were considered. All foam specimens were tested in the thickness (rise) direction and the stress-strain responses at different strain rate were established to determine the peak stress and energy absorption. Both peak stress and energy absorption were found to be dependent on foam density, foam microstructure, and strain rate. A power law relationship between the peak stress and foam density revealed that the constants were different at different strain rate. Microstructural examinations of the failed specimens showed that PUR foams disintegrated completely around 1600 s −1 whereas PVC foams densified completely like a solid material.

The cyber world is an ever-changing world, cyber security is most importance and touches the lives of everyone on the cyber world including: Researchers, students, businesses, academia, and novice user. The paper suggests a body of knowledge that incorporate the view of academia as well as practitioners. This research attempts to put basic step and a frame work for cyber security body of knowledge and to allow practitioners and academicians to face the problem of lack of standardization. Furthermore, the paper attempt to bridge the gap between the different audience. The gap is so broad that the term of cyber security is not agreed upon even in spelling. The suggested body of knowledge may not be perfect yet it is a step forward.

MP3 is a standard that is used for encoding/decoding audio data. The standard can lower audio bit rate significantly without any loss. For this reason, it is key to understand how it does so, and secondly, find out if it is doable. Raw audio signals carry large data quantities and are neither suitable for transmission nor storage [2]. Therefore it is necessary to compress audio and at the same time maintain its quality as required by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). MP3 was developed by the Motion Pictures Experts Group for audio and video compression. It is composed of three modes; the third referred to as Layer III. It is this layer that lowers raw-audio data bit rates from i.e. 1.4 Megabits per second to just 128 kilobits per second and can still reconstruct the signals to a level comparable to the original [3]. The objective of this paper is to review and provide a simple idea of what Layer III does in relations to audio compression and decompression.

The sedimentation behaviour of particulate slurries in laboratory scale batch settling experiments is important to the prediction of full-scale gravity thickening behaviour. However, the material throughput predicted by modelling of thickener performance from material properties derived from conventional batch experiments has been shown to be up to 100 times less than observed (at full-scale). Such discrepancies have been attributed to various shear and compression-induced effects (prevalent at full-scale) that modify flocculated aggregate structure, including aggregate densification. Standard Kynch batch settling analysis has been modified to incorporate the effect of aggregate densification behaviour on material properties. Based on this modification, a semi-analytical method is presented, which provides improved real-time predictions of batch sedimentation behaviour. This method can produce a slurry-liquid interface height versus time profile up to the end of the fan region, based on a functional form of aggregate densification behaviour. Additionally, aggregate densification theory incorporated into the compressive yield stress is used to predict the final equilibrium bed height. A functional form is proposed that incorporates parameters which describe the rate and the extent of densification. Validations of this method are presented against theoretical numerical simulations and experimental data.

0 Two test drugs, hydrochlorothiazide and phenylbutazone, were separately incorporated into a standard formulation to study their disintegration and dissolution prolperties as a function of compression force. The increase in dissolution with force was attributed to the manner in which tablets disintegrated while dissolving. At a fixed press setting, tablets from the same compression cycle showed variations in their dissolution which were in agreement with the observed effects of force on dissolution. A linear correlation between dissolution efficiency and the loaarithm of force was found to exist over the compression range studied.

The first steps of the turbomachinery design usually rely on numerical tools based on inviscid formulation with corrections using loss models to account for viscous effects, secondary flows, tip clearances and shock waves. The viscous effects are accounted for using semi-empirical correlations specially assembled for the chosen airfoils and range of operating conditions. Fast convergence and good accuracy are required from such design procedures. There are successful models that produce very accurate performance prediction. Among the methodologies commonly used, the streamline curvature (SLC) is used, since those characteristics and the most important properties can be calculated reasonably well at any radial positions, assisting other more complex analysis programs. The SLC technique is, therefore, well suited for the design of axial flow compressors, for reasons like quick access to vital flow properties at the blade edges, from which actions may be taken to improve its performance at the design stage. This work reports the association of a SLC computer program and commercial software for comparison purposes, as well as for grid generation required by a full 3D, turbulent Navier-Stokes computer program, used for flow calculation in the blade passages. Application to a high performance 3-stage axial-flow compressor with Inlet Guide Vane (IGV) demonstrates the methodology adopted. The SLC program is also capable of calculating the compressor performance with humid air and water injection at any axial position along the compressor. The influence of water injection at different axial positions, water particle diameter, temperature of water particles were studied for different humid air conditions. The positions of the evaporating water particles were calculated using their thermophysical and dynamic properties along the compressor.

The typical cause of flexural failure of prestressed beams is compression crushing of concrete, 5 which is a progressive softening damage. Therefore, according to the amply validated theory of 6 deterministic (or energetic) size effect in quasibrittle materials, a size effect must be expected. 7 A commercial finite element code, ATENA, with embedded constitutive equation for softening 8 damage and a localization limiter in the form of the crack band model, is calibrated by the 9 existing data on the load-deflection curves and failure modes of prestressed beams of one size. 10 Then this code is applied to beams scaled up and down by factors 4 and 1/2. It is found that 11 the size effect indeed takes place. Within the size range of beam depths approximately from 12 152 mm to 1220 mm (6 in. to 48 in.), the size effect represents a nominal strength reduction 13 of about 30% to 35%. In the interest of design economy and efficiency, a size effect correction 14 factor could easily be introduced into the current code design equation. However, for safety 15 this is not really necessary since the safety margin required by the code is exceeded for the 16 practical size range if the hidden safety margins are taken into account. The mildness of size 17 effect is explained by the fact that the compression softening zone occupies a large portion of 18 the beam and that, at peak load, the normal stress profiles across the softening zone exhibit 19

Concrete is no longer made of aggregates, Portland cement and water only it is not always incorporate so it requires at least one of the additional ingredients such as admixtures, supplementary Cementitious material or fibers to increase the strength and durability. Rice husk ash is one of the pozzolanic materials that can be blended with Portland cement for the production of durable concrete. Supplementary Cementitious materials prove to be effective to meet most of the requirements of durable concrete. Rice husk ash is found to be greater to other supplementary materials like silica fume and fly ash. In the current study an attempt has been made to investigate the strength parameters of M20 concrete (compressive and split tensile). For control concrete, IS method of mix design is adopted. Partial replacement of cement has been made with different percentage of RHA namely, 5%, 10% and 15%. Large range of curing periods starting from 7, 14 and 28 days are considered in the present study.

Increasing embedded systems functionality causes a steep increase in code size. For instance, more than 60MB of software is installed in current state-of-the-art cars. It is often challenging and cumbersome to host vast amount of software in an efficient way within a given hardware resource budget of an embedded system. This may be done by using code compression techniques, which compress the program code off-line (i.e. at design time) and decompress it on-line (i.e. at run time).The overview of a traditional test compression framework is shown in . The original test data is compressed and stored in the memory. Thus, the memory size is significantly reduced. An on-chip decoder decodes the compressed test data from the memory and delivers the original uncompressed set of test vectors to the design-under-test (DUT).The major contributions of this paper are as follows: 1) it develops an efficient bitmask selection technique for test data in order to create maximum matching patterns; 2) it develops an efficient dictionary selection method which takes into account the bitmask based compression; and 3) it proposes a test compression technique using efficient dictionary and bitmask selection to significantly reduce the testing time and memory requirements.

There is an increasing interest towards synthetic closures as an alternative to cork stoppers for sealing wine bottles. In this preliminary study, a set of testing conditions using the TA-HDI Texture Analyzer were implemented to measure selected mechanical parameters for the characterization of wine closures (natural and technical corks, co-extruded and injected synthetic closures in terms of compression force, extraction force and resilience. The results showed the presence of significant differences among the closures for the parameters tested. Injected closures were characterized by the highest weight (range = 6.8–7.2 g), whereas the corks showed wide variability (SD = 0.23–0.57 = 4.4–15.3%). The force required to pull-out the closure from the bottle ranged between 176 and 421 N and the extreme values were found on natural (196 ± 20 N) and technical cork (329 ± 39 N). The force of compression was highest for corks (1006–1046 N), whereas lowest values were found for the synthetic closures (566–639 N). The Principal Component Analysis grouped the synthetic closures according to the technology process, i.e. injected and co-extruded, whereas the corks broadened aside with a little dispersion of technical cork compared to the natural cork.

The main driving forces for lightweight materials for the automotive industry and military applications are cost effectiveness, high strength, and wear resistance. Precision Metal Forming (PMF) has developed a new and innovative squeeze-casting process called metal compression forming (MCF). MCF integrates the deceptively simple concept of solidification of metal under direct pressure with closed die forging and low-pressure permanent-mold fill technologies. This hybrid process, therefore, combines the advantages of traditional direct-squeeze casting and low-pressure permanent-mold casting. This report discusses property advantages attained with this process over traditional aluminum casting processes.

This research works on high symbolic Bengali text and transforms it into corresponding less symbolic English complying with the transliteration method. The Huffman-based approaches serve to compress retaining the original quality of the data. On the other hand, faster encoding and decoding is the most sophisticated sphere in data compression. We propose an adjacent distance array, a novel data structure based on the Huffman principle for encoding and decoding the character of transliterated text. The encoding and decoding algorithms have been explained for the introduced modus operandi and juxtaposed with conventional Huffman-based algorithms. Our research is outdoing than any regular Huffman-based algorithms, concentrating on the speed of the encoding and decoding manner discovered after estimating all decisions.

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a constellation of symptoms associated with compression of the median nerve at the wrist. The pathophysiology of CTS is not fully understood but mechanical aspects of injury within the carpal tunnel are most likely. The issues of ischemia, mechanical trauma, ectopic impulse generation, demyelination, tendonitis, elevated carpal tunnel pressure, mechanical factors, small and large fiber involvement and the variability of symptoms are presented.